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PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
Understanding Propaganda
PROPAGANDA
• Definition/Concept

• Types
• Characteristics of Propaganda
• Mediums
• Propaganda Techniques
• Examples
PROPAGANDA: Definition/Concept
• Translated from the Latin-word ‗gerundive‘ – (things that must be disseminated)
• ―Propaganda consists of the planned use of any form of public or mass-produced
communication designed to affect the minds and emotions of a given group for a specific
purpose, whether military, economic, or political.‖
Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger
Psychological Warfare
• ―Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate
cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the
propagandist.‖
- Jowett & O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion
• ―Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that
attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target
audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled
transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct
media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in
propagandism—the applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion.‖
- Richard Alan Nelson,
A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States
PROPAGANDA: Types (…I) Overt – Covert
• Distinction(division) based on level of
transparency
▫ Overt propaganda describes conditions in which
the propagandist‘s identity and interests are
known to the reactor, or target audience.
▫ Covert propaganda is in play when the
propagandist is unknown or disguised(hidden), as
in instances of unsigned political advertisements,
clandestine radio stations using false names, or
statements by officials who have been secretly
bribed. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
PROPAGANDA: Types (…II) White – Grey
– Black
• White propaganda is issued from an
acknowledged source... This type of propaganda
is associated with overt psychological
operations.
• Grey propaganda does not clearly identify any
source.
• Black propaganda purports(meaning) to
emanate(originate, comes) from a source other
than the true one. This type of propaganda is
associated with covert psychological operations.
PROPAGANDA: Key Characteristics
• Provision of partial/selective information
• Could be negative or positive
• Examination of Intentions matter a lot in the
analysis of propaganda
• Mostly ‗value-laden‘
• Basis of War propaganda always suggest, ‗we are
good, they are evil‘ approach
• Appeal is directed more often at emotions and less
at intellect
• Advertising, Public Relations, Political marketing,
Public information campaigns etc (Point of
differentiation: emphasis on political objectives)
PROPAGANDA: Mediums commonly used
• Television (News, Talk-shows, commercials, songs, drama,
documentaries, etc)
• Cinema (Films, Documentaries)
• Radio Broadcast
• Leaflets
• Posters
• Pamphlets
• Pictures/images
• Newspaper/magazine
• Internet (Blogs, social networking websites, other websites)
- Choice of medium largely depends upon the nature of
objective (and also on the availability of resources)
The partnership of nations is here
to help

Information Radio
0500-1000
1700-2200 Daily
864, 1107, 8700 KHZ
FRONT: "TALIBAN WE
KNOW WHERE YOU ARE"

BACK: "STOP FIGHTING FOR
THE TALIBAN AND LIVE"
"Osama bin Laden and his
foreign henchmen do not want
Afghans to live in peace with
each other. Afghans need to rid
themselves of these fanatics."

Osama bin Laden sacrifices
the Afghan people for his own
pride. He used the Taliban to
exterminate whole
communities opposed to his
fanaticism.
"People of Afghanistan"
"Eid Mubarakm.
We wish that God will accept
your prayers and fast.
Have a blessed holiday"
People of America
FRONT: "Get wealth and
power beyond your dreams.
Help the Anti-Taliban Forces
rid Afghanistan of murderers
and terrorists"

BACK: TEXT ONLY!

• "You can receive millions of
dollars for helping the AntiTaliban Force catch Al-Qaida
and Taliban murderers. This is
enough money to take care of
your family, your village, your
tribe for the rest of your life.
Pay for livestock and doctors
and school books and housing
for all your people."
The word "HALAL" in the last
panel refers to food prepared
in accordance with the Koran.
WHO REALLY RUNS THE
TALIBAN

EXPEL THE FOREIGN
RULERS AND LIVE IN PEACE
"Taliban and Al Qaida
fighters, we know where you
are hiding."

"Taliban and Al Qaida
fighters, you are our targets."
PROPAGANDA: Techniques
Edward Filene helped establish the Institute of Propaganda Analysis in 1937 to educate the
American public about the nature of propaganda and how to recognize propaganda
techniques. Filene and his colleagues identified the seven most common "tricks of the trade"
used by successful propagandists (Marlin 102-106: Propaganda Critic: Introduction). The
techniques identified by the Institute for Propaganda Analysis are further refined by Aaron
Delwich (A.D) on his website, Propaganda where he "discusses various propaganda
techniques, provides contemporary examples of their use, and proposes strategies of mental
self-defense."
These techniques are called:
Grouped under
• Name-calling (IPA)
‗word games‘
• Glittering generalities (IPA)
• Euphemisms (A.D)
• Transfer (IPA)
False Connections
• Testimonials (IPA)
• Plain folks appeal (IPA)
• Bandwagon effect (IPA)
Special Appeals
• Fear (A.D)
• Card-stacking
•
•
•
•

Assertion
Lesser of Two Evils
Pin-pointing the Enemy
Simplification (Stereotyping)
NAME CALLING

―Bad names have played a tremendously powerful role in the history of the world
and in our own individual development. They have ruined reputations, stirred
men and women to outstanding accomplishments, sent others to prison(jail)
cells, and made men mad enough to enter battle and slaughter their fellowmen.
They have been and are applied to other people, groups, gangs, tribes, colleges,
political parties, neighborhoods, states, sections of the country, nations, and
races." (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1938).
• Name calling occurs often in politics and wartime scenarios(situations), but
very seldom(common) in advertising. It is the use of derogatory language or
words that carry a negative connotation(meaning) when describing an enemy.
The propaganda attempts to arouse prejudice among the public by labeling the
target something that the public dislikes. Often, name calling is employed
using sarcasm and ridicule, and shows up often in political cartoons or
writings.
• The most obvious(understandable) type of name calling involves bad names.
For example, consider the following:
▫
▫
▫
▫

Commie
Fascist
Terrorist
Coward
GLITTERING(impressive) GENERALITIES
• It also occurs(happen) very often in politics and political
propaganda. Glittering generalities are words that have different
positive meaning for individual subjects, but are linked to highly
valued concepts. When these words are used, they demand approval
without thinking, simply because such an important concept is
involved. For example, when a person is asked to do something in
"defense of democracy" they are more likely to agree. The concept of
democracy has a positive connotation to them because it is linked to
a concept that they value. Words often used as glittering generalities
are honor, glory, love of country, and especially in the United States,
freedom.
• ―The Glittering Generality is, in short, Name Calling in reverse.
While Name Calling seeks to make us form a judgment to reject and
condemn without examining the evidence, the Glittering Generality
device seeks to make us approve and accept without examining the
evidence. In acquainting ourselves with the Glittering Generality
Device, therefore, all that has been said regarding Name Calling
must be kept in mind…‖ (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1938)
EUPHEMISMS
• When propagandists use glittering generalities and name-calling symbols,
they are attempting to arouse their audience with vivid (clear), emotionally
suggestive words. In certain situations, however, the propagandist attempts
to pacify the audience in order to make an unpleasant reality more
palatable. This is accomplished by using words that are bland and
euphemistic.
Since war is particularly unpleasant, military discourse is full of
euphemisms. In the 1940's, America changed the name of the War
Department to the Department of Defense. Under the Reagan
Administration, the MX-Missile was renamed "The Peacekeeper." During
war-time, civilian casualties are referred to as ‗collateral damage‘.
In the wake of the first world war, traumatized veterans were said to be
suffering from "shell shock." After the second world war, people began to
use the term "combat fatigue" to characterize the same condition. The
phrase is a bit more pleasant, but it still acknowledges combat as the source
of discomfort. In the wake of the Vietnam War, people referred to "posttraumatic stress disorder": a phrase that is completely disconnected from
the reality of war altogether.
TRANSFER
• It is an attempt to make the subject view a certain
item in the same way as they view another item, to
link the two in the subjects mind. Although this
technique is often used to transfer negative feelings
for one object to another, it can also be used in
positive ways. By linking an item to something the
subject respects or enjoys, positive feelings can be
generated for it. However, in politics, transfer is
most often used to transfer blame or bad feelings
from one politician to another of his friends or party
members, or even to the party itself.
• Example: Calling our atomic bomb an Islamic
bomb: Imp to see how it plays both ways!
TESTIMONIAL
• Testimonials are quotations or endorsements, in or
out of context, which attempt to connect a famous or
respectable person with a product or item.
Testimonials are very closely connected to the
transfer technique, in that an attempt is made to
connect an agreeable person to another item.
Testimonials are often used in advertising and
political campaigns.
• There is nothing wrong with citing(Hawala dena) a
qualified source, and the testimonial technique can
be used to construct a fair, well-balanced argument.
However, it is often used in ways that are unfair and
misleading.
The most common misuse of the testimonial
involves citing individuals who are not qualified to
make judgements about a particular issue.
PLAIN FOLKS APPEAL
• The plain folks device is an attempt by the propagandist
to convince the public that his/her views reflect those of
the common person and that they are also working for
the benefit of the common person. The propagandist will
often attempt to use the accent(axent) of a specific
audience as well as using specific idioms or jokes. Also,
the propagandist, especially during speeches, may
attempt to increase the illusion through imperfect
pronunciation, stuttering(Haklana), and a more limited
vocabulary. Errors such as these help add to the
impression of sincerity and spontaneity. This technique
is usually most effective when used with glittering
generalities, in an attempt to convince the public that the
propagandist views about highly valued ideas are similar
to their own and therefore more valid.
BANDWAGON
• Bandwagon is one of the most common techniques in
both wartime and peacetime and plays an important part
in modern advertising. Bandwagon is an appeal to the
subject to follow the crowd, to join in because others are
doing so as well. Bandwagon propaganda is, essentially,
trying to convince the subject that one side is the
winning side, because more people have joined it. The
subject is meant to believe that since so many people
have joined, that victory is inevitable and defeat
impossible. Since the average person always wants to be
on the winning side, he or she is compelled to join in.
However, in modern propaganda, bandwagon has taken
a new twist. The subject is to be convinced by the
propaganda that since everyone else is doing it, they will
be left out if they do not. This is, effectively, the opposite
of the other type of bandwagon, but usually provokes the
same results.
FEAR
• When a propagandist warns members of her
audience that disaster will result if they do not
follow a particular course of action, she is using the
fear appeal. By playing on the audience's deepseated fears, practitioners of this technique hope to
redirect attention away from the merits of a
particular proposal and toward steps that can be
taken to reduce the fear.
• There are four elements to a successful fear appeal:
1) a threat
2) a specific recommendation about how the
audience should behave
3) audience perception that the recommendation
will be effective in addressing the threat
4) audience perception that they are capable of
performing the recommended behavior.
CARD STACKING
• Card stacking involves only presenting
information that is positive to an idea or
proposal and omitting information contrary to
it. Card stacking is used in almost all forms of
propaganda, and is extremely effective in
convincing the public. Although the majority of
information presented by the card stacking
approach is true, it is dangerous because it omits
important information.
ASSERTION
• Assertion is commonly used in advertising and modern
propaganda. An assertion is an enthusiastic or energetic
statement presented as a fact, although it is not necessarily
true. They often imply that the statement requires no
explanation or back up, but that it should merely be accepted
without question. Examples of assertion, although somewhat
scarce in wartime propaganda, can be found often in modern
advertising propaganda. Any time an advertiser states that
their product is the best without providing evidence for this,
they are using an assertion. The subject, ideally, should simply
agree to the statement without searching for additional
information or reasoning. Assertions, although usually simple
to spot, are often dangerous forms of propaganda because
they often include falsehoods or lies.
LESSER OF TWO EVILS
• The "lesser of two evils" technique tries to convince
us of an idea or proposal by presenting it as the least
offensive option. This technique is often
implemented during wartime to convince people of
the need for sacrifices or to justify difficult decisions.
This technique is often accompanied by adding
blame on an enemy country or political group. One
idea or proposal is often depicted as one of the only
options or paths. When confronted with this
technique, the subject should consider the value of
any proposal independently of those it is being
compared with.
PIN-POINTING THE ENEMY
• Pinpointing the enemy is used extremely often
during wartime, and also in political campaigns
and debates. This is an attempt to simplify a
complex situation by presenting one specific
group or person as the enemy. Although there
may be other factors involved the subject is
urged to simply view the situation in terms of
clear-cut right and wrong. When coming in
contact with this technique, the subject should
attempt to consider all other factors tied into the
situation.
SIMPLIFICATION/STEREOTYPING
• Simplification is similar to pinpointing the
enemy, in that it often reduces a complex
situation to a clear-cut choice involving good
and evil. This technique is often useful in
swaying uneducated audiences.
• http://mason.gmu.edu/~amcdonal/Propaganda
%20Techniques.html
• http://www.propagandacritic.com/articles/ct.w
g.name.html
• http://www.psywarrior.com/Herbafghan.html
• http://www.stentorian.com/propagan.html

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Psychological warfare

  • 2. PROPAGANDA • Definition/Concept • Types • Characteristics of Propaganda • Mediums • Propaganda Techniques • Examples
  • 3. PROPAGANDA: Definition/Concept • Translated from the Latin-word ‗gerundive‘ – (things that must be disseminated) • ―Propaganda consists of the planned use of any form of public or mass-produced communication designed to affect the minds and emotions of a given group for a specific purpose, whether military, economic, or political.‖ Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger Psychological Warfare • ―Propaganda is the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.‖ - Jowett & O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion • ―Propaganda is neutrally defined as a systematic form of purposeful persuasion that attempts to influence the emotions, attitudes, opinions, and actions of specified target audiences for ideological, political or commercial purposes through the controlled transmission of one-sided messages (which may or may not be factual) via mass and direct media channels. A propaganda organization employs propagandists who engage in propagandism—the applied creation and distribution of such forms of persuasion.‖ - Richard Alan Nelson, A Chronology and Glossary of Propaganda in the United States
  • 4. PROPAGANDA: Types (…I) Overt – Covert • Distinction(division) based on level of transparency ▫ Overt propaganda describes conditions in which the propagandist‘s identity and interests are known to the reactor, or target audience. ▫ Covert propaganda is in play when the propagandist is unknown or disguised(hidden), as in instances of unsigned political advertisements, clandestine radio stations using false names, or statements by officials who have been secretly bribed. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
  • 5. PROPAGANDA: Types (…II) White – Grey – Black • White propaganda is issued from an acknowledged source... This type of propaganda is associated with overt psychological operations. • Grey propaganda does not clearly identify any source. • Black propaganda purports(meaning) to emanate(originate, comes) from a source other than the true one. This type of propaganda is associated with covert psychological operations.
  • 6. PROPAGANDA: Key Characteristics • Provision of partial/selective information • Could be negative or positive • Examination of Intentions matter a lot in the analysis of propaganda • Mostly ‗value-laden‘ • Basis of War propaganda always suggest, ‗we are good, they are evil‘ approach • Appeal is directed more often at emotions and less at intellect • Advertising, Public Relations, Political marketing, Public information campaigns etc (Point of differentiation: emphasis on political objectives)
  • 7. PROPAGANDA: Mediums commonly used • Television (News, Talk-shows, commercials, songs, drama, documentaries, etc) • Cinema (Films, Documentaries) • Radio Broadcast • Leaflets • Posters • Pamphlets • Pictures/images • Newspaper/magazine • Internet (Blogs, social networking websites, other websites) - Choice of medium largely depends upon the nature of objective (and also on the availability of resources)
  • 8. The partnership of nations is here to help Information Radio 0500-1000 1700-2200 Daily 864, 1107, 8700 KHZ
  • 9. FRONT: "TALIBAN WE KNOW WHERE YOU ARE" BACK: "STOP FIGHTING FOR THE TALIBAN AND LIVE"
  • 10. "Osama bin Laden and his foreign henchmen do not want Afghans to live in peace with each other. Afghans need to rid themselves of these fanatics." Osama bin Laden sacrifices the Afghan people for his own pride. He used the Taliban to exterminate whole communities opposed to his fanaticism.
  • 11. "People of Afghanistan" "Eid Mubarakm. We wish that God will accept your prayers and fast. Have a blessed holiday" People of America
  • 12. FRONT: "Get wealth and power beyond your dreams. Help the Anti-Taliban Forces rid Afghanistan of murderers and terrorists" BACK: TEXT ONLY! • "You can receive millions of dollars for helping the AntiTaliban Force catch Al-Qaida and Taliban murderers. This is enough money to take care of your family, your village, your tribe for the rest of your life. Pay for livestock and doctors and school books and housing for all your people."
  • 13. The word "HALAL" in the last panel refers to food prepared in accordance with the Koran.
  • 14. WHO REALLY RUNS THE TALIBAN EXPEL THE FOREIGN RULERS AND LIVE IN PEACE
  • 15. "Taliban and Al Qaida fighters, we know where you are hiding." "Taliban and Al Qaida fighters, you are our targets."
  • 16. PROPAGANDA: Techniques Edward Filene helped establish the Institute of Propaganda Analysis in 1937 to educate the American public about the nature of propaganda and how to recognize propaganda techniques. Filene and his colleagues identified the seven most common "tricks of the trade" used by successful propagandists (Marlin 102-106: Propaganda Critic: Introduction). The techniques identified by the Institute for Propaganda Analysis are further refined by Aaron Delwich (A.D) on his website, Propaganda where he "discusses various propaganda techniques, provides contemporary examples of their use, and proposes strategies of mental self-defense." These techniques are called: Grouped under • Name-calling (IPA) ‗word games‘ • Glittering generalities (IPA) • Euphemisms (A.D) • Transfer (IPA) False Connections • Testimonials (IPA) • Plain folks appeal (IPA) • Bandwagon effect (IPA) Special Appeals • Fear (A.D) • Card-stacking • • • • Assertion Lesser of Two Evils Pin-pointing the Enemy Simplification (Stereotyping)
  • 17. NAME CALLING ―Bad names have played a tremendously powerful role in the history of the world and in our own individual development. They have ruined reputations, stirred men and women to outstanding accomplishments, sent others to prison(jail) cells, and made men mad enough to enter battle and slaughter their fellowmen. They have been and are applied to other people, groups, gangs, tribes, colleges, political parties, neighborhoods, states, sections of the country, nations, and races." (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1938). • Name calling occurs often in politics and wartime scenarios(situations), but very seldom(common) in advertising. It is the use of derogatory language or words that carry a negative connotation(meaning) when describing an enemy. The propaganda attempts to arouse prejudice among the public by labeling the target something that the public dislikes. Often, name calling is employed using sarcasm and ridicule, and shows up often in political cartoons or writings. • The most obvious(understandable) type of name calling involves bad names. For example, consider the following: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Commie Fascist Terrorist Coward
  • 18. GLITTERING(impressive) GENERALITIES • It also occurs(happen) very often in politics and political propaganda. Glittering generalities are words that have different positive meaning for individual subjects, but are linked to highly valued concepts. When these words are used, they demand approval without thinking, simply because such an important concept is involved. For example, when a person is asked to do something in "defense of democracy" they are more likely to agree. The concept of democracy has a positive connotation to them because it is linked to a concept that they value. Words often used as glittering generalities are honor, glory, love of country, and especially in the United States, freedom. • ―The Glittering Generality is, in short, Name Calling in reverse. While Name Calling seeks to make us form a judgment to reject and condemn without examining the evidence, the Glittering Generality device seeks to make us approve and accept without examining the evidence. In acquainting ourselves with the Glittering Generality Device, therefore, all that has been said regarding Name Calling must be kept in mind…‖ (Institute for Propaganda Analysis, 1938)
  • 19. EUPHEMISMS • When propagandists use glittering generalities and name-calling symbols, they are attempting to arouse their audience with vivid (clear), emotionally suggestive words. In certain situations, however, the propagandist attempts to pacify the audience in order to make an unpleasant reality more palatable. This is accomplished by using words that are bland and euphemistic. Since war is particularly unpleasant, military discourse is full of euphemisms. In the 1940's, America changed the name of the War Department to the Department of Defense. Under the Reagan Administration, the MX-Missile was renamed "The Peacekeeper." During war-time, civilian casualties are referred to as ‗collateral damage‘. In the wake of the first world war, traumatized veterans were said to be suffering from "shell shock." After the second world war, people began to use the term "combat fatigue" to characterize the same condition. The phrase is a bit more pleasant, but it still acknowledges combat as the source of discomfort. In the wake of the Vietnam War, people referred to "posttraumatic stress disorder": a phrase that is completely disconnected from the reality of war altogether.
  • 20. TRANSFER • It is an attempt to make the subject view a certain item in the same way as they view another item, to link the two in the subjects mind. Although this technique is often used to transfer negative feelings for one object to another, it can also be used in positive ways. By linking an item to something the subject respects or enjoys, positive feelings can be generated for it. However, in politics, transfer is most often used to transfer blame or bad feelings from one politician to another of his friends or party members, or even to the party itself. • Example: Calling our atomic bomb an Islamic bomb: Imp to see how it plays both ways!
  • 21. TESTIMONIAL • Testimonials are quotations or endorsements, in or out of context, which attempt to connect a famous or respectable person with a product or item. Testimonials are very closely connected to the transfer technique, in that an attempt is made to connect an agreeable person to another item. Testimonials are often used in advertising and political campaigns. • There is nothing wrong with citing(Hawala dena) a qualified source, and the testimonial technique can be used to construct a fair, well-balanced argument. However, it is often used in ways that are unfair and misleading. The most common misuse of the testimonial involves citing individuals who are not qualified to make judgements about a particular issue.
  • 22. PLAIN FOLKS APPEAL • The plain folks device is an attempt by the propagandist to convince the public that his/her views reflect those of the common person and that they are also working for the benefit of the common person. The propagandist will often attempt to use the accent(axent) of a specific audience as well as using specific idioms or jokes. Also, the propagandist, especially during speeches, may attempt to increase the illusion through imperfect pronunciation, stuttering(Haklana), and a more limited vocabulary. Errors such as these help add to the impression of sincerity and spontaneity. This technique is usually most effective when used with glittering generalities, in an attempt to convince the public that the propagandist views about highly valued ideas are similar to their own and therefore more valid.
  • 23. BANDWAGON • Bandwagon is one of the most common techniques in both wartime and peacetime and plays an important part in modern advertising. Bandwagon is an appeal to the subject to follow the crowd, to join in because others are doing so as well. Bandwagon propaganda is, essentially, trying to convince the subject that one side is the winning side, because more people have joined it. The subject is meant to believe that since so many people have joined, that victory is inevitable and defeat impossible. Since the average person always wants to be on the winning side, he or she is compelled to join in. However, in modern propaganda, bandwagon has taken a new twist. The subject is to be convinced by the propaganda that since everyone else is doing it, they will be left out if they do not. This is, effectively, the opposite of the other type of bandwagon, but usually provokes the same results.
  • 24. FEAR • When a propagandist warns members of her audience that disaster will result if they do not follow a particular course of action, she is using the fear appeal. By playing on the audience's deepseated fears, practitioners of this technique hope to redirect attention away from the merits of a particular proposal and toward steps that can be taken to reduce the fear. • There are four elements to a successful fear appeal: 1) a threat 2) a specific recommendation about how the audience should behave 3) audience perception that the recommendation will be effective in addressing the threat 4) audience perception that they are capable of performing the recommended behavior.
  • 25. CARD STACKING • Card stacking involves only presenting information that is positive to an idea or proposal and omitting information contrary to it. Card stacking is used in almost all forms of propaganda, and is extremely effective in convincing the public. Although the majority of information presented by the card stacking approach is true, it is dangerous because it omits important information.
  • 26. ASSERTION • Assertion is commonly used in advertising and modern propaganda. An assertion is an enthusiastic or energetic statement presented as a fact, although it is not necessarily true. They often imply that the statement requires no explanation or back up, but that it should merely be accepted without question. Examples of assertion, although somewhat scarce in wartime propaganda, can be found often in modern advertising propaganda. Any time an advertiser states that their product is the best without providing evidence for this, they are using an assertion. The subject, ideally, should simply agree to the statement without searching for additional information or reasoning. Assertions, although usually simple to spot, are often dangerous forms of propaganda because they often include falsehoods or lies.
  • 27. LESSER OF TWO EVILS • The "lesser of two evils" technique tries to convince us of an idea or proposal by presenting it as the least offensive option. This technique is often implemented during wartime to convince people of the need for sacrifices or to justify difficult decisions. This technique is often accompanied by adding blame on an enemy country or political group. One idea or proposal is often depicted as one of the only options or paths. When confronted with this technique, the subject should consider the value of any proposal independently of those it is being compared with.
  • 28. PIN-POINTING THE ENEMY • Pinpointing the enemy is used extremely often during wartime, and also in political campaigns and debates. This is an attempt to simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or person as the enemy. Although there may be other factors involved the subject is urged to simply view the situation in terms of clear-cut right and wrong. When coming in contact with this technique, the subject should attempt to consider all other factors tied into the situation.
  • 29. SIMPLIFICATION/STEREOTYPING • Simplification is similar to pinpointing the enemy, in that it often reduces a complex situation to a clear-cut choice involving good and evil. This technique is often useful in swaying uneducated audiences.
  • 30. • http://mason.gmu.edu/~amcdonal/Propaganda %20Techniques.html • http://www.propagandacritic.com/articles/ct.w g.name.html • http://www.psywarrior.com/Herbafghan.html • http://www.stentorian.com/propagan.html

Notas del editor

  1. The leaflets dropped were printed in Pashtu and Dari. This leaflet reveals that we are tracking their movements and are prepared to target and destroy them. These leaflets serve as an advisory for the target audience to stop fighting and flee the Taliban if they wish to live.
  2. This leaflet was dropped with the yellow humanitarian aid two-pound canary yellow packages branded with American flags floated through the night sky over Afghanistan, imprinted with the words: "This is a food gift from the people of the United States of America", in English, Spanish and French. These humanitarian daily rations, were dropped from U.S. C-17 cargo planes over Afghanistan.
  3. The front of the leaflet depicts Mullah Mohammed Omar as a "kuchi", a dog of nomads, chained at the heel of Osama bin Laden. Tha back of the leaflet depicts Osama playing Chess with Taliban pawns on a game board map of Afghanistan. This leaflet was almost rejected by approving authority until it was exlained that chess is immensely popular in the region and the image would instantly connect with the target audience.
  4. When examining name calling propaganda, we should attempt to separate our feelings about the name and our feelings about the actual idea or proposal.
  5. When coming across with glittering generalities, we should especially consider the merits of the idea itself when separated from specific words.
  6. The short, vivid phrase conveys the horrors of battle -- one can practically hear the shells exploding overhead.