Chapter 9

Lecture #4 Date _________ ,[object Object],[object Object]

Principles of Energy Harvest ,[object Object],[object Object]

Redox reactions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Oxidizing agent in respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Electron transport chains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Cellular respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Glycolysis (Summary) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Glycolysis in Detail ,[object Object],Figure 9.7 Enzyme Enzyme ATP ADP Product Substrate P +

Glycolysis in Detail ,[object Object],1. Hexokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose 2. Phosphoglucosoisomerase rearranges glucose-6-phosphate to convert it to its isomer fructose-6-phosphate 3. Phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to glucose 4. Aldolase cleaves the sugar molecule into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (isomers) 5. Isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate H H H H H OH OH HO HO CH 2 OH H H H H O H OH HO OH P CH 2 O P H O H HO HO H HO CH 2 OH P O CH 2 O CH 2 O P HO H HO H OH O P CH 2 C O CH 2 OH H C CHOH CH 2 O O P ATP ADP Hexokinase Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Glycolysis 1 2 3 4 5 CH 2 OH Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Figure 9.9 A

Glycolysis in Detail ,[object Object],6. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase first oxidizes sugar by the transfer of e- and H+ to NAD+ and then it uses the energy released to attach a phosphate group to the oxidized substrate 7. Phosphoglykerokinase the phosphate added to the substrate is transferred to ADP resulting in two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate 8. Phosphoglyceromutase relocates the remaining phosphate 9. Enolase causes a double bond to form in the substrate by extracting a water molecule to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) 10. Pyruvate Kinase transfers a phosphate from PEP to ADP producing pyruvate 2 NAD + NADH 2 + 2 H + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P i 2 P C CHOH O P O CH 2 O 2 O – 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase CH 2 O P 2 C CHOH 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase O – C C CH 2 OH H O P 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H 2 O 2 O – Enolase C C O P O CH 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase O – C C O O CH 3 2 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate O Figure 9.8 B

Glycolysis to the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle ,[object Object],CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NADH + H + NAD + 2 3 1 CO 2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyle CoA S CoA C CH 3 O Transport protein O – O O C C CH 3 Figure 9.10

[object Object],Glycolysis to the Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NADH + H + NAD + 2 3 1 CO 2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyle CoA S CoA C CH 3 O Transport protein O – O O C C CH 3 Figure 9.10

Kreb’s Cycle (Summary) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Krebs Cycle in Detail ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Acetyl CoA NADH Oxaloacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA  -Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle S CoA CoA SH NADH NADH FADH 2 FAD GTP GDP NAD + ADP P i NAD + CO 2 CO 2 CoA SH CoA SH CoA S H 2 O + H + + H + H 2 O C CH 3 O O C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 HO C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – COO – CH 2 HC COO – HO CH COO – CH CH 2 COO – HO COO – CH HC COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation NAD + + H + ATP Citric acid cycle Figure 9.12

Electron transport chain ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

ATP Synthase INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + P i + ADP ATP A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H + flows past it down the H + gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. A rod (for “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic Phosphate to ADP to make ATP. MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX Figure 9.14

Review: Cellular Respiration ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Fermentation ,[object Object],2 ADP + 2 P 1 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 ADP + 2 P 1 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation H H OH CH 3 C O – O C C O CH 3 H C O CH 3 O – C O C O CH 3 O C O C OH H CH 3 CO 2 2 Figure 9.17

Related metabolic processes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The catabolism of various foods ,[object Object],Amino acids Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- P Pyruvate Acetyl CoA NH 3 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Fats Proteins Carbohydrates Figure 9.19

Control of Cellular Respiration ,[object Object],Glucose Glycolysis Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Inhibits Inhibits Pyruvate ATP Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Citrate Oxidative phosphorylation Stimulates AMP + – – Figure 9.20

Chapter 9

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Chapter 9