2. Topic :-
Hybrid Vehicles-
A look at the future of Vehicles
GUIDED BY:-
Mr.Pritesh P. Kevadiya
PREPAIR BY:-
Krupal G. Munjani
3. Contents
• What is a hybrid ?
• A short history of hybrid vehicle
• Why hybrid ?
• Basic Structure of a Hybrid Vehicle
• Fuels use in hybrid vehicle
• The types of hybrid electric vehicles
• Technology Continued
• Fuel cell
• The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Hybrid car models
• Conclusion
4. What is a hybrid?
• Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more sources of
power.
• Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a combustion
engine as well as an electric motor.
• If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all.
• Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of vehicles.
5. Ashort history of hybrid vehicle
1904
Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and
odor.
Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles.
Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed.
1997- 1999
Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM( General Motors) followed by other main
car manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars.
The first hybrid car launched by Toyota Prius for Japanese market only.
2004
The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend
Magazine and the North American Auto Show.
Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from
36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S.
6. Why hybrid ?
• Hybrid vehicles produce much less emissions and use about
50% less fuel than the average new vehicle in the same class.
(Partial-Zero emissions)
• Plug-in Hybrid vehicles eventually will be charged at
parking locations using renewable energy. They will use at
least half as much fuel as do hybrids.
• Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more
economical than on the highway.
• Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).
• Emissions are greatly decreased.
• Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.
• Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.
• New materials can be implemented.
7. Basic Structure Of Hybrid Vehicle
• View of the components of the General Motors electric vehicle.
8. Basic Structure of a Hybrid Vehicle
• The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the
electric motor.
• Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline
engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the
batteries as well as draw energy from them.
• The charger in a hybrid car is the charge the battery.
• Light weighting materials make light weight structure of car.
9. Fuels use in hybrid vehicle
Ethanol — Flex Fuel
Liquid Petroleum Gas(LPG)
Natural Gas
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Liquefied Natural Gas
Electric — Battery
Hydrogen
10. The types of hybrid electric vehicles
1. Series Hybrid electric vehicle.
2. Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.
3. Series-Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle.(Combine hybrid)
11. Series Hybrid electric vehicle
• This is called a series hybrid system
because the power flows to the wheels
in series.
• A series hybrid system can run a small-
output engine in the efficient operating
region relatively steadily, generate and
supply electricity to the electric motor
and efficiently charge the battery.
• This system is being used in the
Coaster Hybrid.
• Used for Trains, Buses, and large
Trucks.
Fig. Series hybrid
13. Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle
• This is called a parallel hybrid system
because the power flows to the wheels
in parallel.
• In a parallel hybrid system, both the
engine and the electric motor drive the
wheels, and the drive power from
these two sources can be utilized
according to the prevailing conditions.
• Used in Honda Insight and Civic
hybrid cars.
Fig. Parallel hybrid
15. Series-Parallel Hybrid electric vehicle
• This maximizes both series and parallel
systems, it has two motors, and
depending on the driving conditions,
uses only the electric motor or the
driving power from both the electric
motor and the engine, in order to
achieve the highest efficiency level.
• This system used in Toyota Prius and
Ford Escape hybrids.
Fig. Series-parallel hybrid
16. Technology Continued
Panasonic Ni-MH battery
Toyota Prius Energy Monitor
Ford Economy Monitor
• Computer displays provide real-time
gas economy performance along with
hybrid system diagnostic information.
• Ni-MH batteries are currently the
energy storage medium of choice, but
they will be soon replaced by vastly
superior ultra-capacitors.
17. Fuel cell
• A fuel cell is a device that converts
the chemical energy from a fuel into
electricity through a chemical reaction
with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.
• Fuel cells are different from batteries in
that they require a continuous source of
fuel and oxygen/air to sustain the
chemical reaction whereas in a battery
the chemicals present in the battery
react with each other to generate
an electromotive force (EMF).
• Fuel cells can produce electricity
continuously for as long as these inputs
are supplied.
Hydrogen fuel cell
18. The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
Advantages
• Hold twice as much energy as lead
batteries
• Have a longer life cycle
• Require no maintenance
• The materials in them are far less toxic
than the materials in regular car batteries.
Disadvantages
• They can be heavy and bulky
• High price- as much as $5000 (300000rs).
• With sudden boom of hybrid cars, there is
a supply shortage.
Toyota Prius
Honda Insight
Specification of Honda insight’s battery pack
• 120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V)
• Nickel metal hydride
• 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates
• The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to extend battery
life
19. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages:-
• Better For The Environment
• Lower emissions & better
mileage
• Reduce the dependency on fossil
fuels
• Money saved
• Low maintenance
Disadvantages:-
• High cost
• More weight due to battery packs
• Risky in accidents
• Batteries are non-reusable
• Acceleration
• Disposal of batteries.
20. Hybrid car models
1997 Toyota Toyota Prius
1999 Honda Honda Insight
2003 Suzuki Suzuki Twin
2004 Ford Ford Escape Hybrid
2005 Honda Honda Civic Hybrid
2009 BMW BMW X6 Active Hybrid
2010 Hyundai Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
22. Conclusion:-
• A technology exists to build a future with a significant lower dependence
on fuel.
• Hybrids can play an important role in realizing this future, filling the gap
between immediate improvements through conventional technology.
• Hybrids can help drive passengers vehicle fuel consumption and global
warming.