1. STYLE MANUAL
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2. STYLE MANUAL
• Is a technical term that describes the techniques of
formatting the references quoted for research.
• A standard format excepted world wide
• Technique involves
Source
Area of concern
Author
Documentation
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3. SIGNIFICANCE OF CITATION
• To give due consideration and credit to the source of
References.
• Citations give weightage to the area of research.
• To stop moral and ethical hacking of thoughts and
ideas not ones own.
• Citations justify the research field and methodology.
• To prevent and stop plagiarism
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4. METHODS
There are four different methods or styles of
documentation of sources followed word wide
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
• APA (American Psychological organization)
• Chicago
• Harvard
The MLA and APA styles are globally accepted.
 MLA 7th edition is currently in use
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5. CATEGORIZATION OF STYLE MANUALS
Categorization of style manual in a research are termed as
• References/ End notes
• Foot notes
• Bibliography
• Parenthetical citations (for identifying the above
categories in the text)
NOTE: The reference, end notes and bibliography are
cited after the text. Foot note appears at the bottom of
each page and the parenthetical citation are put in
parenthesis in the text that is quoted.
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6. Foot note
• A footnote is a note of reference or comment written at the bottom of the
page.
It serves the following purposes:
• Indicates the source of a fact, opinion or quotation
• Explains unfamiliar or difficult terms
• Elucidates, elaborates or validates an idea or point
• Provides additional data, makes acknowledgements
Method
• Name of the author [in normal order], book title, edition, location of
publisher, publishing co. year of publication, page no.
• H.C.Perkin, Air Pollution: Its origin and control, New York: McGraw
Hill,1974,pg.42-69
• S.P.Kumar,”Effects of air pollution", The Hindu, Jan 29,2002
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7. END NOTE
• The other name of end note is reference.
• End note is seldom used current as practice. For
citation reference is the advance term currently in
use.
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8. PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
• These are citations referred within parenthesis after the
end of the quotation or reference cited.
• Parenthetical citations are kept after the full stop, bearing
surname. Page number
• It marks the chronological description of references in any
research paper, dissertation and thesis.
• If the author is unknown in such a case name of the work
is quoted followed by period, then page number.
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9. REFERENCE
• Indicates the exact location of sources of information
used in the text of any paper/ article/ journal/
dissertation/thesis.
• Follows a chronological order as per the reference cited in
the mentioned categories of documentation.
• In article, journal and research papers its only references
and no bibliography whereas dissertation and thesis
contains both references and bibliography.
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10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• List of all the books cited in any research
• Documented at the end of the research and
dissertation
• Follows an alphabetical order than a chronological
order
• Includes primary and secondary sources
• There are two types of bibliographic source of entry
• Primary source
• Secondary source
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11. EXAMPLES
BOOKS
 one author
Hillman, Richard. Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the Politics of France. New York:
Palgrave, 2002. Print.
 two authors
Hand, Richard J. and Michael Wilson. Grand-Guignol: the French Theatre of
Horror. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2002. Print.
 three authors
Cargill, Oscar, William Charvat, and Donald D. Walsh. The Publication of
Academic Writing. New York: Modern Language Association, 1966. Print.
 more than three authors
Howe, Louise, et al. How to Stay Younger while Growing Older: Aging for all
Ages. London: Macmillan, 1982. Print.
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12.  no author given
The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2003.
Print.
 an editor or compiler as “author”
Updike, John, comp. and ed. The Best American Short Stories of the Century.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. Print.
 an edition of an author’s work
Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night's Dream. Ed. R.A. Foakes.
Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.
 a work in several volumes
Gardner, Stanley E. The Artifice of Design. New York: Hill & Wang, 1962. Print.
Vol. 2 of A History of American Architecture. 5 vols. 1960-64.
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13. ARTICLES
 periodical
Issues paginated continuously throughout the volume
Loesberg, Jonathan. “Dickensian Deformed Children and the Hegelian Sublime.”
Victorian Studies 40 (1997): 625-54. Print.
Each issue starts with page 1
Wilkin, Karen. “A Degas Double-header.” New Criterion 17.1 (Sept. 1998): 35-41.
Print.
 newspaper
Jonas, Jack. “A Visit to a Land of Many Facets.” Washington Star 5 Mar. 1961,
Eastern ed., sec. F: 4. Print.
 magazine
Funicello, Dori. “Portugal’s Reign of Terror.” National Review 19 Aug. 1999: 3437. Print.
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14.  paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference
Aytür, Necla. “Faulkner in Turkish.” William Faulkner: Prevailing Verities and World
Literature. Proceedings of the 6th Comparative Literature Symposium, January 24 -26,
1973. Ed. Wolodymyr T. Zyla and Wendell M. Aycock. Lubbock, TX: Interdepartmental
Committee on Comparative Literature, Texas Tech U, 1973. 25-39. Print.
DISSERTATION
 published
Carlson, William Robert. Dialectic and Rhetoric in Pierre Bayle. Diss. Yale U, 1973. New York:
Macmillan, 1977. Print.
 unpublished
Carlson, William Robert. “Dialectic and Rhetoric in Pierre Bayle.” Diss. Yale U, 1973. Print.
 a dissertation abstract
Lydic, David Lynn. “Relational Mapping as a Measure of Writing Ability in College
Freshmen.” Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1988. DAI 49 (1988): item 1395A. Print.
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