This study analyzed concentrations of essential and toxic trace elements in common vegetables sold in Maun, Botswana. Samples of cabbage, rape, tomatoes, onions, and potatoes were purchased from supermarkets and street vendors, digested using aqua regia, and analyzed using ICP-AES. The results showed levels of essential elements like zinc and toxic elements like lead varied between vegetable types and market sources. Leafy vegetables like cabbage had the highest metal concentrations. While vegetables provided essential elements, some exceeded safe levels for toxic metals. The study concluded consumption from these markets should be reduced to avoid potential metal poisoning.
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of...ijtsrd
Heavy metal pollution is a very serious issue in the present world and is caused by release of toxic substances from industrial and domestic sources into the sea water leading to harm marine organisms. Marine fishes are commonly consumed for its nutritional benefits and thus lead to transfer toxic metals into the food chain. Harpodon nehereus is a common and local fish from west coast of Maharashtra with high consumption rate among local population. Fish organs particularly liver being major site of detoxification shows structural alterations on exposure to pollution stress from their surrounding environment. Histopathological examination provides an indication of organ impairment to evaluate the health status of selected fish and the degree of pollution in marine environment. The present research effort was done to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals and to study histopathological alterations in liver tissues of largely consumed fish Harpodon nehereus collected from Sassoon dock, west Coast of Maharashtra, India. The research was carried out during the post-monsoon season of the year. High accumulation of lead 11.8 ± 8.34 mg kg , copper 20.46 ± 11.06 mg kg and Zinc 286.26 ± 114.5 mg kg were observed in liver tissues. Further histopathological study of present investigation reveals heavy damages in liver tissues of Harpodon nehereus representing that the selected fish is under high threat of pollution stress. Archana Oza | Leena Muralidharan "Assessment on Accumulation of Heavy Metals and its Effect on Liver Tissues of Harpodon Nehereus from Mumbai Coast of Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20250.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/20250/assessment-on-accumulation-of-heavy-metals-and-its-effect-on-liver-tissues-of-harpodon-nehereus-from-mumbai-coast-of-maharashtra-india/archana-oza
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Investigation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contents in soil, orange fruit an...Innspub Net
Heavy metals are among the most environmentally toxic substances. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are extremely toxic heavy metals and their presence in the soil poses severe danger to the food security and consequently human health. Present study was carried out to investigate the concentration of Cd and Pb in soil, Orange and human blood. Soil and orange fruit samples were collected from same garden. Blood samples were taken from 6 volunteers at two stages before consumption and 4 hours after orange fruit consumption. Cadmium concentration in soil samples were found to be higher than the permissible limit of Cd set by the World Health Organization (WHO). It was noted that Pb concentration in soil was within safe limit of WHO. Orange fruit exceed the safe limit for concentration of both the metals. The cadmium concentration in blood sample before (2.7 ± 0.3ppm) and after eating orange fruit (2.75 ± 0.3ppm) were found different. The difference between cadmium concentration before and after consumption is 0.05ppm. The lead concentration in blood before consumption of orange fruit was (5.05 ± 1.15ppm) while after consumption was (5.88 ± 1.25ppm). The difference found between before and after treatment is 0.83ppm. Further investigation is suggested to find the effect of toxic metals like Cadmium and lead on human physiology and biochemistry.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
Heavy metals contamination of soil has continued to increase globally as a result of increase in anthropogenic
actions. The phytochemical and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) content of three edible plant species grown in
southern Nigeria and the health implications were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations of Gongronema
latifolium, Talinum triangulare and Amaranthus hybridus as well as the top soil were determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. The consumption of vegetables is a very vital path to food chain by which toxic
metals are transferred from the soil to human as well as other animals. Geo-accumulation index and Transfer factor
were the parameters used to evaluate the extent of contamination of top soil and exposure by human via the food
chain respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of plants revealed the existence of some bioactive
constituents and their corresponding concentrations are presented in increasing order of magnitude: anthocyanin˂
carotenoid ˂ flavonoid ˂ tannin ˂ steroid ˂ alkaloid. The soil analysis for heavy metals were performed and results
demonstrated that zinc had the maximum concentration (103.1 – 174.0 mg kg-1) while mercury had the lowest levels
(0.01 – 0.20 mg kg-1). The heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are in the order; Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Ni
˃ As ˃ Hg. Geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that Pb and Cd were implicated in overall contamination of
the soil samples but the control soil remained uncontaminated. The concentratio ns of heavy metal in the plant
samples varied greatly with Zn having the maximum values (10.80 – 21.10 mg kg -1) whereas arsenic had the
minimum concentration (0.01 – 0.03 mg kg -1). The heavy metal concentration in the plant samples are in the order;
Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Ni ˃ Hg ˃ As. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected plant samples evaluated were
within the recommended standard limits apart for lead which was higher than the recommended value. Results
revealed moderately high transfer factors and capacity of the vegetables investigated to accumulate copper, mercury
and arsenic.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Health risk assessment of consuming heavy metal contaminated benthic seafood,...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated health risks associated with the consumption of a seafood (bivalve - Anadara (Senilia) senilis) contaminated with some heavy metals in southern Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal analysis. Mean metal concentrations (µgg-1) was in the order of Zn(12.96±1.0)> Pb(4.69±0.6)> Cr(2.91±0.7)> Ni(2.47±0.2)> Cu(2.03±0.3)> Cd(1.68±0.2). Mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were below their respective FAO/WHO recommended limits while those of Ni, Cd and Pb exceeded. The Estimated daily intake-EDI values of all metals were less than their respective reference oral doses-RFD implying minimal health risk. The target hazard quotient (non-carcinogenic) and hazard index-HI had values <1suggesting minimal health risk of non-carcinogenic origin but HI value showed potency of increase. The value of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk-ILCR ranged from 10-5-10-2 with Ni and Cd within the acceptable range of 10-4-10-6 while Cr and Pb exceeded the limit. The target cancer risk-TR had values of 10-3 indicating moderate to high risk according to the New York State Department of Health classification. The study concluded the presence of moderate to high carcinogenic risk due to Cr and Pb for consumers of heavy metal contaminated seafood (bivalves) in southern Nigeria. Minimal consumption and further action are advised with regular monitoring to detect changes.
Phylogenetic Analysis of the Potential Microorganism for Remediation of Heavy...CSCJournals
The present research work has been carried out to study the waste disposal contaminated site for its physico chemical and microbial characterization and identification of potential microorganism capable of bioaccumulation and biodegradation of heavy metals. The ambient conditions present in the metal contaminated environment shows the values: pH(5.4),temperature(30°C), moisture(11.71%), nutrients; Nitrogen(0.2mg/l), phosphorus(22.65mg/l) and sulphur(559.3mg/l) respectively. The biological parameters studied indicate Dissolved oxygen (7.4mg/l), Biological oxygen demand (3.8 mg/l), Chemical oxygen demand (64.6 mg/l). The microbial consortium identified was found to survive and multiply in the present environmental conditions. Microbial consortium was sequenced and compared using Bioinformatics tools like BLAST, ClustalW and PHYLIP. In order to identify potential microorganism, microbial consortium was exposed to increasing concentrations of heavy metals viz 5mg/l, 25mg/l, 50mg/l, 100mg/l up to 800mg/l with special reference to Iron. At a concentration of 500mg/l, only one microorganism was found survived and multiplied. This shows that potential microorganism was only survived at higher concentration of iron. The 16SrRNA sequence and phylogenetic tree characterized the organism as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was also confirmed by biochemical tests. The potential microorganism identified by BLAST technique can be used for remediation of the heavy metal from contaminated environment.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Investigation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contents in soil, orange fruit an...Innspub Net
Heavy metals are among the most environmentally toxic substances. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) are extremely toxic heavy metals and their presence in the soil poses severe danger to the food security and consequently human health. Present study was carried out to investigate the concentration of Cd and Pb in soil, Orange and human blood. Soil and orange fruit samples were collected from same garden. Blood samples were taken from 6 volunteers at two stages before consumption and 4 hours after orange fruit consumption. Cadmium concentration in soil samples were found to be higher than the permissible limit of Cd set by the World Health Organization (WHO). It was noted that Pb concentration in soil was within safe limit of WHO. Orange fruit exceed the safe limit for concentration of both the metals. The cadmium concentration in blood sample before (2.7 ± 0.3ppm) and after eating orange fruit (2.75 ± 0.3ppm) were found different. The difference between cadmium concentration before and after consumption is 0.05ppm. The lead concentration in blood before consumption of orange fruit was (5.05 ± 1.15ppm) while after consumption was (5.88 ± 1.25ppm). The difference found between before and after treatment is 0.83ppm. Further investigation is suggested to find the effect of toxic metals like Cadmium and lead on human physiology and biochemistry.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Pa...ijtsrd
This study presents the heavy metal accumulation profile in Clarias gariepinus catfish exposed to untreated paint effluent. Sub lethal concentrations of paint effluent were used to pollute catfish aquaria. This was followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from the polluted aquaria after 96 h using conventional microbiological techniques. The tissue heavy metal composition and physicochemical parameters of the aquaria were also monitored using standard analytical methods. Microbial load in the range of 10.00a±2.00 to 189.00d±20.52 cfu ml on tissues of catfish were observed. The heavy metals present in the paint effluent were mainly Lead 1.20±0.01ppm and Zinc 0.34±0.01ppm . No significant difference in the proximate analysis between the tissue of catfish from the control and the polluted aquaria were observed. Catfish tissue accumulated Lead 0.16 ppm from the polluted aquaria. Persistent exposure through pollution by effluent in aquatic environment can lead to increased metallic Lead bioaccumulation that could be unhealthy for both the fish and human consumption. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of untreated effluent from industrial sites into water bodies should be discouraged. Orimoloye, M. A | Mohammed, A ""Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Clarias Gariepinus Exposed to Untreated Paint Effluent"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29989.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/29989/bioaccumulation-of-heavy-metals-in-clarias-gariepinus-exposed-to-untreated-paint-effluent/orimoloye-m-a
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
Heavy metals contamination of soil has continued to increase globally as a result of increase in anthropogenic
actions. The phytochemical and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) content of three edible plant species grown in
southern Nigeria and the health implications were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations of Gongronema
latifolium, Talinum triangulare and Amaranthus hybridus as well as the top soil were determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. The consumption of vegetables is a very vital path to food chain by which toxic
metals are transferred from the soil to human as well as other animals. Geo-accumulation index and Transfer factor
were the parameters used to evaluate the extent of contamination of top soil and exposure by human via the food
chain respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of plants revealed the existence of some bioactive
constituents and their corresponding concentrations are presented in increasing order of magnitude: anthocyanin˂
carotenoid ˂ flavonoid ˂ tannin ˂ steroid ˂ alkaloid. The soil analysis for heavy metals were performed and results
demonstrated that zinc had the maximum concentration (103.1 – 174.0 mg kg-1) while mercury had the lowest levels
(0.01 – 0.20 mg kg-1). The heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are in the order; Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Ni
˃ As ˃ Hg. Geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that Pb and Cd were implicated in overall contamination of
the soil samples but the control soil remained uncontaminated. The concentratio ns of heavy metal in the plant
samples varied greatly with Zn having the maximum values (10.80 – 21.10 mg kg -1) whereas arsenic had the
minimum concentration (0.01 – 0.03 mg kg -1). The heavy metal concentration in the plant samples are in the order;
Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Ni ˃ Hg ˃ As. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected plant samples evaluated were
within the recommended standard limits apart for lead which was higher than the recommended value. Results
revealed moderately high transfer factors and capacity of the vegetables investigated to accumulate copper, mercury
and arsenic.
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Health risk assessment of consuming heavy metal contaminated benthic seafood,...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated health risks associated with the consumption of a seafood (bivalve - Anadara (Senilia) senilis) contaminated with some heavy metals in southern Nigeria. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for metal analysis. Mean metal concentrations (µgg-1) was in the order of Zn(12.96±1.0)> Pb(4.69±0.6)> Cr(2.91±0.7)> Ni(2.47±0.2)> Cu(2.03±0.3)> Cd(1.68±0.2). Mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn were below their respective FAO/WHO recommended limits while those of Ni, Cd and Pb exceeded. The Estimated daily intake-EDI values of all metals were less than their respective reference oral doses-RFD implying minimal health risk. The target hazard quotient (non-carcinogenic) and hazard index-HI had values <1suggesting minimal health risk of non-carcinogenic origin but HI value showed potency of increase. The value of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk-ILCR ranged from 10-5-10-2 with Ni and Cd within the acceptable range of 10-4-10-6 while Cr and Pb exceeded the limit. The target cancer risk-TR had values of 10-3 indicating moderate to high risk according to the New York State Department of Health classification. The study concluded the presence of moderate to high carcinogenic risk due to Cr and Pb for consumers of heavy metal contaminated seafood (bivalves) in southern Nigeria. Minimal consumption and further action are advised with regular monitoring to detect changes.
Heavy Metals Contamination Levels In Suya Meat Marketed In Selected Towns In ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Introduction
The food and water contamination with heavy metals is increasing due to the environmental pollutions. Heavy metals are the elements with the density of more than 5 g/cm3 and have become a serious problem as a result of the urbanization and industrialization. These toxic metals pollute water, soil, plants, and eventually foodstuffs and our bodies. Several methods exist to remediate heavy metal pollution in waters such as membrane filtration, ion exchange mechanisms, or by precipitation. Yet, these techniques are not cost effective, in some cases, and do produce wastes that need to be properly disposed of. Microbial bioremediation could be an alternative. The use of microbes for remediation of heavy metals has been well studied. Some microorganisms, especially soil bacteria, have the ability to tolerate these contaminants. In addition, certain bacterial strains are capable of binding to heavy metals or transforming them into less toxic forms. Low operating costs, usable in foodstuffs, selective removal for specific toxic metals, minimal use of chemicals (resulting in low sludge production) and high efficiencies at very low levels of heavy metals are some of the advantages of biosorption methods. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of active and passive absorption of heavy metals by a number of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains in laboratory environment and food.
Materials and Methods
Seven LAB isolates including Lacticaseibacillus casei (RTCC 1296-3), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (RTCC 1293-2), Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (RTCC 1290), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (RTCC 1303), Enterococcus faecium (RTCC 2347), Lactobacillus helveticus (RTCC 1304) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (RTCC 1299) were obtained from Razi type culture collection (RTCC), located at Razi vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Iran. All isolates were cultured in MRS (Scharlau, Spain) broth medium, at 37 °C for 24 hours, under anaerobic conditions. Pure cultures were preserved for long term by freezing at -70°C with 20% Glycerol. Heavy metals including Nitrate of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All standard solutions were prepared from the stock solutions containing 1000 mgl-1 in distilled water. Other chemicals used in study including Nitric acid (65%) and Hydrogen peroxide (37%), were also purchased from Merck, Germany. This study was conducted in two in- vitro and in-vivo phases; in the in- vitro phase, seven strains of bacteria with probiotic properties (L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, Ent. facium, L. helveticus and L. acidofilous) were screened and then their ability to bind to cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in aqueous solution was investigated. Then, in the in-vivo stage, three probiotic strains that had the highest biosorption efficiency in the previously stage were selected and their effect with a ratio of 1:1:1 and contact time of 15 and 30 min
Physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal constituents of five dumpsite...Premier Publishers
The levels of heavy metals in soils of five dumpsites located in Aba and Umuahia metropolis, Abia State Nigeria, were analysed. Also these heavy metals were analysed in Solanum hycopersicum, Talissium triangulae, Amaranthus spinosus, Solanum macrocarpon and ad Curcurbita pepo grown on these dumpsites. The heavy metal concentrations (mg/kg) obtained from the soils of the studied dumpsites were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of control soil samples. The ranges obtained for these dumpsite soils heavy metals were copper 0.59±0.04 – 4.19±0.02, zinc 3.81±0.07 – 6.68±0.01, manganese 1.36±0.03-2.91±0.02, cadmium 0.52±0.04 – 3.27±0.05, lead 1.05±0.04 – 3.57±0.02, iron 4.78±0.09 – 17.22±0.08, chromium 1.25±0.02 – 3.23±0.05, cobalt 0.52±0.04 – 1.36±0.03, mickel 0.78±0.03 – 2.09±0.07; and mercury 2.04±0.02 – 4.30±0.07. Although all the analysed heavy metals were present in sampled vegetables, only cadmium (1.42±0.08mg/kg) and lead (2.11±0.15mg/kg) in Amaranthus spinosus from Osisioma dumpsite, Aba were above FAO/WHO guidelines for metals in foods and vegetables grown on these dumpsites may pose a health hazard to consumers.
A discovery of sachet-water purification system, that is portable can remove heavy metals able to eliminate microbes and clears out the water. Use of techniques like IR, disc diffusion, Limit test, TDS meter, UV aseptic chamber, and then designing a formulation that is portable, economical and convenient.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Commonly Edible Vegetables available in Markets...AI Publications
Vegetables are considered vital given that they supply to humans vitamins, minerals, nutritional fiber, and phytochemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in common vegetables, locally available in Akure South LGAs markets for consumers. Samples of vegetables belonging to Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Basellaceae families were procured from local markets of different areas of Akure south LGAs and analyzed for Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn and Mnby Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results indicated that the trace metal content of Telfariaoccidentalis, Corchorusolitorus, Amaranthushybridusand Abelmoschusesculentus from Oja Oba were higher than the other markets. Basellaalba purchased from Isikan possessed the highest metal content. Maximum concentration of Fe was found to be 1.93μg/g in Basellaalba, Zn 0.76 μg/g in Basella alba, Mn 1.12 μg/g in Basella alba, Cu 0.76μg/g in Telfairiaoccidentalis. The overall content of metals appeared to be within the limit laid down for safe human consumption.
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Analysis of heavy_metal_content_in_conventional_an
63997-234884-1-PB
1. Journal of Food Research; Vol. 6, No. 1; 2017
ISSN 1927-0887 E-ISSN 1927-0895
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
69
Concentrations of Some Trace Elements in Vegetables Sold at Maun
Market, Botswana
Keagile Bati1
, Oarabile Mogobe2
& Wellington R. L. Masamba2
1
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana. Botswana
2
Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana. Botswana
Correspondence: Oarabile Mogobe, Okavango Research Institute, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana. Tel:
267-681-7211. E-mail: omogobe@ori.ub.bw
Received: October 29, 2016 Accepted: November 23, 2016 Online Published: December 20, 2016
doi:10.5539/jfr.v6n1p69 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n1p69
Abstract
Contamination of vegetables with toxic metals is one of the most important contributing factors to ill health
throughout the world, more so because vegetables are considered essential for human health and their
consumption is highly recommended by health authorities. The aim of this study was to determine the
concentrations of selected essential elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn) and toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Pb) in
common vegetables sold for human consumption in supermarkets and open market of Maun village, Botswana.
Five vegetables (cabbage, rape, tomatoes, onions and potatoes) were purchased from different selling points,
washed with de-ionised water, cut into small pieces and digested with aqua regia on a block digester, following
the US. EPA method 200 - 7 and analysed for metal content using Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic
Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The results showed that concentrations of essential and toxic metals varied
with the type of vegetable and also with the market category (supermarket or street vendor). The highest
concentration of essential elements was obtained from cabbage with a Zn concentration of 135.4mg/Kg and the
lowest was from onion with a Mo concentration of 1.35mg/Kg. For toxic elements the highest concentration was
obtained from rape vegetable with a Pb concentration of 4.73mg/Kg and the lowest from the same vegetable
with Cr concentration below the detection limit. Also observed was that leafy vegetables, especially cabbage,
had the highest concentrations of most trace metals. It was concluded that vegetables sold in Maun had sufficient
levels of essential elements but also some had high concentrations of toxic metals. We thus recommend
consumption of vegetables from the studied markets with reduced frequency to avoid metal poisoning.
Keywords: trace metals, vegetables, aqua regia
1. Introduction
Food quality and safety has become a global concern due to contamination of food products with toxins such as
pesticides, heavy metals, mycotoxins and other microbiological contaminants (WHO, 2003; Kumar et.al, 2012).
Agricultural produce, free of chemical contaminants is therefore one of the most important aspects of food safety
since consumption of food products contaminated with metals may pose health risks to people. The sources of
metal contaminants in food such as vegetables occurs through anthropogenic activities like mining, metal and
chemical industries, motor vehicle emissions as well as agricultural practices like use of inorganic fertilizers
(Das et.al, 2008).
The contamination of vegetables may also occur from irrigating with sewage and industrial water. These metals
accumulate in agricultural soils, taken up by vegetable crops and get transferred to humans through consumption
of vegetables. Examples of these trace elements include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), arsenic (As),
mercury (Hg), gold (Au), silver (Ag) and others (Kumar et.al, 2012). Some of these elements (Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn)
are common in our environment and diet and are actually necessary for good health. However, when they occur
in high concentrations, they may cause acute or chronic toxicity (Das et.al, 2008) . Some metals like Pb, Hg, and
Cr are toxic even at low concentrations and have been associated with many health issues like cancers,
biochemical disorders and diseases of the nervous system (Orisakwe et al., 2012).
Trace elements such as Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) and Chromium (Cr) have been listed by the World Health
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Organization (WHO) as carcinogens while mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb) are associated with the developmental
disorders in children (Sharma et.al, 2008; Singh et al. 2011). Studies carried out in various countries,
investigating the impact of daily intake of vegetables contaminated with toxic metals, showed a strong
correlation with prevalence of different types of cancers and other health issues like bone and the nervous system
disorders, (Hough et al., 2004; Kumar, et.al, 2012; Türkdoğan et.al, 2003). The aim of this study was to assess
the concentrations of some trace elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Mn, Mo, and Zn) in selected vegetables
purchased from Maun central market area, in Botswana and assess their safety and potential contribution to good
health.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
The study was conducted in Maun, a major town of Ngamiland District in the north west of Botswana (figure 1).
Maun has a population of 60, 263 (CSO, 2011). The town is located in a tourism destination area, where most
tourists pass through and spend some time before proceeding to the famous Okavango Delta. Although there are
no chemical or metal industries within the area, use of inorganic fertilizers in commercial arable farming is
common. Also, with its relatively high population, exposure to metal contaminants in vegetables needs
investigation in order to protect the population from metal poisoning. Vegetables in the markets here are
basically from two main sources; local suppliers and imports from South Africa.
Figure 1. Location of the study area (Maun)
2.2 Chemicals and Reagents
All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma - Aldrich company (USA).
37% hydrochloric acid (HCL) and 65% nitric acid (HNO3) were used for digestion of the samples. Calibration
standards were prepared from single element (1000 ppm) standard solutions of each element analysed. Internal
quality control samples were used for quality assurance.
2.3 Instrument and Apparatus
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES), model Perkin Elmer, Optima 2100
with auto-sampler of model S10 was used for analyzing the trace metals of interest. All glassware were soaked
overnight in 0.1 M nitric acid and then rinsed with deionized water to reduce chances of contamination and any
other interference.
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2.4 Sample Collection and Treatment
Vegetables were purchased from street vendors and supermarkets across the main market area of Maun. Names
of vegetables purchased are shown in table 1. They were separated and placed into large labelled polyethylene
sampling bags and transported to the Environmental laboratory at Okavango Research Institute for analysis.
Vegetables were first washed with fresh running water to remove dirt, soil sediments and other surface
contaminants as in Shah et al, 2013. The edible parts (table 1) were then further washed with deionized water,
cut into small pieces, and then dried overnight in oven at 40 ⁰C. The dried samples were crushed and ground to
powder using a clean mortar and pestle. The ground samples were put in well labelled polyethylene bags and
kept at 4 ⁰C awaiting further processing (Mapanda et al., 2005).
Table 1. Sampled vegetables and their characteristics
English Name Scientific Name Family Part used n
Cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata Brassiaceace Leaf 12
Rape Brassica napus Brassiaceace Leaf 27
Tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum Solanaceace Fruit 27
Onion Allium Cepa Alliaceace Bulb 27
Potatoes Solanum tuberosum Solanaceace Tuber 12
2.5 Sample Digestion and Analysis
Extraction of metals from the samples was done by aqua regia following a method described by Taghipour and
Mosaferi, (2013) with minor modifications. About 1.0 ±0.01 g of the powdered samples were put into labelled
digestion tubes to which aqua regia in ratio 3: 1 (12mL of conc. HCl + 4 mL of conc. HNO3) was added. The
contents were then mixed by swirling and then covered with digestion tube glass covers and allowed to stand for
at least 12 hours in a fume cupboard. The digestion tubes containing the sample solutions were placed on a
digestion block under fume-hood and heated at 95 ⁰C for 30 minutes. The samples were then cooled and filtered
using a Whatman 47 mm filter paper. The filtrates were topped to 100 mL in volumetric flasks using 0.1 M
HNO3. An internal control sample (P124) was digested together with the samples. Prior to analysis calibration
standard solutions of 1, 3 and 5 ppm for the metals were prepared from 1000 ppm stock solutions by pipetting
the required volume into a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluting to the mark using 0.1 M Nitric acid (HNO3). All
samples were then analysed in triplicates for presence of trace metals using ICP-OES based on recommended
wavelengths.
2.6 Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted using Sigma Plot software, version 11. Mean and standard error were
computed and expressed in mg/Kg dry weight of vegetables.
3. Results and Discussion
The results obtained from this study are presented in Tables 2 and 3. The sellers communicated that most
vegetables sold by street vendors were grown in small gardens by small scale farmers along the local
Thamalakane River. Some of the vegetables sold by these street vendors were actually harvested from their
backyard gardens under the government poverty eradication scheme. On the other hand, supermarkets purchased
their vegetables from large scale farmers in the country and imports from Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa.
All potatoes sold by supermarkets were from South Africa. It was observed that distribution of metals in
vegetables was not uniform as some vegetables recorded high concentrations of certain metals. This can be
attributed to different crops having differing mineral uptake and accumulation and also different agricultural
practices. It is also apparent from the results given on Table 2 that vegetables from supermarkets had higher
concentrations of essential and toxic elements compared to those from street vendors. These differences were not
statistically significant (P>0.05) and they may be due to the fact that commercial farmers tend to opt for
intensive production practices, that is use of fertilizers, pesticides and wastewater for irrigation. All these
products contain high levels of nutrients and minerals.
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Table 2. Concentrations of essential elements (mg/Kg) in vegetables from street vendors (STV) and
supermarkets (SP)
Vegetable Seller Zn Fe Cu Mn Mo
Brassica napus
STV 27.8 ±1.85 76.8 ±3.81 2.73 ±0.27 70.2 ±4.35 8.41 ±4.00
SP 47.3 ±4.99 94.5 ±9.99 5.63 ±0.37 51.1 ±4.84 2.83 ±0.29
Solanum lycopersicum
STV 27.9 ±3.22 55.7 ±8.01 9.56 ±0.79 17.9 ±1.74 8.68 ±4.00
SP 45.5 ±5.72 119.6 ±32.8 14.7 ±6.09 19.1 ±1.40 3.19 ±0.23
Allium cepa
STV 23.8 ±2.20 40.7 ±3.28 8.79 ±0.57 18.4 ±2.24 1.35 ±0.08
SP 40.1 ±6.23 59.7 ±3.94 3.19 ±0.33 19.8 ±0.70 1.73 ±0.13
Brassica oleracea var. capitata SP 135.4 ±12.1 33.1 ±4.91 8.06 ±0.71 38.6 ±2.09 5.79 ±0.94
Solanum tuberosum SP 89.8 ±5.98 54.6 ±3.40 2.57 ±0.12 17.2 ±0.45 1.79 ±0.08
Values are mean ±standard error, BDL: below detection level (< 5 µg/L)
Table 3. Concentrations of toxic metals (mg/Kg) in vegetables from street vendors (STV) and supermarkets (SP)
Vegetable Seller Cr Cd Pb As
Brassica napus STV BDL 0.31 ±0.02 0.88 ±0.07 4.82 ±2.96
SP 2.02 ±0.62 0.53 ±0.05 4.73 ±0.50 1.83 ±0.07
Solanum lycopersicum STV 0.07 ±0.04 0.38 ±0.03 1.42 ±0.05 1.21 ±0.31
SP 0.95 ±0.12 0.33 ±0.02 0.88 ±0.05 0.97 ±0.29
Allium cepa STV 0.003 ±0.00 0.33 ±0.02 1.62 ±0.13 2.91 ±0.10
SP 1.01 ±0.02 0.36 ±0.04 1.39 ±0.06 2.95 ±0.89
Brassica oleracea var. capitata SP 0.36 ±0.06 0.80 ±0.05 4.65 ±0.34 4.50 ±0.10
Solanum tuberosum SP 0.98 ±0.02 0.61 ±0.05 3.62 ±.028 1.52 ±0.16
Values are mean ±standard error, BDL: below detection level (< 5 µg/L).
Table 4. Recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intake (AI) for trace elements studied based on
WHO (1989) and FDA (2001) standards
Element RDA
Zinc 12 - 15 mg/day (RDA)
Iron 8 - 18 mg/day (RDA)
Copper 0.2 - 1.3 mg/day (RDA)
Manganese 1.8 - 2.3 mg/day (RDA)
Molybdenum 2 - 50 µg/day (AI)
Lead <250 µg/day (AI)
Chromium 20 - 25 µg/day (AI)
Cadmium 0.5 to 0.8 µg/L (AI)
Arsenic 50 μg/L (water) (AI)
3.1 Distribution of Metals in Different Vegetables
3.1.1 Zinc
The concentration of zinc in vegetables collected from street vendors was found to range from 13.24 ± 0.68
mg/Kg in onions to 65.80 ±6.86 mg/Kg in tomatoes. From supermarkets, zinc concentrations were in the range
17.74 ± 0.15 mg/Kg to 185.12 ± 5.08 mg/Kg in onions and cabbages respectively. In all samples, some
vegetables recorded zinc concentration above the permissible limit of zinc in plants, which is 50 mg/Kg (WHO,
2007). Other studies (Taghipour & Mosaferi 2013, Harmanescu et al. 2011 and Arora et al. 2008) obtained zinc
concentration ranges of 10 - 50 mg/Kg, 22.7 - 138.7 mg/Kg and 21 - 46 mg/Kg in Iran, Romania and India
respectively in the same type of vegetables and these results are comparable to values obtained in this study.
Therefore, based on the determined concentrations of zinc, consumption of 100 g of most vegetables analyzed
would provide more than 100% of the daily required amount of zinc for good health shown on Table 4, hence
they are nutritious especially for pregnant and lactating mothers who need at least 14 mg Zn/day. Zinc is known
to be a cofactor of many enzymes involved in metabolic pathways and important in cellular growth hence an
important trace element for human life. However, overconsumption of the vegetables would be unsafe due to the
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tendency of zinc interfering with copper metabolism (Umar et al., 2014). The high concentrations of zinc in
vegetables may be associated with rampant use of zinc fertilizers and metal based pesticides (Singh et al., 2010).
3.1.2 Iron
This study found out that the concentration of iron in vegetables bought from street vendors was in the range
7.98 - 122.7 mg/Kg and 17.7 - 177.8 mg/Kg for those purchased from supermarkets. The lowest concentration of
iron recorded was 7.98 mg/Kg in tomatoes obtained from street vendors while the highest concentration of iron
was 177.8 mg/Kg in rape obtained from supermarket stores. The permissible concentration limit of iron in plants
is 20 mg/Kg (WHO, 2007) therefore some of the investigated vegetables have concentrations above the
permissible limit. A study by Umar et al. (2014) found the mean concentration of iron in onions as 139.383 ±13
mg/Kg which is higher than the result of this study. Concentration of iron in cabbage was in the range 16 - 60
mg/Kg. Iron is important in the human diet as it facilitates the oxidation of fats, proteins and carbohydrates to
control body weight which is an important factor in diseases like diabetes. It also plays a pivotal role in the
transportation of oxygen around the body. The recommended dietary allowance of Fe is 8 - 18 mg/day (FDA,
2001) shown on table 4, therefore; the studied vegetables are able to sustain the daily requirement of Fe in the
body for consumption of a 100g portion of vegetables. The vegetables are also suitable for pregnant and lactating
mothers who require at least 27 mgFe/day (WHO, 2003).
3.1.3 Copper
The concentration of copper in vegetables collected from the street vendors were in the range 1.14 - 14.8 mg/kg
of which the lowest concentration (1.14 mg/Kg) was recorded in rape while the highest concentration of 14.8
mg/Kg recorded in tomatoes. On the other hand, concentrations of copper in vegetables obtained from
supermarkets ranged between 1.28 - 61.93 mg/Kg with the least concentration in tomatoes and the highest still in
tomatoes. Concentrations of copper were found in the range of 0.75 - 2.00 mg/Kg in tomatoes grown in Glen
Valley farms in Botswana (Dikinya & Areola, 2010). Harmanescu et.al, (2011) found mean concentrations of
1.77 ±0.23, 1.37 ±0.14 mg/Kg of copper in cabbage and onions. The permissible limit of copper in plants is 10
mg/Kg (WHO, 2007) and vegetables sold by street vendors were within the limit, except for solanum
lycopersicum (14.7 ±6.09) sold by supermarkets. However, some vegetables, like some cabbages and rape sold
by supermarkets were above the permissible limit. The recommended dietary allowance of copper by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) is 0.7 - 0.9 mg/daily for a normal adult body (FDA, 2001). Therefore, based on
the mean concentrations of copper in all analyzed vegetables a 100g portion of vegetables is able to supply the
daily required amount of copper to the human body without need for use of supplements. Adequate amounts of
copper are needed for a healthy body as it is very vital in the functioning of the liver and kidneys (Arif et al,
2011).
3.1.4 Manganese
Manganese is an important trace element in the human body. It acts as a catalyst and cofactor in many enzymatic
processes involved in the synthesis of fatty acids and glycoproteins which coat body cells and protect against
invading pathogens (Umar et al., 2014). Results of this study found out that in vegetable samples collected from
street vendors, the concentration of manganese was in the range 9.05 - 95.7 mg/Kg with high concentrations in
rape. However, for supermarkets the concentrations were in the range 11.1 - 49.9 mg/Kg. Other studies
(Harmanescu et al., 2011) obtained concentrations of 4.07 ±0.5, 10.47 ±1.5 mg/Kg for onions and cabbages
respectively. The recommended dietary allowance for manganese is 1.800 - 2.300 mg/day (FDA, 2001) and the
obtained concentrations shows that the analyzed vegetables can individually sustain the required daily intake on
just a 100g portion. Intake of lower than the required amount of manganese can result in manganese deficiency
which causes defective muscular coordination and retarded nerve development and function (Liu et al., 2013).
3.1.5 Molybdenum
Analytical results of this study shows that the concentrations of molybdenum in vegetable samples collected
from street vendors were in the range 0.31 - 54.6 mg/Kg while vegetable samples collected from supermarkets
had concentrations in the range 1.02 - 13.7 mg/Kg. The highest concentration of molybdenum in vegetables
obtained from street vendors was 54.6 and 52.1 mg/Kg were recorded in rape and tomatoes respectively. The
recommended dietary allowance for molybdenum is 34 - 45 µg/day (FDA, 2001). Therefore based on the mean
concentrations of each vegetable, it can be noted that consumption of 100 g portion each vegetable would
provide more than 100% of the required daily intake. Molybdenum act as a cofactor in certain essential enzymes
that play a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism, utilization of iron, sulfite detoxification, and uric acid
formation (Balch and Balch, 1990). It has also been found out that molybdenum works with riboflavin (vitamin
B2) to incorporate iron into hemoglobin hence playing a pivotal role in production of red blood cells (Powers,
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74
2003). Deficiency of molybdenum has been linked to sexual impotence in older males, mouth and gum diseases
(Balch and Balch, 1990). However, according to the Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, (2001)
excessive amount of molybdenum in the body may result in anemia and low white blood cell counts due to lack
of copper as it interferes with copper metabolism.
3.1.6 Lead
Lead is the most recognized toxic environmental pollutant. This has resulted in more studies being carried out to
determine its source and effects on humans, hence formulation of stringent regulations like ban of leaded petrol
worldwide (Wang, 2005). Toxic levels of lead have been associated with encephalopathy seizures and mental
retardation (Umar et al., 2014). The results of this study show that vegetable samples collected from street
vendors had concentrations of lead in the range 0.37 - 2.93 mg/Kg while those from supermarkets the
concentration range was 0.52 - 8.89 mg/Kg. Some of results were above the FAO/WHO maximum permissible
limit that is 2 mg/Kg. Rape and potatoes sold by supermarkets, had high concentrations of lead which was above
the permissible limit and therefore regarded unsafe for human consumption. Other studies (Guerra et al. 2012;
Harmanescu et al. 2011; Abbas et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2011) obtained ranges; 470 - 1660 µg/Kg, 4.5 - 21.8
mg/Kg, 18 - 150 µg/Kg and 6 - 16 mg/Kg in Brazil, Nigeria, Pakistan and China respectively.
3.1.7 Chromium
The concentrations of chromium in vegetable samples collected from street vendors were in the range 0.00 - 0.48
mg/Kg. The highest concentration (0.48 mg/Kg) was obtained in tomatoes. However, many vegetables obtained
from street vendors had chromium levels below the detection level. On the other hand, the concentration range of
chromium in vegetable samples collected from supermarkets was 0.00 - 7.26 mg/Kg, with highest concentration
of 7.26 mg/Kg obtained in rape. Other studies, (Taghipour & Mosaferi 2013; Maobe et al. 2012; Guerra et al.
2012b) obtained chromium concentrations in the range 0.32 - 10.96 mg/Kg, 58 - 118 µg/Kg and 7 - 43 µg/Kg in
Iran, Kenya and Brazil, respectively. The adequate intake of chromium 20 - 25 µg/day (FDA, 2001) and
therefore, some of the vegetables can provide more than the required concentration hence may result in toxic
effects. At levels below 105 mg/day (US EPA, 2010), chromium is important for effective insulin activity and
DNA transcription (Guerra et al. 2012b). The maximum permissible limit of chromium in food is 2300 µg/Kg
(FAO/WHO, 2003) therefore all vegetables analyzed were regarded as safe for human health as the
concentrations of chromium were all below the maximum permissible limit.
3.1.8 Cadmium
Cadmium is a hazardous element which has been associated with various complications like bone
de-calcification, renal, membrane and DNA damages (Guerra et al. 2012). Research studies have found that
vegetables contribute about 70% cadmium intake by humans, varying according to the level of consumption
(Wagner, 1993 in Rivera-becerril et al. 2002). Results of this study show that the concentration of cadmium in
vegetables collected from street vendors was in the range 0.18 - 0.56 mg/Kg while it was 0.19 - 1.00 mg/Kg for
vegetable samples from supermarkets. Other studies (Dikinya & Areola, 2010; Sharma et al, 2009) obtained
concentrations in the ranges 0.04 - 0.14 mg/L, 0.10 - 4.30 mg/Kg in Botswana and India respectively. The
permissible limit of cadmium in plants recommended by FAO/WHO is 0.02 mg/Kg. The analyzed vegetables
have concentrations above the permissible limit hence regarded as unsafe for human consumption
3.1.9 Arsenic
The concentrations of arsenic in vegetable samples collected from street vendors was in the range 0.24 - 45.5
mg/Kg while that of supermarkets was 0.08 - 12.0 mg/Kg. Other studies (Baig and Kazi, 2012;
Ramirez-Andreotta, 2013) obtained concentrations in the ranges; 962 - 4810 µg/Kg and 10 - 1960 µg/Kg in
Pakistan and Arizona in United States of America respectively. The permissible limit by FAO/WHO for arsenic
is 100 µg/Kg (Abbas et al., 2010) therefore; most of the analyzed vegetables were unsafe for consumption since
the concentrations were above the permissible limits. Arsenic is extremely toxic and long term exposure results
in health effects like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (Abbas et al., 2010; Zhuang et al., 2009).
4. Conclusion
The concentrations of essential trace metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Cu) were found to be high enough to meet the
recommended daily intake hence it was concluded that vegetables sold in Maun were good for human health and
may contribute towards preventing nutritional mineral deficiencies in people who eat vegetables in Maun.
Vegetables from supermarkets had higher concentrations of essential metals compared to vegetables from street
vendors probably due to intensive use of fertilizers and wastewater for irrigation. In terms of toxic metals (Pb, Cr,
Cd, As), concentrations greatly varied between vegetable type and source (vendors and supermarkets).
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Vegetables from street vendors generally had lower concentrations of toxic metals compared to the ones obtained
from supermarkets. This could still be attributed to intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides by the more
sophisticated farmers who supply supermarkets. From the results of this study, the conclusion is that most
vegetables from Maun supermarkets have higher concentrations of both essential and toxic metals (above WHO
acceptable limits) and therefore must be consumed less frequently to avoid metal poisoning. Vegetables from
street vendors have good levels of essential minerals and lower concentrations of toxic metals and therefore can
be consumed freely for promoting good health. It is also concluded that leafy vegetables accumulate the highest
concentrations of both essential and toxic metals.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Okavango Research Institute for funding this study.
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