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Type-safe DSLs
Using Xtext/TS, Xtend, Groovy and
other languages
             Werner Keil

        Eclipse DemoCamp Hamburg
             14th June 2012
Our Goal


          AVOIDING ARITHMETIC OR
          TYPE ERRORS IN A DSL

2   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Overview
• Introduction
       • What is a DSL?
       • Internal and External DSLS
       • Type-Safety

• Units and Healthcare
       • Unit-API, UOMo
       • UCUM, HL7, Groovy used by Healthcare

• Other Languages
       • Jython/WLST
       • Xtext/Xbase/Xtend
       • Scala, Fantom, F#

• Demo
• Q&A
3   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Who am I?
Werner Keil




                 • Consultant – Coach
                 • Creative Cosmopolitan
                 • Open Source Evangelist
                 • Software Architect
                 • Java Godfather
                 • …


                     Twitter @wernerkeil

4   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
What is a DSL?
• A DSL is a computer language
  (specification, modeling, programming) tailored to
  a particular domain. But, what is a domain?
• DSL examples: SQL, CSS, Sawzall (Google)

• Gains in expressiveness and ease of use (the
  future could be end-user programming)
• Gains in productivity
• Reduced maintenance costs

5   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
What is a Domain?
                             Real-Time                      Business
                               Systems                      Systems

                                                                            Requirements




                                                                             Specification


                             Aircraft            Patient       Insurance
                             control           Management    Management    Implementation
                           systems              Systems        Systems


                                                                             Deployment



6   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Internal Domain Specific Languages
• These are languages built using the syntactic
  elements of the underlying language
• In the case of Java, building a DSL using Java
  classes and methods
• With other JVM-based languages, that’s usually
  similar, Java code generated in many cases




7   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
External Domain Specific Languages
• External DSLs
       • Written in a different language than the main (host) language of the
         application
       • Transformed into it using some form of compiler or interpreter

• May include
       • XML configuration files
       • Plain text configuration files
       • Full-blown languages




8   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Type-Safety
• Java does not have strongly typed primitive types
  (like e.g. Ada language).
• For performance reasons most developer prefer
  primitive types over objects in their interface.
• Primitives type arguments often lead to name
  clashes (methods with the same signature)




9   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
What do these disasters have in common?
• Patriot Missile
  The cause was an inaccurate calculation of the
  time since boot due to a computer arithmetic error.
• Ariane 5 Explosion
  The floating point number which a value was
  converted from had a value greater than what
  would be represented by a 16 bit signed integer.



10   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
What do these disasters have in common?
• Gimli Glider (near disaster)
     Fuel loading was miscalculated through misunderstanding of the
     recently adopted Metric System, replacing the Imperial System
• Mars Orbiter
     Preliminary findings indicate that one team used English units (e.g. inches,
     feet and pounds) while the other used metric units for a key spacecraft
     operation.
        • NASA lost a $125 million Mars orbiter because a Lockheed Martin engineering team used
          English units of measurement while the agency's team used the more conventional metric
          system for a key spacecraft operation
        • This also underlines the added risk when 3 rd party contractors are involved or projects are
          developed Offshore




11    © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Unit Tests wouldn‘t find these…
  Despite their name
• All previous example illustrate three categories of
  errors difficult to find through Unit Testing:
       • Interface Errors (e.g. millisecond/second, radian/degree, meters/feet).
       • Arithmetic Errors (e.g. overflow).
       • Conversion Errors.




17   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
SQL Example with Errors
     StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder();
     sql.append("SELECT o.sum,(SELECT first_name,last_name");
     sql.append("                                       FROM person p");
     sql.append("                                      WHERE o.person_id=p.id) AS
     client");
     sql.append(" FROM order o");
     sql.append("WHERE o.id = "+orderId);
     sql.append("                               AND o.status_code IN (?,?)");
     PreparedStatement stmt =
     conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString());
     stmt.setString(1, "PAID");


     //...

19   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Typesafe SQL Example
     Person p = new Person();
     List<Tuple<String, Integer, Date>> rows =
           new QueryBuilder(datasource)
                 .from(p)
                 .where(gt(p.height, 170))
                 .select(p.name, p.height, p.birthday)
                 .list();
     for (Tuple<String, Integer, Date> row : rows) {
           String name = row.v1;
           Integer height = row.v2;
           Date birthday = row.v3;
           System.out.println(
           name + " " + height + " " + birthday);
     }
20   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Unit-API | Operations


   Results with
   Same Dimension               Different Dimension

   Binary Operations            Binary Operations

   add(double) or (long)        root(int)

   multiply(double) or (long)   power(int)

   divide(double) or (long)     multiply(Unit)

   compound(Unit)               divide(Unit)

   Unary Operations

   inverse()
UOMo UCUM

          Unified Code for Units of Measure
          The Unified Code for Units of Measure is inspired by
           and heavily based on
          • ISO 2955-1983
          • ANSI X3.50-1986
          • HL7's extensions called ISO+



25   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
HL7 DSL
     def mySegment = ...                                    // assignment to another
     NK1 segment instance
     def group = message.PATIENT_RESULT(0).PATIENT
     group.NK1(0) = 'abc'                                   // syntax error!
     msg1.NK1(0) = mySegment                                // syntax error!
     msg1.NK1(0).from(mySegment)                            // works!

     def nk1                                = message.PATIENT_RESULT(0).PATIENT.NK1(0)
     def otherNk1 = message.PATIENT_RESULT(0).PATIENT.NK1(0)
     nk1[4]                                 = otherNk1[4]    // copy address
     nk1[4][4]                              = otherNk1[4][4] // copy state or province
     only
     nk1[4][4].from(otherNk1[4][4])// equivalent
     nk1[4][4]                              = 'NY'   // set state or province directly

26   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Healthcare DSL with Groovy




  DEMO
Jython
     /** * Java calculator class that contains two simple
     methods */
     public class Calculator {
                      public Calculator(){ }
                      public double calculateTip(double cost, double
                        tipPercentage) {
                                         return cost * tipPercentage;
                      }
                      public double calculateTax(double cost, double
                        taxPercentage) {
                                         return cost * taxPercentage;
                      }
     }


28   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Jython (2)
     import Calculator
     from java.lang import Math
     class JythonCalc(Calculator):
     def __init__(self):
                      pass
     def calculateTotal(self, cost, tip, tax):
                      return cost + self.calculateTip(tip) + self.calculateTax(tax)
     if __name__ == "__main__":
                      calc = JythonCalc()
                      cost = 23.75
                      tip = .15
                      tax = .07
     print "Starting Cost: ", cost
     print "Tip Percentage: ", tip
     print "Tax Percentage: ", tax
     print Math.round(calc.calculateTotal(cost, tip, tax))


29   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Jython (3)

          Result
     Starting Cost: 23.75
     Tip Percentage: 0.15
     Tax Percentage: 0.07
     29




30   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Xtext Examples




  DEMO
Scala, Fantom, F#
• Scala
       • Functional programming language. Type-safe, as the company driving it was
         called.
       • Very popular for DSLs

• Fantom
       • Functional programming language
       • Units of Measurement support built in.
       • Runs on both JVM and CLR

• F#
       • Functional programming language
       • Units of Measurement support built in.

33   © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
Scala and Fantom Examples




  DEMO
Links

   Eclipse – Project UOMo
   http://www.eclipse.org/uomo/


   Units of Measurement API
   http://www.unitsofmeasurement.org


   UCUM
   http://www.unitsofmeasure.org
Links (2)

   OpenHealth Project
   http://www.openhealth.org

   Groovy DSL Example
   http://groovy.dzone.com/news/domain-
   specific-language-unit-

   Jython
   http://www.jython.org
Links (3)

   Xtext
   http://www.eclipse.org/xtext


   Scala DSLs
   http://www.scala-lang.org/node/1403


   Fantom
   http://fantom.org/
Let‘s talk

Q&A
Contact

          werner@catmedia.us
                   or
          uomo@catmedia.us


          Twitter: @wernerkeil
          Hashtag #EclipseUOMo

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Type-safe DSLs

  • 1. Type-safe DSLs Using Xtext/TS, Xtend, Groovy and other languages Werner Keil Eclipse DemoCamp Hamburg 14th June 2012
  • 2. Our Goal AVOIDING ARITHMETIC OR TYPE ERRORS IN A DSL 2 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 3. Overview • Introduction • What is a DSL? • Internal and External DSLS • Type-Safety • Units and Healthcare • Unit-API, UOMo • UCUM, HL7, Groovy used by Healthcare • Other Languages • Jython/WLST • Xtext/Xbase/Xtend • Scala, Fantom, F# • Demo • Q&A 3 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 4. Who am I? Werner Keil • Consultant – Coach • Creative Cosmopolitan • Open Source Evangelist • Software Architect • Java Godfather • … Twitter @wernerkeil 4 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 5. What is a DSL? • A DSL is a computer language (specification, modeling, programming) tailored to a particular domain. But, what is a domain? • DSL examples: SQL, CSS, Sawzall (Google) • Gains in expressiveness and ease of use (the future could be end-user programming) • Gains in productivity • Reduced maintenance costs 5 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 6. What is a Domain? Real-Time Business Systems Systems Requirements Specification Aircraft Patient Insurance control Management Management Implementation systems Systems Systems Deployment 6 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 7. Internal Domain Specific Languages • These are languages built using the syntactic elements of the underlying language • In the case of Java, building a DSL using Java classes and methods • With other JVM-based languages, that’s usually similar, Java code generated in many cases 7 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 8. External Domain Specific Languages • External DSLs • Written in a different language than the main (host) language of the application • Transformed into it using some form of compiler or interpreter • May include • XML configuration files • Plain text configuration files • Full-blown languages 8 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 9. Type-Safety • Java does not have strongly typed primitive types (like e.g. Ada language). • For performance reasons most developer prefer primitive types over objects in their interface. • Primitives type arguments often lead to name clashes (methods with the same signature) 9 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 10. What do these disasters have in common? • Patriot Missile The cause was an inaccurate calculation of the time since boot due to a computer arithmetic error. • Ariane 5 Explosion The floating point number which a value was converted from had a value greater than what would be represented by a 16 bit signed integer. 10 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 11. What do these disasters have in common? • Gimli Glider (near disaster) Fuel loading was miscalculated through misunderstanding of the recently adopted Metric System, replacing the Imperial System • Mars Orbiter Preliminary findings indicate that one team used English units (e.g. inches, feet and pounds) while the other used metric units for a key spacecraft operation. • NASA lost a $125 million Mars orbiter because a Lockheed Martin engineering team used English units of measurement while the agency's team used the more conventional metric system for a key spacecraft operation • This also underlines the added risk when 3 rd party contractors are involved or projects are developed Offshore 11 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 12. Unit Tests wouldn‘t find these… Despite their name • All previous example illustrate three categories of errors difficult to find through Unit Testing: • Interface Errors (e.g. millisecond/second, radian/degree, meters/feet). • Arithmetic Errors (e.g. overflow). • Conversion Errors. 17 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 13. SQL Example with Errors StringBuilder sql = new StringBuilder(); sql.append("SELECT o.sum,(SELECT first_name,last_name"); sql.append(" FROM person p"); sql.append(" WHERE o.person_id=p.id) AS client"); sql.append(" FROM order o"); sql.append("WHERE o.id = "+orderId); sql.append(" AND o.status_code IN (?,?)"); PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql.toString()); stmt.setString(1, "PAID"); //... 19 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 14. Typesafe SQL Example Person p = new Person(); List<Tuple<String, Integer, Date>> rows = new QueryBuilder(datasource) .from(p) .where(gt(p.height, 170)) .select(p.name, p.height, p.birthday) .list(); for (Tuple<String, Integer, Date> row : rows) { String name = row.v1; Integer height = row.v2; Date birthday = row.v3; System.out.println( name + " " + height + " " + birthday); } 20 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 15. Unit-API | Operations Results with Same Dimension Different Dimension Binary Operations Binary Operations add(double) or (long) root(int) multiply(double) or (long) power(int) divide(double) or (long) multiply(Unit) compound(Unit) divide(Unit) Unary Operations inverse()
  • 16. UOMo UCUM Unified Code for Units of Measure The Unified Code for Units of Measure is inspired by and heavily based on • ISO 2955-1983 • ANSI X3.50-1986 • HL7's extensions called ISO+ 25 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 17. HL7 DSL def mySegment = ... // assignment to another NK1 segment instance def group = message.PATIENT_RESULT(0).PATIENT group.NK1(0) = 'abc' // syntax error! msg1.NK1(0) = mySegment // syntax error! msg1.NK1(0).from(mySegment) // works! def nk1 = message.PATIENT_RESULT(0).PATIENT.NK1(0) def otherNk1 = message.PATIENT_RESULT(0).PATIENT.NK1(0) nk1[4] = otherNk1[4] // copy address nk1[4][4] = otherNk1[4][4] // copy state or province only nk1[4][4].from(otherNk1[4][4])// equivalent nk1[4][4] = 'NY' // set state or province directly 26 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 18. Healthcare DSL with Groovy DEMO
  • 19. Jython /** * Java calculator class that contains two simple methods */ public class Calculator { public Calculator(){ } public double calculateTip(double cost, double tipPercentage) { return cost * tipPercentage; } public double calculateTax(double cost, double taxPercentage) { return cost * taxPercentage; } } 28 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 20. Jython (2) import Calculator from java.lang import Math class JythonCalc(Calculator): def __init__(self): pass def calculateTotal(self, cost, tip, tax): return cost + self.calculateTip(tip) + self.calculateTax(tax) if __name__ == "__main__": calc = JythonCalc() cost = 23.75 tip = .15 tax = .07 print "Starting Cost: ", cost print "Tip Percentage: ", tip print "Tax Percentage: ", tax print Math.round(calc.calculateTotal(cost, tip, tax)) 29 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 21. Jython (3) Result Starting Cost: 23.75 Tip Percentage: 0.15 Tax Percentage: 0.07 29 30 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 23. Scala, Fantom, F# • Scala • Functional programming language. Type-safe, as the company driving it was called. • Very popular for DSLs • Fantom • Functional programming language • Units of Measurement support built in. • Runs on both JVM and CLR • F# • Functional programming language • Units of Measurement support built in. 33 © 2007-2012 Creative Arts & Technologies
  • 24. Scala and Fantom Examples DEMO
  • 25. Links Eclipse – Project UOMo http://www.eclipse.org/uomo/ Units of Measurement API http://www.unitsofmeasurement.org UCUM http://www.unitsofmeasure.org
  • 26. Links (2) OpenHealth Project http://www.openhealth.org Groovy DSL Example http://groovy.dzone.com/news/domain- specific-language-unit- Jython http://www.jython.org
  • 27. Links (3) Xtext http://www.eclipse.org/xtext Scala DSLs http://www.scala-lang.org/node/1403 Fantom http://fantom.org/
  • 29. Contact werner@catmedia.us or uomo@catmedia.us Twitter: @wernerkeil Hashtag #EclipseUOMo