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PSYCHOANALYTIC
    THEORY
      BY:
   SIGMUND
    FREUD
FOUNDER
        SIGMUND FREUD :
   MAY 6, 1856 – SIGMUND FREUD WAS BORN IN
          FREYBERG TOWN, CRECH REPUBLIC
  1881 – HE GRADUATED FROM MEDICAL FACULTY,
               UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA
1896 – SIGMUND FREUD WAS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED
 1900 – HE RELEASED ‘INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS’
   SEPTEMBER 23, 1939 –FREUD PASSED AWAY IN
                HAMPSTEAD HOUSE
OVERVIEW OF
   PSYCHOANALYSIS
•A set of philosophical of human nature

•Psychoanalysis is both an approach to
  therapy and a theory of personality

•Emphasizes unconscious motivation –
   the main cause of behavior lie in
         unconscious mind
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
               1.DETERMINISTIC
 • Life is about gaining pleasure and avoiding
                       pain

      2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM
 • Freud believe that human are motivated
  by the unconscious, where the Id is found
  along with the aggression and sex instincts
LEVEL OF MENTAL LIFE
                        1. UNCONSCIOUS
  • Contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our
       awareness but it affect our expression, feeling, action
               (E.g. Slip of tongue, dreams, wishes)

                        2. PRECONSCIOUS
• Facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are
                 available for possible use in the future
 (E.g. A person will never think of her home address at that moment
          but when her friend ask for it, she can easily recall it)

                          3. CONSCIOUS
    • Only level of mental life that are directly available to us
  • The awareness of our own mental process (Thoughts/feeling)
STRUCTURE OF
         PERSONALITY
Consist of three parts :
          1.Id
         2.Ego
     3.Superego
1. Id

  •Infants are born with Id intact
•Operates on PLEASURE PRINCIPE –
   to gain pleasure, avoid pain
 •Driven by sexual and aggressive
               urge
2. Ego
 •The rational level of personality
•Operates on REALITY PRINCIPLES –
 does realistic and logical thinking
   •The balance between Id and
             Superego
3. Superego
          •Partially unconscious
    •Operates on MORAL PRINCIPLES
•Able to differentiate between good and
          bad, right and wrong
•If people follow their superego, they will
 feel proud but if they don’t follow, they
       will feel guilty and anxious
Example:
                      EGO
• I want to                      • I am on a
  eat           • Eats a small     super diet!
  chocolate!      bar of
                  chocolate
       ID                        SUPEREGO
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
 •Children progress through SIX psychosexual
  stages during psychosexual development
  •A person become ‘FIXATED’ or stuck in a
     stage when a basic need is not met,
  therefore that person will face difficulty in
          transiting to another stage
Ppt Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud
1. Oral Stage
                •Birth to 18 months
  •Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting,
                     •Fixation :
1. If the child is over stimulated in this stage, as an adult
        she/he may become dependent on cigarette or
    alcohol, become chatterbox, or derive pleasure from
              acquiring possessions(collect things)
   2. If the child is under stimulated in this stage, as an
     adult she/he will make bitingly sarcastic remarks or
                        be argumentative
2. Anal Stage
              •18 months until 3 years
       •Pleasure focuses on bowel movement
          (withholding/eliminating faeces)
                     •Fixation :
I. If parents were over-emphasizing potty training, the
         child will develop a retentive character. He will
                   become obstinate and stingy
  II. If parents were negligent about potty training, the
    child will develop expulsive trait such as bad temper,
                cruelty and messy disorderliness
3. Phallic Stage
                   •3 years to 6 years
      •Pleasure zone is the sex organ/genitals
                       •Fixations :
• Oedipus complex in males / Electra complex in female:
  The boy will have the desire to posses his mother and
   displace his father and the girl will want to posses the
               father and remove her mother
Cont.
Child whom had been fixated in this stage
  will develop a phallic character, such as
          reckless, proud and vain
This conflict can also cause the child to be
   afraid of close relationship and weak
               sexual identity
Freud stated that fixation may be a root of
               homosexuality
4. Latency Stage

     •6 years to 11 years, until puberty
•No fixations occur as the child’s energy are
  focused on peer activities and personal
  mastery of learning and physical skills
5. Genital Stage
               •12 years onwards
    •Sexual interest in opposite sex increase
  •The child improve their personal identities,
develop caring feeling towards others, establish
 loving and sexual relationship and progress in
               successful careers.
                   •Fixation :
I.   Frigidity, impotence and unsatisfactory relationship
DEFENSE MECHANISM
  •Defense mechanism are invented by the
   Ego in an attempt to resolve the conflict
      between Id and Superego – so that
personality can operate in a healthy manner
  •It deny/distort reality while operating in
                 unconscious level
  •If it is used once a while, the purpose of
            using it is to reduce stress
   •But if it is used frequently, it means the
 individual are trying to avoid facing reality
1. Repression
DESCRIPTION                EXAMPLE

•Unpleasant experiences    •An accident victim nearly
are stored deep in the     dies but remembers none
subconscious mind and      of the details of the
cant be access by the      accident
conscious mind
•Basic defense mechanism
2. Displacement
DESCRIPTIONS                EXAMPLE

•Redirecting the feelings   •Angered by a neighbor’s
of hostility and violent    hateful comment, a
action from self to         mother punish her child
another that is less        for accidentally spilling
threatening from original her drinks
source
3. Rationalization
DESCRIPTIONS              EXAMPLE

•Providing a reasonable   •A student who fails a
explanation to make       test because she did not
undesirable behavior      study hard enough
appear logical            blames her failure on the
                          teacher for using ‘tricky’
                          question
4. Denial

DESCRIPTIONS               EXAMPLE

•Reality is distorted to   •An alcoholic fails to
make it suit to the        acknowledge that he is
individual’s wishes        addicted to alcohol
5. Regression

DESCRIPTIONS              EXAMPLE

•Returning to a behavior •After Lucy’s parents
pattern characteristic of bitter divorce, she
an earlier stage of       refuse to sleep alone in
development               her room and crawling
                          into bed with her
                          mother
6. Reaction Formation

 DESCRIPTIONS             EXAMPLE

 •Thinking or behaving    •A woman who loves
 in a way that is the     an unobtainable man
 extreme opposite to      and behaves as though
 those that are of real   she hates him
 intention
7. Projection

DESCRIPTIONS            EXAMPLE

The attribution of one’s A person in an
unacceptable urges or   extremely bad mood
qualities to others     accuses family
                        members of being hard
                        to get along with
THERAPEUTIC
  PROCESS
THERAPEUTIC
     TECHNIQUES
      The six basic techniques of
     psychoanalytic therapy are :
I. Maintaining the Analytic Framework
          II. Free Association
            III.Interpretation
           IV.Dream Analysis
       V. Analysis of Resistance
      VI.Analysis of Transference
1. Maintaining the Analytic
       Framework
   •Maintaining therapist’s neutrality and
                  objectivity
 •The regularity and consistency of meetings
  •Starting and ending the sessions on time
              •Clarity on the fees
      •Explain the basic boundary issues
2. Free Association
 •Clients must say whatever that comes to mind,
   regardless of how painful, silly or irrelevant it
                      may seem
•Client must try to flow any feelings and thought
                        freely
  •This is the basic tool used to open the door to
   unconscious wishes, conflicts and motivation
  •Unconscious material will enter the conscious
          and the therapist will interpret it
3. Interpretation
•Analyst will explain the meaning of behaviors
     in dreams, free association and etc.
•Identify, clarify and translate clients material
•To help client make sense of their lives and to
          expand their consciousness
  •Analyst must pay attention not only to the
content but also the process of conveying it to
                    the patient
The patients readiness to accept the
 material is an important consideration. If
    the interpretation are too deep, the
 patient might not be able to accept it and
bring it into the conscious mind. Therefore,
  before telling the interpretation to the
   patient, the analyst must evaluate the
    unconscious material. The closer the
  material to the preconscious, the more
       likely the patient will accept it
4. Dream Analysis
 •The avenue to study the unconscious material
 and giving the client insight into some areas of
              unresolved problems
  •Some memories are unacceptable by the ego
that they are expressed in symbolic form(dream)
   •Dreams have two level of content which is
 Latent Content (hidden but true meaning) and
      Manifest Content (obvious meaning)
       •Analyst studies content of dreams
5.Analysis of Resistance
•Progress of the therapy is slow - not paying fees,
     being late, blocking thoughts during free
   association, refusing to recall past memories
•Paying attention to resistance are important, the
 decision of when to interpret the resistance and
        tell the client depends on situation
 •Therapist must avoid being judgmental, instead
  allow him to address what makes him anxious
 •Therapist must make client understand of their
         own thought, feelings and action
6. Analysis of Transference
   •Clients react to therapist as though they
             were a significant other
     •Counselor interprets the positive and
         negative feelings of the client
 •Release of feeling is an emotional catharsis
 •Clients become aware of the emotions and
  able to move onto another developmental
                      stage
  •Transference between client and therapist
          occur on unconscious level
Therapeutic Goals
   •Help the client become more
aware of the unconscious material
 •Enriching the variety of defense
 mechanism so that they are more
       effective & adaptable
•To be able to cope with difficulties
           and demands
     •Strengthening of the Ego
Therapist Function’s And
          Role
 •Analyst/therapist will use ‘black-screen’
   approach where he/she will has little
      exposure and maintain sense of
                  neutrality
    •This is to promote TRANSFERENCE
         RELATIONSHIP with client
-Transference Relationship-
                    DEFINITION :
•Process transferring feeling experience in early
  relationship to someone important in present
                    environment
                     FUNCTION :
 •Help client develop the freedom to love, work
                       and play
      •Help client in achieving self awareness
                       STEPS :
       •Build working relationship with client
  •Give extra attention to the client’s resistance
While the client are engaging in ‘free association’,
 the analyst will interpret the hidden meaning
               behind their words.
The function of interpretation is to speed up the
  process of uncovering unconscious material
  Later, the analyst will teach their client their
meaning of the process of interpretation so that
                  the client will :
         1. Gain insight of their problem
   2. Increase awareness of ways to change
          3. Gain control over their life
Client’s Experience In Therapy

     TYPE OF THERAPY :

     1.PSYCHOANALYSIS
     2. PSYCHODYNAMIC
     3.PSYCHOANALYTIC
1. PSYCHOANALYSIS

   •Client must be a voluntary client, not
                  involuntary
   •This is because the client will have to
       give commitment in the process
       •After a few face-to-face session,
  therapist will move on to the next stage
   where the client are needed to lie on a
   couch and engage in ‘free association’
• It’s an intensive process where client will
        meet up 4-5 sessions per week
•In this stage, client will say whatever
     that comes into their mind and the
 therapist will remain non-judgmental on
its content throughout the whole process
 • Psychoanalysis attempts to help clients
      develop insight into deep-rooted
 problems that are often thought to stem
               from childhood
      • Success of psychoanalysis often
  depends on both analyst and client and
          how they work together.
2. PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
      •This therapy engage in a more supportive
                        intervention
        •Psychoanalytic therapy is based upon
           psychoanalysis but is less intensive
                 (1-3 sessions per week)
•It is for individuals who want to understand more
about themselves and those who have difficulties
                    that affected them
 •Client will talk about their life and the therapist
     will listen, this is known as talk therapy. The
   therapist will look for patterns that may have
               cause the client’s difficulties
               •Usually face-to-face session
•Client are advised not to make radical changes
        in their lifestyle as it may disturb the
                  therapeutic process
              •Example of radical change :
          filing a divorce/ quitting their job
      This therapy also use other techniques
          (free association, dream analysis)
      •Termination can take place when both
  therapist and client mutually agree that the
                       client had :
       I. Resolve the problem/core conflict
     II. Accepted their remaining emotional
                           problem
  III. Understand the root of their difficulties
3. PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY

•This approach evolved from the psychoanalytic
 theory but it is more simplified in terms of the
     length of the process and focus on more
 immediate problem (phobia, anxiety problem)
  •In psychodynamic therapy, the therapist will
        pay more attention to transference
    manifestation (when the patient transfers
    feelings for others onto the therapist), the
             meaning of client’s dream
•Transference are encouraged in psychodynamic
•This therapy include using technique from
other sources such as Carl Jung, Otto Rank etc.
     •To increase a client's awareness and
understanding of how the past has influenced
present thoughts and behaviors, by exploring
          their unconscious patterns.
      •Seeks to provide a quicker solution
 •It can be used in individual psychotherapy,
     group psychotherapy, family therapy,
  institutional and organizational contexts.
ADVANTAGES
    •Client gains insight
 •Learn from personal past
•Stresses on developmental
       growth stages
•Can be used for a variety of
disorders(hysteria, phobias,
 anxiety, sexual difficulties)
DISADVANTAGES
•Long term process and expensive
 •Requires client full commitment
     •Used mostly in psychiatry
    •Not useful for older clients
  •Not design to help people with
          urgent concern

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Ppt Psychoanalytic Theory Sigmund Freud

  • 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY BY: SIGMUND FREUD
  • 2. FOUNDER SIGMUND FREUD : MAY 6, 1856 – SIGMUND FREUD WAS BORN IN FREYBERG TOWN, CRECH REPUBLIC 1881 – HE GRADUATED FROM MEDICAL FACULTY, UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA 1896 – SIGMUND FREUD WAS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZED 1900 – HE RELEASED ‘INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS’ SEPTEMBER 23, 1939 –FREUD PASSED AWAY IN HAMPSTEAD HOUSE
  • 3. OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOANALYSIS •A set of philosophical of human nature •Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality •Emphasizes unconscious motivation – the main cause of behavior lie in unconscious mind
  • 4. VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE 1.DETERMINISTIC • Life is about gaining pleasure and avoiding pain 2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM • Freud believe that human are motivated by the unconscious, where the Id is found along with the aggression and sex instincts
  • 5. LEVEL OF MENTAL LIFE 1. UNCONSCIOUS • Contains all the feeling, urges or instinct that are beyond our awareness but it affect our expression, feeling, action (E.g. Slip of tongue, dreams, wishes) 2. PRECONSCIOUS • Facts stored in a part of the brain, which are not conscious but are available for possible use in the future (E.g. A person will never think of her home address at that moment but when her friend ask for it, she can easily recall it) 3. CONSCIOUS • Only level of mental life that are directly available to us • The awareness of our own mental process (Thoughts/feeling)
  • 6. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Consist of three parts : 1.Id 2.Ego 3.Superego
  • 7. 1. Id •Infants are born with Id intact •Operates on PLEASURE PRINCIPE – to gain pleasure, avoid pain •Driven by sexual and aggressive urge
  • 8. 2. Ego •The rational level of personality •Operates on REALITY PRINCIPLES – does realistic and logical thinking •The balance between Id and Superego
  • 9. 3. Superego •Partially unconscious •Operates on MORAL PRINCIPLES •Able to differentiate between good and bad, right and wrong •If people follow their superego, they will feel proud but if they don’t follow, they will feel guilty and anxious
  • 10. Example: EGO • I want to • I am on a eat • Eats a small super diet! chocolate! bar of chocolate ID SUPEREGO
  • 11. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES •Children progress through SIX psychosexual stages during psychosexual development •A person become ‘FIXATED’ or stuck in a stage when a basic need is not met, therefore that person will face difficulty in transiting to another stage
  • 13. 1. Oral Stage •Birth to 18 months •Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, biting, •Fixation : 1. If the child is over stimulated in this stage, as an adult she/he may become dependent on cigarette or alcohol, become chatterbox, or derive pleasure from acquiring possessions(collect things) 2. If the child is under stimulated in this stage, as an adult she/he will make bitingly sarcastic remarks or be argumentative
  • 14. 2. Anal Stage •18 months until 3 years •Pleasure focuses on bowel movement (withholding/eliminating faeces) •Fixation : I. If parents were over-emphasizing potty training, the child will develop a retentive character. He will become obstinate and stingy II. If parents were negligent about potty training, the child will develop expulsive trait such as bad temper, cruelty and messy disorderliness
  • 15. 3. Phallic Stage •3 years to 6 years •Pleasure zone is the sex organ/genitals •Fixations : • Oedipus complex in males / Electra complex in female: The boy will have the desire to posses his mother and displace his father and the girl will want to posses the father and remove her mother
  • 16. Cont. Child whom had been fixated in this stage will develop a phallic character, such as reckless, proud and vain This conflict can also cause the child to be afraid of close relationship and weak sexual identity Freud stated that fixation may be a root of homosexuality
  • 17. 4. Latency Stage •6 years to 11 years, until puberty •No fixations occur as the child’s energy are focused on peer activities and personal mastery of learning and physical skills
  • 18. 5. Genital Stage •12 years onwards •Sexual interest in opposite sex increase •The child improve their personal identities, develop caring feeling towards others, establish loving and sexual relationship and progress in successful careers. •Fixation : I. Frigidity, impotence and unsatisfactory relationship
  • 19. DEFENSE MECHANISM •Defense mechanism are invented by the Ego in an attempt to resolve the conflict between Id and Superego – so that personality can operate in a healthy manner •It deny/distort reality while operating in unconscious level •If it is used once a while, the purpose of using it is to reduce stress •But if it is used frequently, it means the individual are trying to avoid facing reality
  • 20. 1. Repression DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE •Unpleasant experiences •An accident victim nearly are stored deep in the dies but remembers none subconscious mind and of the details of the cant be access by the accident conscious mind •Basic defense mechanism
  • 21. 2. Displacement DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Redirecting the feelings •Angered by a neighbor’s of hostility and violent hateful comment, a action from self to mother punish her child another that is less for accidentally spilling threatening from original her drinks source
  • 22. 3. Rationalization DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Providing a reasonable •A student who fails a explanation to make test because she did not undesirable behavior study hard enough appear logical blames her failure on the teacher for using ‘tricky’ question
  • 23. 4. Denial DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Reality is distorted to •An alcoholic fails to make it suit to the acknowledge that he is individual’s wishes addicted to alcohol
  • 24. 5. Regression DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Returning to a behavior •After Lucy’s parents pattern characteristic of bitter divorce, she an earlier stage of refuse to sleep alone in development her room and crawling into bed with her mother
  • 25. 6. Reaction Formation DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE •Thinking or behaving •A woman who loves in a way that is the an unobtainable man extreme opposite to and behaves as though those that are of real she hates him intention
  • 26. 7. Projection DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLE The attribution of one’s A person in an unacceptable urges or extremely bad mood qualities to others accuses family members of being hard to get along with
  • 28. THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES The six basic techniques of psychoanalytic therapy are : I. Maintaining the Analytic Framework II. Free Association III.Interpretation IV.Dream Analysis V. Analysis of Resistance VI.Analysis of Transference
  • 29. 1. Maintaining the Analytic Framework •Maintaining therapist’s neutrality and objectivity •The regularity and consistency of meetings •Starting and ending the sessions on time •Clarity on the fees •Explain the basic boundary issues
  • 30. 2. Free Association •Clients must say whatever that comes to mind, regardless of how painful, silly or irrelevant it may seem •Client must try to flow any feelings and thought freely •This is the basic tool used to open the door to unconscious wishes, conflicts and motivation •Unconscious material will enter the conscious and the therapist will interpret it
  • 31. 3. Interpretation •Analyst will explain the meaning of behaviors in dreams, free association and etc. •Identify, clarify and translate clients material •To help client make sense of their lives and to expand their consciousness •Analyst must pay attention not only to the content but also the process of conveying it to the patient
  • 32. The patients readiness to accept the material is an important consideration. If the interpretation are too deep, the patient might not be able to accept it and bring it into the conscious mind. Therefore, before telling the interpretation to the patient, the analyst must evaluate the unconscious material. The closer the material to the preconscious, the more likely the patient will accept it
  • 33. 4. Dream Analysis •The avenue to study the unconscious material and giving the client insight into some areas of unresolved problems •Some memories are unacceptable by the ego that they are expressed in symbolic form(dream) •Dreams have two level of content which is Latent Content (hidden but true meaning) and Manifest Content (obvious meaning) •Analyst studies content of dreams
  • 34. 5.Analysis of Resistance •Progress of the therapy is slow - not paying fees, being late, blocking thoughts during free association, refusing to recall past memories •Paying attention to resistance are important, the decision of when to interpret the resistance and tell the client depends on situation •Therapist must avoid being judgmental, instead allow him to address what makes him anxious •Therapist must make client understand of their own thought, feelings and action
  • 35. 6. Analysis of Transference •Clients react to therapist as though they were a significant other •Counselor interprets the positive and negative feelings of the client •Release of feeling is an emotional catharsis •Clients become aware of the emotions and able to move onto another developmental stage •Transference between client and therapist occur on unconscious level
  • 36. Therapeutic Goals •Help the client become more aware of the unconscious material •Enriching the variety of defense mechanism so that they are more effective & adaptable •To be able to cope with difficulties and demands •Strengthening of the Ego
  • 37. Therapist Function’s And Role •Analyst/therapist will use ‘black-screen’ approach where he/she will has little exposure and maintain sense of neutrality •This is to promote TRANSFERENCE RELATIONSHIP with client
  • 38. -Transference Relationship- DEFINITION : •Process transferring feeling experience in early relationship to someone important in present environment FUNCTION : •Help client develop the freedom to love, work and play •Help client in achieving self awareness STEPS : •Build working relationship with client •Give extra attention to the client’s resistance
  • 39. While the client are engaging in ‘free association’, the analyst will interpret the hidden meaning behind their words. The function of interpretation is to speed up the process of uncovering unconscious material Later, the analyst will teach their client their meaning of the process of interpretation so that the client will : 1. Gain insight of their problem 2. Increase awareness of ways to change 3. Gain control over their life
  • 40. Client’s Experience In Therapy TYPE OF THERAPY : 1.PSYCHOANALYSIS 2. PSYCHODYNAMIC 3.PSYCHOANALYTIC
  • 41. 1. PSYCHOANALYSIS •Client must be a voluntary client, not involuntary •This is because the client will have to give commitment in the process •After a few face-to-face session, therapist will move on to the next stage where the client are needed to lie on a couch and engage in ‘free association’ • It’s an intensive process where client will meet up 4-5 sessions per week
  • 42. •In this stage, client will say whatever that comes into their mind and the therapist will remain non-judgmental on its content throughout the whole process • Psychoanalysis attempts to help clients develop insight into deep-rooted problems that are often thought to stem from childhood • Success of psychoanalysis often depends on both analyst and client and how they work together.
  • 43. 2. PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY •This therapy engage in a more supportive intervention •Psychoanalytic therapy is based upon psychoanalysis but is less intensive (1-3 sessions per week) •It is for individuals who want to understand more about themselves and those who have difficulties that affected them •Client will talk about their life and the therapist will listen, this is known as talk therapy. The therapist will look for patterns that may have cause the client’s difficulties •Usually face-to-face session
  • 44. •Client are advised not to make radical changes in their lifestyle as it may disturb the therapeutic process •Example of radical change : filing a divorce/ quitting their job This therapy also use other techniques (free association, dream analysis) •Termination can take place when both therapist and client mutually agree that the client had : I. Resolve the problem/core conflict II. Accepted their remaining emotional problem III. Understand the root of their difficulties
  • 45. 3. PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY •This approach evolved from the psychoanalytic theory but it is more simplified in terms of the length of the process and focus on more immediate problem (phobia, anxiety problem) •In psychodynamic therapy, the therapist will pay more attention to transference manifestation (when the patient transfers feelings for others onto the therapist), the meaning of client’s dream •Transference are encouraged in psychodynamic
  • 46. •This therapy include using technique from other sources such as Carl Jung, Otto Rank etc. •To increase a client's awareness and understanding of how the past has influenced present thoughts and behaviors, by exploring their unconscious patterns. •Seeks to provide a quicker solution •It can be used in individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, family therapy, institutional and organizational contexts.
  • 47. ADVANTAGES •Client gains insight •Learn from personal past •Stresses on developmental growth stages •Can be used for a variety of disorders(hysteria, phobias, anxiety, sexual difficulties)
  • 48. DISADVANTAGES •Long term process and expensive •Requires client full commitment •Used mostly in psychiatry •Not useful for older clients •Not design to help people with urgent concern