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Progressive presidents foreign policy3 1
- 5. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”
- 8. The Panama Canal was an engineering marvel, but one of the most important reasons for its completion was the scientific elimination of malaria-causing mosquitoes When opened in 1914, the canal gave the USA a huge economic advantage in the Western Hemisphere “ The inevitable effect of our building the Canal must be to require us to police the surrounding premises” — Sec of State, Elihu Root
- 10. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904 Additionally, the Lodge Corollary in 1912 refused to allow foreign companies to buy ports or establish military sites in Latin America
- 11. The Roosevelt Corollary was used to justify American armed intervention in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, & Mexico Attempts to maintain order in Latin America led to pro-American regimes that relied on dictatorial rule over its citizens
- 14. “ Constable of the World ”
- 15. William Howard Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
- 19. Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
- 21. Moral Diplomacy in Mexico In 1913, Mexican president Madero was overthrown by dictator Victoriano Huerta Wilson refused to recognize Huerta & demanded that he step down so legitimate elections could be held for a new president When Huerta refused, Wilson used minor incidents (arrest of some U.S. sailors in Tampico) to send the military to occupy Veracruz which forced Huerta to flee to Europe Mexican rebel Pancho Villa tried to provoke war with the U.S. by raiding across the border for supporting his rival Carranza Wilson responded by sending the military to find Villa (who were unable to do so) Moral diplomacy seemed to fail as war with Mexico seemed eminent but the WWI forced Americans to change their focus to Europe
Editor's Notes
- Lesson Plan for Friday, January 16, 2009: Warm-Up Question, Foreign policy notes, Compare foreign policy cartoons
- At the turn of the 20th century, the United States emerged as a world power. The Spanish American War and the acquisition of the Philippines represented both an extension of earlier expansionist impulses and a sharp departure from assumptions that had guided American foreign policy in the past. For the first time, the United States made a major strategic commitment in the Far East, acquired territory never intended for statehood, and committed itself to police actions and intervention in the Caribbean and Central America. Not since the Mexican War had the United States expanded so rapidly. In 1898 and 1899, the United States annexed Hawaii and acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, parts of the Samoan islands, and other Pacific islands. Expansion raised the fateful question of whether the newly annexed peoples would receive the rights of American citizens.
- 4 From 1903-1920, US intervened in Latin America to protect the canal, exclude foreign countries (bought Virgin Islands in 1917), & stabilizing nations:
- To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect U.S. economic interests, the United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some 20 times over the next quarter century--namely, in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Each intervention followed a common pattern: after intervening to restore order, U.S. forces became embroiled in the countries' internal political disputes. Before exiting, the United States would train and fund a police force and military to maintain order and would sponsor an election intended to put into power a strong leader supportive of American interests. Unfortunately, the men who took power in many of these countries, such as Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, and Francois Duvalier in Haiti, established despotic rule.
- 6
- 7 To enforce order, forestall foreign intervention, and protect U.S. economic interests, the United States intervened in the Caribbean and Central America some 20 times over the next quarter century--namely, in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Each intervention followed a common pattern: after intervening to restore order, U.S. forces became embroiled in the countries' internal political disputes. Before exiting, the United States would train and fund a police force and military to maintain order and would sponsor an election intended to put into power a strong leader supportive of American interests. Unfortunately, the men who took power in many of these countries, such as Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua, Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, and Francois Duvalier in Haiti, established despotic rule.
- Only a week after taking office in 1913, Wilson called upon Mexico's president, Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power after the constitutional president was murdered, to step aside when elections were held. When Huerta refused, Wilson used minor incidents--including the arrest of some American sailors in Tampico and the arrival of a German merchant ship carrying supplies for Huerta--as a pretext for occupying the Mexico port of Veracruz. Within weeks, Huerta was forced to leave his country. During the conflict, the Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa had made a number of raids into U.S. territory near the Mexican border. Wilson responded by ordering Gen. John J. (Black Jack) Pershing to cross into Mexico.