1. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998
Whereas a notification in exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 6, and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) was published in the Gazette vide S.O. 746 (E) dated 16th October
1997.
1. SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT
These rules may be called the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998.
They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the official Gazette.
2. APPLICATION
These rules apply to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, treat, dispose or
handle biomedical waste in any form.it shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating
biomedical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal
house, pathological laboratory, blood bank take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any
adverse effect to human health and the environment.
3. TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Bio-medical waste shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with Schedule I, and in compliance
with the standards prescribed in Schedule V.
Every occupier, where required, shall set up in accordance with the time-schedule in Schedule VI,
requisite bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave, microwave system for the
treatment of waste, or, ensure requisite treatment of waste at a common waste treatment facility or
any other waste treatment facility.
4. SEGREGATION, PACKAGING, TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE
Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.
Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation in accordance
with Schedule II prior to its storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. The containers shall be
labeled according to Schedule III.
If a container is transported from the premises where bio-medical waste is generated to any waste
treatment facility outside the premises, the container shall, apart from the label prescribed in
Schedule III, also carry information prescribed in Schedule IV.
Biomedical waste shall be transported only in such vehicle as may be authorised for the purpose by
the competent authority as specified by the government.
No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours
Provided that if for any reason it becomes necessary to store the waste beyond such period, the
authorised person must take permission of the prescribed authority and take measures to ensure that
the waste does not adversely affect human health and the environment.
5.PRESCRIBED AUTHORITY
The Govt of every State and Union Territory shall establish a prescribed authority with such
members as may be specified for granting authorisation and implementing these rules. If the prescribed
authority comprises of more than one member, a chairperson for the authority shall be designated and
appointed within one month of the coming into force of these rules that shall function under the supervision
and control of the respective Government of the State or Union Territory and grants authorisation.It may
even refuse.

2. 6. AUTHORISATION
Every occupier of an institution generating, collecting, receiving, storing, transporting, treating,
disposing and/or handling bio-medical waste in any other manner fills application in Form 1 for grant of
authorisation shall be accompanied by a fee as may be prescribed by the Government of the State or Union
Territory.
7. ANNUAL REPORT
Every occupier/operator shall submit an annual report to the prescribed authority in Form 11 by 31
January every year, to include information about the categories and quantities of bio-medical wastes.
8. MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS
All records shall be subject to inspection and verification by the prescribed authority at any time.
SCHEDULE I : CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
S. No. WASTE CATEGORY TREATMENT
1. Human Anatomical Waste Incineration / deep burial
2. Animal Waste Incineration / deep burial
3. Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste Local autoclaving / microwaving /
incineration
4. Waste sharps disinfection (chemical treatment/auto
claving/micro-waving and ultilation/
shredding
5. Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs Incineration /destruction and
drugs disposal in secured landfills
6. Solid Waste Incineration autoclaving /microwaving
7. Solid Waste (from disposables ) disinfection by chemical treatment
autoclaving /microwaving and multilation
/shredding
8. Liquid Waste disinfection by chemical treatment and
discharge
9. Incineration Ash disposal in municipal landfill
10 Chemical Waste Chemical treatment and
discharge into drains for liquids and
secured landfill for solids.
SCHEDULE II : COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER FOR DISPOSAL
OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES
Colour coding Type of Container – I Treatment options as per Schedule I
Waste Category
Yellow Plastic bag Cat. 1, Cat. 2, and Incineration /deep burial
Cat. 3,Cat. 6.
Red Disinfected container / plastic Autoclaving /Microwaving /Chemical Treatment
bag Cat. 3, Cat. 6, Cat.7.
Blue/White Plastic bag /puncture proof Cat. Autoclaving /Microwaving / Chemical Treatment and destruction/
translucent 4, Cat. 7.Container shredding
Black Plastic bag Cat. 5 and Cat. 9 Disposal in secured landfill
and Cat. 10. (solid)

3. INCINERATOR : Types, Specifications and Time Cycles of Bio-Medical Waste
Incinerators
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat.
The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or
particulates carried by the flue gas. Incineration has particularly strong benefits for the treatment of certain
waste types in niche areas such as clinical wastes and bio medical wastes and certain hazardous wastes
where pathogens and toxins can be destroyed by high temperatures.
The following are types of incinerators:
ROTARY KILN
FLUIDIZED BED
LIQUID INJECTION
MULTIPLE HEARTH
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
WASTE-GAS FLARE
DIRECT-FLAME
ROTARY KILN INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
Rotate wastes in rotary kiln, enabling thorough mixing with air
Operating temperature from 800 - 1400 degree Celcius
Has great resistance to high temperatures
Can handle liquid, sludge, solid, gas in large quantities
Can handle batch modes like barrels and allows more flexibility than continious modes
Can operate in batch mode, allowing more flexibility than continuous mode.
Capacity of Medical waste estimated at 24 MJ/kg (5735 kCal/kg)
Inside Diameter : 1.65/1.4 -3.0 cms
Rotary Speed : 0.52 1.55 r/min
Power Equiped : 15 – 55 kw
FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
vessel contains inert granular material that expands and acts theoretically as a fluid when gases are
injected up through the material bed from nozzles
Operating temperature from 1400-1800 ° F ( 750 -1000 ° C )
Compared with the bubbling fluidized bed with air speed of lm/sec, the CFB has an air speed of 4-6
m/sec.
The required static pressure of the fluidizing (combustion air) blower is low, consuming less power.
The bubbling fluidized bed needs 25-30kPa compared to 15-25kPa of circulating type.
The medium intensifies contact, mixing and blending of air, waste and heat, raising the combustion
efficiency and enabling low air ratio combustion.
It is easy to adjust the amount of circulating particles by controlling the primary air. Local
temperature drop or surge can be prevented.

4. The heat carried back by the circulating particles helps dry the sludge, preventing temperature drop
in the lower part of the furnace, requiring no auxiliary fuel.
LIQUID INJECTION INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
Wastes are sent through nozzles and atomized into small droplets to allow for the greatest possible
mixing with air.
Operating temperature from 1200-3000 F.
Feed must act as a liquid having a viscosity less than 10,000SSU
Solids entered should be melted and pumped.
Can completely combust non combustibles like contaminated water, along with organic combustible
material.
Has horizontal or vertical configuration.
MULTIPLE HEARTH INCINERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
consist of vertically shaped hearths, and are Primarily used for sewage sludge.
operated from 1400-1800 ° F ( 750 - 1000 ° C ).
Catalytic combustion, waste-gas flare and direct flame incinerators are all for gases.
Catalytic combustors use a catalyst and are designed for low organic concentration wastes.
Waste-gas flares are used for non-hazardous waste that has high organic content.
Direct flame incinerators operate from 1000-1500 f and are used when waste gas contains particles.
The ideal wastes for this kind of disposal are toxic and hazardous wastes such as chlorinated matter,
pcb's,and organometallics
COMBUSTION INCINERATORS-OXYGEN USING SYSTEMS SPECIFICATIONS:
Waste and storage handling
Waste feeding
Combustion
Steam and electricity generation
Air pollution control
Ash residue handling : 3% fly ash (including flue gas residues)
calorific value as high as possible; Volatile matter >40%; Fixed carbon <15%; Total inert <35%
Moisture content : As minimum as possible; <45%
Capacity : 25 TO 120 TONS/DAY
Temperature : At least 1 sec for flue gas at not less than 980oC in combustion zone
 COMBUSTION STAGES
Drying moisture is evaporated.
Devolatilization – combustible volatiles are released.
Ignitions – volatiles are ignited in the presence of o2
Combustion of fixed carbon volatile matter is completely combusted and fixed carbon is
oxidised to co2

5.  TYPES OF COMBUSTION INCINERATORS
MASS BURN-MOST COMMON
o WATER WALL FURNACE
o REFRACTORY FURNACE
o ROTARY KILN FURNACE
FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTOR
NON-COMBUSTION TECHNIQUES-OXYGEN DEFICIENT INCINERATOR SPECIFICATIONS:
BIOGASIFICATION
Mixed solid waste is placed into an anaerobic digestor to reduce its Volume and to
produce methane. The process involves:
 preprocessing-the organic material is separated from the waste stream, shredded, and
placed into a slurry
 decomposition-the slurry is placed in an anerobic digestor for 5-30 days
 gas collection-methane gas is collected and refined for combustion
 less voluminous digested product for disposal
PYROLYSIS
Uses heat to decompose the mixed solid waste in an O2-deficit or O2-free
Environment. The products of pyrolysis include combustible gases and Various solids that
are difficult to manage.
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS SPECIFICATIONS:
More common
Less consistent waste stream
Pre treatment like shredding, drying is usually necessary
Batch or continuously loaded.
CONCLUSION:
Any solid, fluid and liquid or liquid waste, including it's container and any intermediate product,
which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of human being or animals, in research
pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biological and the animal waste from slaughter houses
or any other similar establishment. All biomedical waste are hazardous. In hospital it comprises of 15% of
total hospital waste. As quite a large percentage of waste, generated in Indian hospitals, belong to bio
medical category (non-toxic and non-hazardous), hospital should have constant interaction with municipal
authorities so that this category of waste is regularly taken out of the hospital premises for land fill or other
treatment like incineration which involves The process of burning a material so that only ashes remain.

6. SYMBIOSIS INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
(SIHS)
Fundamentals of Hospital Planning
ASSIGNMENT NO. 02
BMW MANAGEMENT & HANDLING RULES – 1998
INCINERATOR : TYPES , SPECIFICATIONS & TIME CYCLE FOR EACH
TYPE OF BMW
Submitted To Submitted By
Dr. Col. Vijay Deshpande Ketki Shinde
PR No. 11040141043
MBA (HHC)-2011-13