2. Different Body Systems
Respiratory Excretory
Circulatory Reproductive
Nervous Integumentary
Skeletal Muscular
Digestive Endocrine
3. We will only be focusing on four main systems
Skeletal
Muscular
Circulatory
Respiratory
4. The Skeletal System
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d-RBe8JBVs
There are 206 bones in the adult human body.
When we are born we have about 300 bones.. How
does this work?
5. Function of the Skeletal
System
The skeletal system is the bone structure of the
body. Together with muscles it provides core
stability and posture. The function of the skeleton is
to:
Support body and facilitate movement by providing a
point for muscle attachment (lever systems)
Protect vital organs
Produce red blood cells
Store calcium and phosphate
6. The skeletal system is made up of two main
sections.
1. The ‘axial skeleton’ which includes the skull,
thorax and spine which provides support and
movement for the upper body.
2. The ‘appendicular skeleton’ includes the bones in
our limbs and pelvic area, it allows the body to
facilitate large movements i.e. our ability to run,
jump and climb etc.
7. Joints
Types of Joints
There are three types of joints:
1. fibrous (as found between the bones of the skull
and the pelvis),
2. cartilaginous (as found between the vertebrae
and ribs),
3. and synovial (such as the knee and other major
joints)
Synovial joints allow the greatest movement (these
joints have a synovial membrane and synovial fluid
that lubricates the joint and provides nutrients for
cartilage). Cartilage is the smooth (avascular)
articulating surface of the bone
8. Joints
There are various types of joints that allow
different dimensions of movement
The more space at a joint (between bones) the
more movement e.g. knee joint
Joints that allow a large range of movement such
as the knee and shoulder rely heavily on
connective tissue and are often a potential point
of injury
9. Types of Joints
Ball and socket joint: hip, shoulder
Saddle joint: best example is the thumb
Condyloid joint: wrist-joint, metacarpophalangeal
joints, metatarsophalangeal joints
Hinge joint: joint between humerus and ulna, knee
and ankle
Pivot joint: Proximal radioulnar joint, Distal
radioulnar joint, The Head
11. Cartliage
Found on ends of bone
Tough, semi transparent, flexible and elastic
Not vasculrised (no blood vessels) or nerves
There are three types of cartilage:
1. Hyaline (joints, trachea & bronchi)
2. Fibrous (vertebrae, articulating cavities)
3. Elastic (lobe of ear, epiglottis and larynx)
12. Ligaments
The fibrous, slightly stretchy connective tissues that
hold one bone to another in the body, forming a
joint.
Control range of motion in a joint (eg elbow
hyperextending)
Provide stability in a joint
Sprain involves ligaments
13. Tendons
Connects muscle to bone
Made of similar tissue (collagen) as ligaments but
the difference is their connective points.
A strain involves muscle and tendons.
15. The Muscular System
The body has over six hundred muscles.
Three types of muscles skeletal, smooth and cardiac.
Together with the skeletal system the muscular
system allows us to move.
The primary function of the muscular system is to
deliver the physical energy for movement.
Physical energy that is derived from oxygen and
nutrients supplied via the circulatory, respiratory
and digestive systems.
16. Muscle Movement
Muscles use contraction and relaxation phases to
move bones
Muscles always work in pairs (or multiple groups)
One must contract while the other relaxes and visa
versa
17. Agonists and Antagonists
Muscles require an opposite muscle to stretch them
back out after contraction. The muscle that does this
during a movement is known as the ‘agonist’
muscle
The muscle which lengthens (stretches) is the
antagonist and the muscle that is shortened
(contracts) is the agonist
Agonist means producing action / antagonist means
opposing action
18. Which is the antagonist muscle
in the diagram below?
20. An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle is
contracting, and an external force is trying to
lengthen the muscle.
Isotonic contractions are those which cause the
muscle to change length as it contracts and causes
movement of a body part.
Isometric: joint angle and muscle length do not
change during contraction
22. The Circulatory Systems
Structure of the circulatory system:
The circulatory system is made up of the heart and a
network of blood vessels i.e. arteries, capillaries and
veins (see ‘Circulatory System’ handout)
Function of the circulatory system:
Regulates blood supply
Transports oxygen to cells
and removes carbon dioxide
Contribution to efficient movement:
Having a healthy heart and blood vessels will greatly
assist the individuals potential for movement. The
uninterrupted supply of oxygen rich blood is crucial to
physical performance.
23. Blood
Plasma: is the liquid part of blood and carries
dissolved substances such as glucose and other
products. The plasma makes the blood a liquid, the
cells in the blood are suspended in the plasma.
Red Blood Cells: contain hemoglobin, a protein that
carries oxygen. The role of red cells is to absorb
oxygen through the little alveoli in your lungs and
deliver it to all the muscles, tissues and organs in
your body.
24. Blood
White Blood Cells: The body uses white blood cells
to fight infection, disease and foreign objects in the
body.
Platelets: The function of platelets is to help clot the
blood in the case of an injury. They quickly create a
barrier to prevent too much blood from flowing
from a wound.
27. Anaerobic Energy System
Is used for exercise that involves short duration.
The system is broken into 2 types
1. The lactate system which relies on the use of
glycogen for energy, with lactic acid as the by
product.
2. The phosphate energy system relies on the stores of
creatine phosphate as the energy source and is
used in very fast explosive movements.
28. Aerobic Energy System
Is used for long duration or endurance exercise that
often uses oxygen to break down glucose. This is a
system that is used most often.
Most physical activity will begin with this system
and call upon the anaerobic system when faster
more powerful movement is required.
An eccentric contraction occurs when a muscle is contracting, and an external force is trying to lengthen the muscle. Isotonic contractions are those which cause the muscle to change length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part.Isometric: joint angle and muscle length do not change during contraction
Venous return is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins. Although the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, circulation through the veins is also moved along by other factors. These include skeletal muscle contractions during exercise, falling pressure in the chest when one breathes in
