2. Anatomy of skin
• Epidermis
– Outer layer contains the stratum corneum
• The rate limiting step in dermal or percutaneous absorption is
diffusion through the epidermis
• Dermis
– Much thicker than epidermis
– True skin & is the main natural protection against trauma
– Contains
• Sweat glands
• Sebaceous glands
• Blood vessels
• Hair
• Nails
• Subcutaneous Layer
– Contains the fatty tissues which cushion & insulate
3. Burns
Burns are skin damage and deeper tissue
caused by contact with fire, heat, electricity,
radiation, or caustic chemicals.
4. Burn Types
Burns are classified according to the depth and extent of the skin
damage, in the following way:
• First-degree burns: the skin is red, painful and very sensitive to
touch. The damaged skin may be slightly moist from leakage of the
fluid in the deeper layers of the skin.
• Second-degree burns: the damage is deeper and blisters usually
appear on the skin. The skin is still painful and sensitive.
• Third-degree burns: the tissues in all layers of the skin are dead.
Usually there are no blisters. The burned surface can appear
normal, white, black (charred), or bright red from blood in the
bottom of the wound. Damage to skin nerves can mean it is quite
painless. The burned skin lacks sensation to touch. A skin graft is
usually necessary for significant areas.
5. Which burns need treatment by
health professionals?
• Burns that are bigger than the palm of the
hand.
• Burns on the face, neck, hands.
• All third-degree burns.
• Most second-degree burns.
6. What burn complications can occur?
• When skin is burned, it loses its ability to protect, which increases
the risk of infection. So it is important that the damaged area be
thoroughly cleansed within the first six hours, and that the area is
kept clean while it is healing.
• If, after a few days, there are signs of an infection – ie the skin is
becoming increasingly red, hot, and swollen, and the victim
experiences a throbbing pain or feels generally unwell or has a
fever – contact a doctor .
• Severe burns can cause scarring.
• In cases of extensive severe burns, the body may lose large
quantities of fluid. This can disturb the blood circulation and cause
problems with the body's salt balance. Such injuries should be
assessed at your local Accident and Emergency department.
7. Treatment list for burns
• Treatments of minor burns or minor scalds:
– Run under cold water for about 10 minutes
– Do not use ice
– Pat dry the skin after washing
– Dressing or bandage over burn
– Regular changes to burn dressings or bandages
– Keep burn dressing clean and dry
8. • Treatments of more severe burns or scalds:
– Sterile dressings
– Preventive antiseptics
– Preventive antibiotics
• Treatments of very severe burns:
– Emergency treatment
– Transfusions
– Pain relief medications
– Preventive antiseptics
– Preventive antibiotics
– Skin grafts
9. What is wounds?
Wounds are injuries in which the skin is
opened. Bruises and contusions occur under
the skin.
10. Wounds types
Abrasions. Also called scrapes, they occur when the skin is rubbed away by friction against another
rough surface (e.g. rope burns and skinned knees).
Avulsions. Occur when an entire structure or part of it is forcibly pulled away, such as the loss of a
permanent tooth or an ear lobe. Explosions,gunshots, and animal bites may cause avulsions.
Contusions. Also called bruises, these are the result of a forceful trauma that injures an internal
structure without breaking the skin. Blows to the chest, abdomen, or headwith a blunt instrument
(e.g. a football or a fist) can cause contusions.
Crush wounds. Occur when a heavy object falls onto a person, splittingthe skin and shattering or
tearing underlying structures.
Cuts. Slicing wounds made with a sharp instrument, leaving even edges. They may be as minimal as a
paper cut or as significant as a surgical incision.
Lacerations. Also called tears, these are separating wounds that produce ragged edges. They are
produced by a tremendous force against the body, either from aninternal source as in childbirth, or
from an external source like a punch.
Missile wounds. Also called velocity wounds, they are caused by an object entering the body at a high
speed, typically a bullet.
Punctures.Deep, narrow wounds produced by sharp objects such as nails, knives, and broken glass.
11. Phases of wound healing
1. Vascular Response
2. Blood coagulation
3. Inflammation
4. Formation of new tissue
5. Epithelialisation
6. Contraction & Remodeling
13. EmuHeal Cream Pharmacology
Active ingredient Main active substance Action
Oleic acid, Linolinic acid Anti-inflammatory, re-
and other essential fatty epithelialization, healing,
Emu Oil acids, Terpenines, increase the absorption of
Saponines and Vitamin A other ingredients through
.and E the skin, moisturizing and
.soothing
14. Active ingredient Main active substance Action
Lupeol(natural sterol) as Anti-inflammatory and
anti-inflammatory. .strong healing agent
Aloe Vera Gel Mannose 6-phosphate and
acemannanas healing
agents .Ale Vera contains
vitamins, amino acids, and
.minerals
15. Active ingredient Main active substance Action
Terpinen-4-ol and other Powerful and broad
constituents like1,8- spectrum anti-microbial
Tea Tree Oil cineole alpha-terpineol, agent )Anti-bacterial, anti-
sesquiterpenoid, and )fungal and anti-viral agent
terpinolene
16. Active ingredient Main active substance Action
Vitamin E )Tocopherol )Vitamin E Powerful anti-oxidant
.agent
17. What makes EmuHeal Cream so
unique?
EmuHeal Cream formula is one of best choices in Boston
University Burn center.
EmuHeal Cream formula is clinically approved for Diabetic
foot, wounds and burns treatment.
EmuHeal Cream formula maintains rapid healing for
wounds and burns.
EmuHeal Cream has a natural broad spectrum anti-
microbial ingredients.
EmuHeal Cream formula is well-studied through a lot of
published articles and researches.
EmuHeal Cream formula is a patented formula.
EmuHeal Cream formula has an excellent safety profile.
