2. The Movement Takes a New Turn
ā¢ NOTES
a. Why did the civil rights movement split by the mid-
1960s? What were the results of this split?
b. How did the tragic events of 1968 affect the
nation?
c. What is the lasting legacy of the civil rights
movement?
ā¢ Terms
ā Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Black Power, Black
Panthers, de jure segregation vs. de facto
segregation
3. James Baldwin
Author & Civil Rights Activist
ā¢ āThe Negroās past, ofā¦death and humiliation;
fear by day and night; fear as deep as the
marrow of the bone; doubt that he was
worthy of life, since everyone denied itā¦ā
ā¢ āThe Negro himself no longer believes in the
good faith of white Americansāif, indeed, he
ever could have.ā
4. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Born in Omaha in 1925 as Malcolm Little
ā¢ Father was a Baptist minister that supported
āBack-to-Africaā campaign
ā¢ Father died when he was young
ā¢ Uncle was lynched
ā¢ Mother put in mental hospital
ā¢ Grew up in ghettoes of Detroit, Boston, NYC
ā¢ In jail by age 20, served 7 years
5. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Joined Nation of Islam or Black
Muslims while in jail
ā¢ Preached black separation &
self-help
ā¢ Viewed white society as
oppressive
ā¢ *See quotes on p. 723
6. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of
Islam, taught that Allah would bring about a
āBlack Nationā
ā¢ One of the keys to knowledge was knowing
oneās enemy; namely white society
ā¢ Black Muslims did not seek change through
political means
ā¢ Instead, they tried to live righteous lives &
become economically self-sufficient
7. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Malcolm X was released from
prison in 1952, changed his
name, & quickly rose to power
ā¢ Spent next 12 years as minister
of the Nation of Islam &
spreading ideas of Black
Nationalism
ā Separate identity
ā Racial unity of African Americans
ā¢ Delivered fiery speeches
8. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Malcolm X disagreed w/ tactics & goals of early
civil rights movement
ā¢ The āFarce on Washingtonā
ā¢ āAll of this non-violent, begging the white man
kind of dyingā¦all of this sitting-in, sliding-in,
wading-in, eating-in, diving-in, and all the restā
ā¢ āNo sane black man really wants integration!...No
sane black man really believes that the white
man ever will give the black man anything more
than token integration.ā
ā *See full quote on p. 723
9.
10. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ In 1964, over disputes w/
Elijah Muhammad,
Malcolm X left the Nation
of Islam
ā¢ Est. Muslim Mosque, Inc.
ā¢ Extensive travel to Africa &
Middle East in 1965
ā¢ Made a pilgrimage to
Mecca (holy city of Islam)
in Saudi Arabia
11. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Pilgrimage had profound
effect
ā¢ He then wanted to work w/
other civil rights leaders, even
whites on some issues
ā¢ āI did many things as a
Muslim that Iām sorry for
now. I was a zombie thenā¦
pointed in a certain direction
and told to march.ā
ā¢ His change of heart led to
new enemies though
12. Malcolm X & Black Nationalism
ā¢ Shot to death at a rally
in NYC in February 1965
ā 21 gun shots
ā Funeral in Harlem,
attended by thousands
ā¢ 3 members of the
Nation of Islam were
charged w/ murder
ā¢ Message lived on
ā¢ Influenced young
members of SNCC
ā¢Elijah Muhammad
ā¢ āMalcolm X got just what
he preached.ā
ā¢ āWe know such ignorant,
foolish teachings would
bring him to his own end.ā
13. ā¢ Autobiography co-authored
with Alex Haley
ā¢ Published shortly after his
death in 1965
ā¢ Interviews conducted
between 1963 & 1965
ā¢ Outlineās Malcolm Xās views
on black pride, Pan-
Africanism, & black
nationalism
ā¢ Millions of copies sold
ā¢ Led to 1992 movie by Spike
Lee
14. The Black Power Movement
ā¢ Stokely Carmichael
ā¢ Follower of Malcolm X
ā¢ Became involved in SNCC at
Howard University in
Washington, DC
ā¢ Freedom Riders
ā¢ Had beaten & jailed, grew
tired of nonviolent protest
ā¢ SNCC became more radical
15. Movement Splits
ā¢ Greenwood, MS in 1966
ā¢ Kingās followers sang
āWe Shall Overcomeā
ā¢ Carmichaelās supporters
sang āWe Shall
Overrunā
ā¢ āThis is the 27th
time I
have been arrested, and
I aināt going to jail no
more!...The only way
we gonna stop them
white men from
whippinā us is to take
over. We been saying
freedom for six yearsā
and we aināt got
nothinā. What we gonna
start saying now is
āblack power!ā
16. Black Power
ā¢ New slogan resonated
w/ many African
Americans
ā¢ Encouraged immediate
action
ā¢ A call to āunite, to
recognize their
heritage, to build a
sense of communityā¦to
begin to define their
own goals, to lead their
own organizations and
support those
organizations.ā
Tommie Smith (Gold) & John Carlos
(Bronze) in 200M @ Mexico City Olympics
17. Black Panthers
ā¢ Est. in fall of 1966
ā¢ Militant political party
ā¢ Founded by Bobby
Seale & Huey Newton
ā¢ Demanded action from
federal government
ā¢ Wanted African
Americans to lead their
own communities
18. Black Panthers
ā¢ Often confrontation w/
white authorities
ā¢ Newton repeated
phrase from Communist
leader of China, Mao
Zedong, āpower flows
from the barrel of a
gunā
ā¢ Violence w/ police
ā¢ āBlack is beautifulā
became a new slogan
ā¢ SNCC & Black Panthers
moved away from
NAACP & SCLC
19. Riots in the Streets
ā¢ De jure segregation=
racial separation
created by law
ā¢ De facto segregation=
separation created by
social conditions, like
poverty
ā¢ De facto segregation
was a fact of life in most
American cities, North
& South
ā¢ Residents of
neighborhoods viewed
police officers as
oppressors, not
upholders of justice
ā¢ ālike an occupying
soldier in a bitterly
hostile countryā
ā¢ Riots started to flare up
along east coast (NYC)
in 1964
20. Riots in the Streets
ā¢ Watts, LA neighborhood,
August of 1965
ā¢ Beating of young African
American male by white
police officer sparked 6 days
of riots
ā¢ National guard needed to
restore order
ā¢ 3K+ arrests, 1K+ injured, 34
dead, $40 million+ in
damages
21. Riots in the Streets
ā¢ Rioting spread to other
cities in following years
ā¢ āBurn, baby, burnā
ā¢ Kerner Commission
reported that riots were
explosion of anger that
had been smoldering
for decades
ā¢ āOur nation is moving
toward two societies,
one black, one whiteā
separate & unequalā
22. Tragedy Strikes
in 1968
ā¢ Achieving peaceful
social change through
political activism
seemed hopeless
ā¢ MLK had shifted focus
to tackling economic
problems
ā¢ Poor Peopleās Campaign
ā¢ āWeāve got some difficult
days ahead. But it doesnāt
matter with me now. Iāve
been to the mountain top.
And I donāt mind. Like
anybody, I would like to live
a long lifeā¦But Iām not
concerned about that now.
I just want to do Godās will.
And Heās allowed me to go
up to the mountain. An d
Iāve looked over. And Iāve
seen the promised land.ā
ā¢ --April 3, 1968, in
Memphis---
23. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
ā¢ The next day King was
shot while standing on
the balcony of his motel
ā¢ His assassination
sparked violent
reactions
ā¢ Riots occurred in 120+
cities
ā¢ 50K+ troops were
needed to stop the
violence
ā¢ Further eroded hope in
nonviolent change
ā¢ James Earl Ray convicted
ā¢ Numerous conspiracies
ā FBI, phone had been
wiretapped since 1963
24. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
ā¢ RFK, presidential
candidate for
Democratic Party
ā¢ Civil rights leader
ā¢ Anti-Vietnam War
ā¢ Hoped to continue
brotherās legacy
ā¢ LBJ had announced he
would not seek another
term
ā¢ RFK had reached out to
minorities & the poor
25. Tragedy Strikes in 1968
ā¢ RFK won key CA primary
on June 4th
ā¢ That night, after
midnight, gave a short
speech in LA hotel
ā¢ Shot by an assassin,
died the next day
26. Legacy of the Movement
ā¢ LBJ administration
brought about major
changes
ā¢ Segregation was illegal
ā¢ African Americans
began to vote by the
thousands
ā¢ Number of African
Americans elected to
high office rose
dramatically
ā¢ *Shirley Chisholm of NY
became first black
woman elected to
Congress
27. The Movement Takes a New Turn
ā¢ NOTES
a. Why did the civil rights movement split by the mid-
1960s? What were the results of this split?
b. How did the tragic events of 1968 affect the
nation?
c. What is the lasting legacy of the civil rights
movement?
ā¢ Terms
ā Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Black Power, Black
Panthers, de jure segregation vs. de facto
segregation
Editor's Notes
----- Meeting Notes (3/2/14 20:41) -----
His dad died when he was six.
His mom was sent to a mental hospital when he was 13.
Grew up in a series of foster homes.