This chapter discusses sensation and perception. Sensation is the process by which our sensory receptors receive stimulus energy, while perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information. There are bottom-up and top-down processes in sensation and perception. Thresholds, including absolute, difference, and subliminal thresholds, are discussed. Different senses, including vision, audition, touch, taste, smell, kinesthesis, and vestibular senses are described.

10. Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina

13. The spectrum of electromagnetic energy

14. Vision- Physical Properties of Waves Short wavelength=high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds) Long wavelength=low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds) Great amplitude (bright colors, loud sounds) Small amplitude (dull colors, soft sounds)

16. Vision

23. Vision- Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye Cones Rods Number Location in retina Sensitivity in dim light Color sensitive? Yes Low Center 6 million No High Periphery 120 million

24. Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex

26. How the Brain Perceives

27. Illusory Contours

33. Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect

36. The Intensity of Some Common Sounds

40. How We Locate Sounds

46. Smell Receptor cells in olfactory membrane Nasal passage Olfactory bulb Olfactory nerve

47. Age, Sex and Sense of Smell Women Men 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Age Group 4 3 2 0 Number of correct answers Women and young adults have best sense of smell