Gm os

GMOs = G enetically M odified O rganism s Broadly defined: any microbe, plant, or animal developed through breeding and selection Narrowly defined: organisms produced by gene transfer techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Current examples of GMO Crops GMO Crops on the Horizon Corn, soy, canola with improved nutritional qualities for animal feed Crops with specialty starches and oils for industrial processes Nutraceuticals “Golden Rice” Vaccines in plants Improved yields and stress tolerance

PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Product Concepts and Technical Feasibility ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Building the Transgenes Plant Transgene ON/OFF Switch Makes Protein stop sign CODING SEQUENCE INTRON poly A signal PROMOTER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Plant Selectable Marker Gene Plasmid DNA Construct

Plant Transformation The introduction and expression of genes into plants is a three step process: DNA Delivery to Target Cells Selection and Regeneration Event Selection

Plant Transformation – DNA Delivery microprojectile bombardment “ biolistics” or “gene gun” tiny DNA-coated particles are shot into plant cells versatile method complex DNA integration patterns: tandem arrays of fragmented molecules Agrobacterium tumefaciens natural property of Agrobacterium to transfer DNA to host plant cells is exploited to introduce genes of interest difficult with cereal crops simple DNA integration patterns

Plant Transformation – Target Cells All Crop Transformation Protocols Deliver DNA to Plant Cells in Tissue Culture Tissue cultures allow regeneration of fertile plants from single cells Large number of target cells available for DNA delivery in a compact form (callus) Establishment, maintenance and plant regeneration is labor intensive Methods limited to a few genotypes, usually not commercial varieties Can introduce undesirable mutations

Plant Transformation – Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],tissue culture cells under selection Herbicide Leaf Paint Assay transgenic non-transgenic resistant susceptible

Event Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

THE MAKING OF A GMO CROP VARIETY Backcrossing and selection (6- 8 generations) Transgenic line Commercial variety x x x Commercial Transgenic Line Biotechnology

Seed Production ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

GMOs: Why the Controversy? Genetic engineering is a powerful new technology that is in general poorly understood and whose long term effects are unknown. GMOs are an innovation that have and will continue to impact all facets of the global agricultural economy. Production Consumer Products Processing Commodity Handling

GMO Crops: Three Major Issues 1. Food safety and environmental impacts 2. Global trade 3. Increased corporate control of agriculture

GMOs and Food Safety ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],To Label or Not to Label? Labels must give accurate information on product composition Identity preservation – methods, tolerances, costs

GMOs and Environmental Impacts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

GMOs and Global Trade ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Increased Corporate Control of Agriculture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Ag-biotech is a recent example of a century-old trend

Gm os

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Destacado

Destacado (19)

Similar a Gm os

Similar a Gm os (20)

Más de Department Of Environment

Más de Department Of Environment (20)

Gm os