2. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
• Research is composed of re and search
• re is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again
• search is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to
probe.
• scientific inquiry aimed at learning new facts & testing ideas
• Includes systematic collection, analysis & interpretation of data
• To generate new knowledge & answer a certain question or solve a problem
3. RESEARCH PROCESS GUIDELINES
• Formulating research query (problem)
• Extensive literature survey (review)
• Formulating hypothesis (Research Gap, AIM & OBJECTIVES)
• Research Design (Methodology)
• Sample criteria (Sampling technique)
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Interpretation of Output
• Report Writing
4. QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
• CONTROLLED (affect of other factors on the outcome)
• RIGOROUS (Procedures followed are relevant, justified & appropriate)
• SYSTEMATIC (structured with logical sequence)
• VALID & VERIFIABLE (Output should be verified)
• EMPIRICAL (Conclusion based upon evidence)
• CRITICAL (must use appropriate methods)
5. RESEARCH FORMULATION (IDEA)
• Thought & IDEA
• Passion (To contribute)
• Through other researches
• Through clinical practice
• And should be beneficial to larger community
6. LITERATURE REVIEW
• To understand existing relevant research information
• Background & existing current knowledge
• Helps in developing conceptual framework
• Helpful in topic selection & refinement
• Helps in identify research gap and inconsistent findings
• Critical review of articles
7. STEPS IN LITERATURE
• Selecting a review topic
• Searching the literature
• Gathering, reading and analysing the literature
• Writing the review
8. LITERATURE SEARCH
• Computer & Electronic database
• CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing Journals related to nursing and
health and Allied Health Literature) related publications
• Cochrane Library (Systematic reviews of the literature on medicine,
nursing and professions allied to health)
• Pubmed / MEDLINE A service of the National Library of Medicine and
additional life science journals
• Google Scholar
• Cross referencing
9. • Key words ( Most Common method)
• Good idea to consider alternative key words (e.g. Amblyopia/Lazy Eye)
• Another strategy is combining keywords. To help with these combinations
many databases use commands called‘Booleanoperators’.The most common
Boolean operators are
• ‘AND’,‘OR’and‘NOT’
• AND Look for articles that include all the identified keywords
• OR Look for articles that include any of the identified keywords
• NOT Exclude articles that contain this specific keyword
LITERATURE SEARCH CONT…
10. SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• Primary Source: Usually a report by the original researchers of a
study
• Secondary Source: Description or summary by somebody other than
the original researcher, e.g. a review article
• Conceptual/Theoretical: Papers concerned with description or analysis of
theories or concepts associated with the topic
• Anecdotal/Opinion/Clinical: Views or opinions about the subject that
are not research, review or theoretical in nature. Clinical may be case
studies or reports from clinical settings
11. AIM & OBJECTIVES (HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION)
• Identify Literature Gap
• Generate the hypothesis
• Define objectives
• Methods of Hypothesis testing
12. MATERIALS & METHODS
• Methods of testing
• STUDY Design
• Sample selection criteria (inclusion criteria)
• Sampling techniques
• Data Collection techniques
• Data handling
• BIAS
• Confounders
19. •Descriptive analysis
• Describing the data (Mean, Median, Mode)
•Inferential analysis
• Understanding comparison between variables or groups
• Testing hypothesis
DATA ANALYSIS
20. • Manual Calculations using statistical formulas
• Microsoft Excel
• Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS)
DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
Parametric Tests Non Parametric tests
Paired t test Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Independent t test Mann Whitney U Test
One Way ANOVA Kruskal Wallis H Test
Repeated Measures ANOVA Friedman Test
Spearman Correlation Chi Sqaure
Linear Regression Logistics Regression
21. DATA INTERPRETATION
• Task to draw conclusion
• Requires statistical output understanding
• Explaining significance of output
• May trigger some new questions
• Based on hypothesis
22. REPORT WRITING
• In the form of thesis or manuscript
• It Contains
• Preliminary pages (Title, Acknowledgement, Abbreviations etc)
• Main body text (Introduction, methodology, result, discussion, conclusion)
• End of Report (appendices, references, bibliography)
26. formulating the research problem;
• (2) extensive literature survey;
• (3) developing the hypothesis;
• (4) preparing the research design;
• (5) determining sample design;
• (6) collecting the data;
• (7) execution of the project;
• (8) analysis of data;
• (9) hypothesis testing;
• (10) generalisations and interpretation,
• (11) preparation of the report or presentation of the results ,i. e., formal
write-up of conclusions reached.
RESEARCH PROCESS GUIDELINES