The microscope has evolved a lot from the time of Leeuwenhoek. This presentation gives a brief overview about the types of microscope their principle of function and application.

1. My work, which I've done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof. Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Letter of June 12, 1716

2. MICROSCOPY A Brief Overview Dr SANTOSH KARADE

8. Microscope used by Anton von Leeuwenhoek An old pocket Microscope

9. VARIABLES USED IN MICROSCOPY

18. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Compound microscope made by John Cuff 1750

24. PARTS OF MICROSCOPE (Cont) Iris Diaphragm Condenser Field Diaphragm Diaphragm control ring Focusing knob illumination source

25. I LLUMINATION - Lamp, sunlight, battery operated lamp, 60 W bulb, Quartz halogen light. FILTERS - Blue, Green, Heat absorbing filters, Barrier filters.

26. Multiple step operation employed to attain optimal illumination: 1. Remove any diffusing filter. 2. Put a slide on the stage and focus. 3. Completely close the field diaphragm . 4. Move the condenser until the border or the iris hexagon is neat and clear. 5. Center if necessary. 6. Open the field diaphragm until the tip of the hexagon touches the field limit KOHLER’S ILLUMINATION

27. HOW A MICROSCOPE WORKS ?

28. OPTICAL PATH IN COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

29. METHOD OF USING COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

34. HOW TO OBSERVE A SLIDE ?

36. PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE

42. Condenser annulus

44. Phase plate

45. IMAGES OF PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCPY Clostridium botulinum Spirilium volutans

46. COMPARISION OF IMAGES OF BRIGHT FIELD AND PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY

49. OPTICAL PATH IN DARK GROUND MICROSCOPY

55. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

61. WORKING OF SEM

62. SEM IMAGES Vibrio cholerae with polar flagella Treponema pallidum

66. Comparison of Depth of Light Collection and Image clarity Light Microscope Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope

67. PRINCIPLE OF CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY

72. THANK YOU