LITERATURE REVIEW
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IV
EXHIBITION CENTER
Kaleab senay RAR/379/18
Manuhe mengstu RAR/400/18

EXHIBITION: THETERM EXHIBITION IS DERIVED FROMTHE LATIN
WORD "EXPOSITION"WHICH MEANS "DISPLAYING"OR "PUTTING ON A
SHOW”.
Exhibitions are a collection
based on research,marketing
and learning etc…
such as expos which include
it, constructionand
cultural exhibition
respectively,in which they
focus on display,
identification,and
interpretation
of what they promote and
collect.

HISTORY OF EXHIBITION CENTER
Exhibition spaces evolved from the open-air amphitheatersof the Greek Agoras and Roman
Forums, which were initially intended for large commercial fair
The first convention centers can be traced back to mid- 19th century In 1851QueenVictoria
decided to create an exhibition symbolizingthe industrial, military and economic
superiority ofGreat Britain. In addition to this, she felt it important to parade her
achievementsalongsidethe „less civilized‟countries.

TYPE OF EXHIBITION CENTER
Trade Exhibitions
Consumer Exhibitions

TRADE EXHIBITIONS
Trade exhibitionsare
generallydesignedto
meet the needs of one
particular type of
businessor product or
country
. Only people involved
in the field are invited
to attend and the
general public is rarely
admitted.

TRADE EXHIBITIONS
Automobile exhibition
•
•
Military exhibition
•
•
Textile exhibition
•

TRADE EXHIBITIONS
Food exhibition
•
•
Health care exhibitions
•

CONSUMER EXHIBITIONS
Consumerexhibitions are
horizontal markets.
They usually involve a range of
productsfrom a number of
different industries on display
to the general public

CONSUMER EXHIBITIONS
Manufacture exhibition
•
•
Technology exhibition
•
•

AUTOMOBILE EXHIBITION
Automobile exhibition
also known as motor
show or car show is a
public exhibition of
current automobile
model debuts, concept
car out of product
classic
It attended by
automotive industry
representative dialers.,
auto journalists and car
enthusiasts

PROGRAM OF EXHIBITION
CENTER
Major
Exhibition hall
Food court
Toilet
Store [hard]
[soft]
Parking
Meeting hall
Auditorium
Landscape[outdoor exhibition]
Mainor
Lobby
Utility room
Shopping mall
Reception

PROGRAM OF EXHIBITION
CENTER
Major
Maintenance
Administration office
Mainor
Praying space
kid play ground
Frist aid service
Control room
Janitor room

PRAYING ROOM
•Encourage washing hands upon entry and exit
•Simultaneous view of patient and monitor
• Exam table and monitor proximity
•Ease of access to literature rack from chair
It must separate men and women room [in Ethiopia context]

FRIST AID SERVICE

FRIST AID SERVICE
 •Encourage washing hands upon
entry and exit
•Simultaneous view of patient and
monitor
• Exam table and monitor
proximity
•Ease of access to literature rack
from chair

MEETING HALL
Site factors - Meeting rooms to be accessible from office
reception spaces and building entry points.
- Meeting rooms are ideally located in
central core office areas to provide
equitable access, and allow natural lighting
to primarily service the work spaces.
Room and Spaces Planning Requirements Meeting rooms to be approximately
square. Shape may differ depending on size
and intended furniture configuration.
Design occupancy Min 9m
2
for 4 people
Area - Allow 0.2m
2
of meeting room space per staff
member in any given office
- Minimum 1 x 10m
2
meeting room per 50
staff
Other Maximum 60m from any workpoint

MEETING HALL

JANITORS ROOM
 Design requirement of janitors room
 A] DOOR -The door should be at least 36"
wide, 40" is better. Our master should show
the door swinging out 180 degrees to lay
back against the outside wall. For those
rare cases where you can't swing the door
out, you will need an overhead stop for the
door since wall and floor style stops won't
work.
B] SINK -The sink should be a floor-set
mop sink measuring 2'x3'. "Wall mounted
mop sinks went out of style a century ago."
The narrow end goes against the far wall
where the water faucets should be placed
using a braced spigot with an integral
bucket hook. Above the long side there
should be a wall-mounted mop-hanging
bracket so drying mops can drip into the
floor sink.

JANITORS ROOM
C] SHELVES -The shelves
are three floor set metal
units, each measuring 36"
wide by 72" high by 18"
deep. The shelves should
be adjustable.
D] CART -The cart is often
30" wide by 48" long.
Occasionally there will be
two of them to support a
large floor plate. Consider
two rooms or one larger
one.

TOILET
 Design requirement of toilet
 It should be access to disable
 It could best use natural ventilation

PLAY GROUND
 Requirement of play ground
 No pollute
 It should be a focal point
 Adequate sunshine

REQUIREMENT OF EXHIBITION HALL
Pedestrian must be accessible for operation of lights, heating and cooling.
If only using half of the hall defined by a panel wall, there needs to be a pedestrian
access of no less than 1.2m wide
The power distribution boards of the halls must be accessible.
Pedestrian must be accessible for operation of lights, heating and cooling.
All fire exit doors, call point, and fire equipment in the hall must remain accessible at
all times.

REQUIREMENT OF EXHIBITION HALL
• The height of the Covered part of ExhibitionSpace (or Building Height) must be less than
12 meters
•The height limit for any additional architectural elements (such as skylights,roof
elements, vertical connectionsto the roof, sunscreens,signals,etc.) is 17 meters.
The distance between buildingsand the side street shall be no less than 2 meters; there
shall be no buildingconcessiondirectly to squares, greens, streets or public spaces,without
the 2 meters’ setback
Exhibition spaces may have multiple entrances/exitson different sides of the lot.They must
provide differentiated access for visitors, includingdisabled, special reserved visitors,
reserved groups,workers and finally supplies/waste.
A viewer tends to turn clockwiseupon entering the exhibit area.Circulation pattern should
be designedwith this in mind.

CIRCULATION
 The circulation route must be clearly defined,
 well lighted, and easy to follow.
 Provide sufficient lighting on circulation routes.
 A minimum of 50 to 100 lux (5 - 10 foot candles)of quality light
 on the circulation route is necessary for people
 with visual and perceptual difficulties to negotiate the path

CIRCULATION
 Visually define the walls, floors, and pedestals.
some people with low vision have difficulty
with depth perception
 Design areas so that floor surfaces attend around
accessible seating areas are level,
stable, firm, and slip resistant.
 Provide an accessible floor plan to aid visitors in way finding.
 Provide more than one exit from an exhibition.

EXHIBITION HALL
 Mount small items to center line at no higher than 1015mm above the floor.
Construct the top of a case at a maximum of 915 mm.
 Construct exhibition barriers like railings at a maximum height of 915 mm Items
placed below an average-height exhibit barrier 1065 mm cannot be seen by
people who are short or seated.

EXHIBITION HALL

EXHIBITION HALL
Relation ship diagram
Of exhibition center

OUT DOOR EXHIBITION
The landscape design
shall be developed in
keeping with the
Theme and with the
Participant’s approach
to it. Like architecture

OUT DOOR EXHIBITION
Open spaces
A minimum of 30% of each lot must be dedicated to open areas and
greenery. Excluding lot setbacks the Open-air Exhibition Space represents
around 50% of each lot, where it is possible to build:
Structures used for plants ensuring soil permeability (e.g. trellises,
pergolas, garden structures, planters).
Landscaping structure (e.g. structures used to retain soil or other
materials, pools, exhibition structures, art works).

AUDITORIUM
An enclosurecovered
or open where people
can assemble for
watching a
performancegiven on
the stage

AUDITORIUM
 Ceiling
 Ceiling may be flat but it preferable to provide
a slight increase in the height near the center
of hall.
 The volume per person required to be provide
should normally range between 35 to 5.5 cu.M

AUDITORIUM
The seats should be arranged in concentricarcs of circles
drawn with the center located as much behind the
center of the curtain line as its distance from the
auditorium rear wall

AUDITORIUM
 PROPERTIESOF AN AUDITORIUM:-
 These are reception and viewing angles obtained from spectators' psychological
perception and viewing angles, as well as required for good view from all seats.
 Head movement should be according to following:-
 30°- no movement
 60°- slight movement
 110°- more eye movement
 360°-full head and shoulder
 Movement so as to be within the permissible limits

AUDITORIUM
 Ventilation
 Aggregate clear area of the opening is to be no less than 5% of the stage area
 A smoke layer must be maintained at greater than 6 ft. Above the highest level of
the seating or maintained above the top of the proscenium opening.
 A mechanical exhaust system is to be activated by the operation of Sprinkler
system.

FOOD COURT
Should be planned to achieve variety of seating arrangements.
Provide acoustic lobby between restaurant and kitchen.
Access should be planned for guest.
The service aisle should not be less than 0.9-1.35m if it is to be used by both trolleys and guest.
Waiter station should be located so as not to disturb guest.
Ambience is an important factor in restaurant design: decoration, lighting should be an integral part.

FOOD COURT

Spatial relation ship of food court

FOOD COURT
Functional areas Space allowed (%)
Receiving 5
Food storage 20
Preparation 14
Cooking 8
Baking 10
Ware washing 5
Traffic aisles 16
Trash storage 5
Employee facilities 16
Miscellaneous 2
Area Required:
Per seat 1.5 – 2.15 sq. m.
Ratio of service area to total area 25-50%
Net kitchen area 15-25% Aisle Width:
Main – min. 2.00m wide
Intermediate – min. 0.9m wide
 Side – min. 1.2m wide

FOOD COURT
Dining arrangement

FOOD COURT
 Dining arrangement

PARKING
 Parking can be done in various ways: inclined with various angles or perpendicular.
The basic requirements for
parking spaces should be
taken from the vehicle
dimensions whilst driving
in a linear path, cornering
and entering into and driving
out of the parking area

PARKING
Standard of parking

PARKING
Ramps for Basement Parking
.In case of basement parking,
there should be enough
provision to be economical in
this view but for highly
commercialized areas where
the land value is very high, this
can be feasible.
.In case of basement parking, a
relatively narrow column grid
pattern can be used, with
careful planning and design,
reduce building cost and height
without any loss of function.

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE
 A large office building will consist of several different type of space.
 office area
 records area
 central clerical
 post room
 corporate display
 social facilities
 additional spaces
 entrance drive, parking space and delivery bays.
 circulation spaces
 central services are responsible for technical equipment, air conditioning, ventilation,

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE
The orientation of anew office
building will depend on location.
The building should be oriented to
admit useful daylight while
avoiding glare and solar heat gain.
A single row of room is generally
uneconomical,and is only justified
for deep office spaces where
daylight is a problem.A double row
of individual small rooms, all with
daylight, was previouslyused in
most officebuildings.A three- part
arrangementis typical of high-rise
office building.

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE
 Work arrangement
 Floor area requirement
 1 a standard office separate office, 1.25m grid module, three module spaces only.
2 deluxe separate office, grid module 1.50m, various widths.
 3 open-plan office, room depth 20-30m, floor area up to 1000m2 .
 4 group office for 15-20 employees, workstations no more than 7.50m from the
façade.
 5 combined office, all single rooms approx. 10m2 with a common area 6-8m deep

UTILITY ROOM
The best position for utility
rooms is facing north.
They should ideally be near the
side or rear door and be
adjacent to or accessiblefrom
the kitchen.
Utility room are used for a
variety of purposes,including
storage, laundry and ironing,
sewingand possiblyalso for
hobby activities.
The length available for
standing space or work surface
should be a minimum of 3.80m.

STORE
Storage area
Pitched roofs, though strong on first
cost, waste storage volume and run
the risk of being damaged by
handling equipment:Three factors
favor the flat or low pitch roof type:
•The column pitch can be wide,
15.17 and 15.18.
•They are more adaptable to a
change of use or changes dictated by
new processes.
•They are more suitable for the
installation of services suchas cooled
air.

STORE
Minimum clear internal height(m) Type o
f storage
5–5.5 Minimum-cost low-rise block stacking warehouse
Suitable for light industrial factory use
7.5 Minimum for any industrial storage building
9+ combining racking and block stacking
When narrow-aisle trucks are used
15–30 Fully automatic, computer-controlled warehouses
and stacker cranes are to be used

STORE
 Fire requirements Compartmentation:
most regulations permit up to 2000 m2 and 7000 m3
or twice this size (4000 m2 ) with automatic sprinkler
system. Smoke evacuation: reservoir space with
exhaust ventilation and controlled airflows.
Construction: fire-resisting structures and limitations
on surface flame spread of lining materials. Isolation:
sprinklers, water curtains and physical separation of
escalators, lift shafts and voids. Means of escape:
travel distances to protected staircases and adequate
exits to street.

STORE

SHOPPING MALL
A Shoppingcenter is a complex of retail stores and related facilities
planned as a unified group to give maximum shoppingconvenience
to the customers and maximum exposure to the merchandise.

STORE

SHOPPING MALL
General characteristics of a Shopping Mall:
The mall usually consistsof the principalmall, the major pedestrian shoppingstreet of the project,
and one or more subsidiary approachmalls or access routes connectingthe main mall with the
parking areas or adjacent streets.
With few exceptions,all stores have their principleentrance on the main mall or, less desirably, on
approachmalls, whether or not these stores have additional entrances to parking lots or adjacent
streets.
The main mall can be on one level or on two or more superimposedlevels. Each mall level should,
however,avoid slopes or steps within its own walkways to avoid hindranceto shoppingand a
source of accidents.

SHOPPING MALL
 The mall can be:
 Open, with weather protection consisting solely of continuous canopies along the
store fronts,
 Completely covered but open to the air, or
 Completely enclosed, necessitating heating in winter and air-conditioning

SPATIAL RELATION SHIP
 LINEAR ORGANIZATION
 linear organization consists essentially of a series of
spaces or objects.
 These spaces can be directly related to one another
or linked through a separate and distinct space

SPATIAL RELATION SHIP
 CENTRALIZED ORGANIZATION
A centralized organization is a stable, concentrated
composition that consists of a number of secondary
spaces grouped around a larger central space or
object

SPATIAL RELATION SHIP
 CLUSTERED ORGANIZATION
 A clustered organization uses proximity to relate its spaces or objects to one
another. Clusters can accommodate within its composition spaces that are
dissimilar in size, form and function. Because the pattern does not originate from
a rigid, geometric concept, the cluster is flexible and can accept growth and
change easily.

SPATIAL RELATION SHIP
GRIDORGANIZATION
A grid consistsof forms and spaces whose positionsin space
and relationshipswith one another are regulated by a
geometrical and repetitive pattern.A grid is usually created
by creating by establishing a regular pattern of points that
define the intersection of two parallel lines.

REFERENCE
 senior student
 Metric Handbook : Planning and Design DataThird EditionDavid Littlefield
 Time-SaverStandardsforArchitecturalDesign Data.pdf EditionDonaldWatson ,Michael J. Crosbie, John Hancock Callender
 Ernst and peter neuferetArchitect data third edition by bousmaha baiche and NicolasWilliam
 google
 Case study of exhibitioncenter
 Wikipedia
What is exhibition
Type of exhibition
 Slide share
Literature_Review_and_Case_Study_on_Conv.pdf
 Archi daily
 automotiveShowroom and LeisureCentre by ManuelleGautrandArchitecture_
 Pinterest
Standards of exhibition space