1. The Movement Takes a New
Turn
Chapter 21.5
pp. 722-727

2. James Baldwin
Author & Civil Rights Activist
• “The Negro’s past, of…death and humiliation;
fear by day and night; fear as deep as the
marrow of the bone; doubt that he was
worthy of life, since everyone denied it…”
• “The Negro himself no longer believes in the
good faith of white Americans—if, indeed, he
ever could have.”

3. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Born in Omaha in 1925 as Malcolm Little
• Father was a Baptist minister that supported
“Back-to-Africa” campaign
• Father died when he was young
• Uncle was lynched
• Mother put in mental hospital
• Grew up in ghettoes of Detroit, Boston, NYC
• In jail by age 20, served 7 years

4. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Joined Nation of Islam or Black
Muslims while in jail
• Preached black separation &
self-help
• Viewed white society as
oppressive

5. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of
Islam, taught that Allah would bring about a
“Black Nation”
• One of the keys to knowledge was knowing
one’s enemy; namely white society
• Black Muslims did not seek change through
political means
• Instead, they tried to live righteous lives &
become economically self-sufficient

6. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Malcolm X was released from
prison in 1952, changed his
name, & quickly rose to power
• Spent next 12 years as minister
of the Nation of Islam &
spreading ideas of Black
Nationalism
– Separate identity
– Racial unity of African Americans
• Delivered fiery speeches

7. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Malcolm X disagreed w/ tactics & goals of early
civil rights movement
• The “Farce on Washington”
• “All of this non-violent, begging the white man
kind of dying…all of this sitting-in, sliding-in,
wading-in, eating-in, diving-in, and all the rest”
• “No sane black man really wants integration!...No
sane black man really believes that the white
man ever will give the black man anything more
than token integration.”
– *See full quote on p. 723

9. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• In 1964, over disputes
w/ Elijah Muhammad,
Malcolm X left the
Nation of Islam
• Est. Muslim Mosque,
Inc.
• Made a pilgrimage to
Mecca (holy city of
Islam) in Saudi Arabia

10. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Pilgrimage had
profound effect
• He then wanted to
work w/ other civil
rights leaders, even
whites on some
issues
• His change of heart
led to new enemies
though

11. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
• Shot to death at a rally
in NYC in February 1965
• 3 members of the
Nation of Islam were
charged w/ murder
• Message lived on
• Influenced young
members of SNCC

12. The Black Power Movement
• Stokely Carmichael
• Follower of Malcolm X
• Became involved in
SNCC at Howard
University
• Freedom Riders
• Had beaten & jailed,
grew tired of nonviolent
protest
• SNCC became more
radical

13. Movement Splits
• Greenwood, MS in 1966
• King’s followers sang
“We Shall Overcome”
• Carmichael’s supporters
sang “We Shall
Overrun”
• “This is the 27th time I
have been arrested, and
I ain’t going to jail no
more!...The only way
we gonna stop them
white men from
whippin’ us is to take
over. We been saying
freedom for six years—
and we ain’t got
nothin’. What we gonna
start saying now is
‘black power!’

14. Black Power
• New slogan resonated
w/ many African
Americans
• Encouraged immediate
action
• A call to “unite, to
recognize their
heritage, to build a
sense of community…to
begin to define their
own goals, to lead their
own organizations and
support those
organizations.”

15. Black Panthers
• Est. in fall of 1966
• Militant political party
• Founded by Bobby
Seale & Huey Newton
• Demanded action from
federal government
• Wanted African
Americans to lead their
own communities

16. Black Panthers
• Often confrontation w/ • “Black is beautiful”
white authorities
became a new slogan
• Newton repeated
• SNCC & Black Panthers
phrase from Communist
moved away from
leader of China, Mao
NAACP & SCLC
Zedong, “power flows
from the barrel of a
gun”
• Violence w/ police

17. Riots in the Streets
• De jure segregation=
• Residents of
racial separation
neighborhoods viewed
created by law
police officers as
oppressors, not
• De facto segregation=
upholders of justice
separation created by
• “like an occupying
social conditions, like
poverty
soldier in a bitterly
hostile country”
• De facto segregation
was a fact of life in most • Riots started to flare up
American cities, North
along east coast (NYC)
& South
in 1964

18. Riots in the Streets
• Watts, LA neighborhood,
August of 1965
• Beating of young African
American male by white
police officer sparked 6 days
of riots
• National guard needed to
restore order
• 3K+ arrests, 1K+ injured, 34
dead, $40 million+ in
damages

19. Riots in the Streets
• Rioting spread to other
cities in following years
• “Burn, baby, burn”
• Kerner Commission
reported that riots were
explosion of anger that
had been smoldering
for decades
• “Our nation is moving
toward two societies,
one black, one white—
separate & unequal”

20. Tragedy Strikes
in 1968
• Achieving peaceful
social change through
political activism
seemed hopeless
• MLK had shifted focus
to tackling economic
problems
• Poor People’s Campaign
• “We’ve got some difficult
days ahead. But it doesn’t
matter with me now. I’ve
been to the mountain top.
And I don’t mind. Like
anybody, I would like to live
a long life…But I’m not
concerned about that now.
I just want to do God’s will.
And He’s allowed me to go
up to the mountain. An d
I’ve looked over. And I’ve
seen the promised land.”
• --April 3, 1968, in
Memphis---

21. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
• The next day King was
shot while standing on
the balcony of his motel
• His assassination
sparked violent
reactions
• Riots occurred in 120+
cities
• 50K+ troops were
needed to stop the
violence
• Further eroded hope in
nonviolent change

22. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
• RFK, presidential
candidate for
Democratic Party
• Civil rights leader
• Anti-Vietnam War
• Hoped to continue
brother’s legacy
• LBJ had announced he
would not seek another
term
• RFK had reached out to
minorities & the poor

23. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
• RFK won key CA primary
on June 4th
• That night, after
midnight, gave a short
speech in LA hotel
• Shot by an assassin,
died the next day

24. Legacy of the Movement
• LBJ administration
brought about major
changes
• Segregation was illegal
• African Americans
began to vote by the
thousands
• Number of African
Americans elected to
high office rose
dramatically
• *Shirley Chisholm of NY
became first black
woman elected to
Congress