1. | Jul 2012| © 2012 UPES

2. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

3. Energy is vital to our existence on earth. The ability to generate
and master the use of energy from his own needs has been the
key to man’s survival and development.
Electricity is universal in its application –lighting, heating,
working, telecommunications and data processing. Besides its
crucial role in providing us, comfort and raising the quality of
life.
Energy is very crucial to all development aimed at human welfare
covering household, agriculture and transport and industrial
sectors.
The consumption and uses of energy in the world is highly
concentrated in the industrialized or developed regions like
Europe, North America, Japan and Australia.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

4. The per capita annual consumption of energy in the form of fossil
fuel and electricity ranges from very small in some countries to
very large, more than one thousands times greater.
Besides fuelling “development” activities energy consumption and
its quantitative trends characterize the life styles of country.
More than 80% of total world consumption of energy is by
developed countries, which accounts for the 30% of the
population.
On the other hand, 20% of the energy is consumed by 70% of the
world population of developing countries.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

5. The energy sources can be divided in to two categories:
 Non-renewable
 Renewable
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

6. Definition: As discussed in Unit II
This type of energy source can be renewed or can be replenished
regularly.
Renewable energy sources are usually less polluting eg.
Hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal. Other sources are fuelwood,
biomass, biogas and even garbage.
Renewable energy technologies will improve the efficiency and
cost of energy systems so that we may not depend on fossil fuel
energy.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

7. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

8. Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of
the water spins turbines which generate electricity.
In this technique, potential energy of stored river water in high
dams is converted to kinetic energy to run the turbines at the
bottom that generate electric power.
Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for
hydroelectricity. Canada, Brazil and New Zealand produce most
of their electricity this way.
In Australia about 8 per cent of electricity is produced from
hydroelectricity.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

9. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

10. Between 1950 and 1970 , hydropower generation in the world
increased seven times.
The important hydel power projects of India are Bhakra Nangal,
Hirakund Dam, Damodar Valley, Thein Dam etc.
In India, hydel power plays a great role in electricity generation and
has the potential to generate 10,000 MW of electricity.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

11. Advantages
 It is pollution free and renewable source of energy
 Its operational cost is low
 It helps in checking floods
 Stored water can be used for irrigation, fisheries, drinking water
and for recreational purposes.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

12. Limitations and Environmental Effects
 There is problem of planning and construction of dams at suitable
sites
 Construction of dams may harm the topography and flora and
fauna of the area.
 Dams can block routes of fish migration required for their survival
and reproduction
 Problem of silting of water reservoirs of dams due to soil erosion
of catchment areas, particularly, by deforestation.
 Damage of agricultural lands and forest areas may adversely
affect livelihood of local tribal people and farmers even leading to
conflits.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

13. Limitations and Environmental Effects cont…
 Conflicts over equitable allocation of water for domestic,
agricultural and domestic use.
 The use of rivers for navigation and fisheries becomes difficult
once the water is dammed to generate electricity
 Rehabilitation of displaced persons is a major problem.
 Large dams can induce increased seismic activity in certain
areas resulting in earthquakes
Because of the environmental impact of traditional hydroelectric
schemes, there has been increasing interest in alternative hydro
schemes.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

14. In one hour sun pours as much energy on earth as we use in whole
year.
Humanity would need no other source of energy if it were possible
to harness this tremendous amount of energy.
India receives about 60,000 billion MW of solar energy in a year.
Even 1% of this energy, if harnessed, generates 40 times more
electricity than the present electricity generated in India.
There is enough solar radiation striking the surface of the earth to
provide all of our energy needs.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

15. There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce electricity.
These are through the use of solar cells and solar thermal technology
(flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, solar cooker, solar
water heater. etc.)
Using solar technologies to generate electricity is, at present, more
expensive than using coal-fired power stations, but it produces much
less pollution.
Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. Solar cells
are used in three main ways.
They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, and for remote
area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites.
Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-
powered vehicles.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

16.  Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The
best known use of this technology is in solar water heating.
 Solar collector and the storage tank are two main parts of solar water
heating systems. The solar energy collector heats the water which is
then stored in well insulated storage tanks.
 Australia is in an ideal position to develop and use solar energy.
Some areas in central and western Queensland are among the best
sites in the world to develop large scale solar electric generating
plants.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

17. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

18. Solar Cell
Device used to convert solar energy directly into electric energy
(photovoltaic effect)
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

19. Flat-plate Solar Collector
Device that collects solar radiation and heats a coolant, which in turn
will be used in residential settings to heat water or the home.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

20. Solar-cell System
Unit that is usually made up of 36 solar cells, each of which produces
a voltage of 0.5 V; it is used to power low-voltage devices.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

21. Production Of Electricity From Solar Energy
Heating the coolant directly with solar rays turns water into steam,
which then turns the turbo-alternator to produce electricity.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

22. Solar Furnace
Plant that concentrates solar radiation to reach very high temperatures (over
5,400 F) as part of a research effort to develop experimental materials
(including astronautic materials and ceramics).
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

23. Solar House
Solar energy can be used to heat and supply hot water to a home.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

24. Advantages
 Solar energy is abundantly available inexhaustible source of energy.
 It can be used in remote areas to run water pumps and to generate
electricity.
 PV cells are commonly used in calculators and watches.
 PV cells also provide power to satellites, electric lights and small
electric appliances like radios, weather stations, highway lights and in
remote areas.
 They do not release pollutants or toxic material into environment.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

25. Limitations
 Large space is required to collect sufficient amount of solar radiations
 Solar energy is not available during night.
 Some PV cells contain small amount of toxic substances like
cadmium which can be released into the environment in case of fire.
 Mining of silicon causes environmental problems
 PV systems need batteries to store the electricity for use during night
or cloudy days.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

26. Wind was one of the earliest energy source used by sailing
ships.
Wind mills were developed by China, Persia and Afghanistan
to draw water for irrigation and grind grain about 2000 yrs ago.
The early work on generating electricity from windmills was
mostly done in Denmark.
At present Denmark and California have large wind turbine
cooperatives that sell electricity to government grid.
India is the third largest producer of wind energy in the world.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

27. Wind pumps and generators have been used in remote areas
of Australia and in other countries around the world for many
years.
More recently, wind turbo-generators on wind farms have
been providing electricity for cities and towns in more than a
dozen countries.
The United States of America and Denmark produce most of
the world's wind-generated electricity. Australia has some small
wind farms.
The largest of these is at Esperance in Western Australia.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

28. Tower mill
The tower mill appeared later than the post mill; it consists of a
usually circular, stationary body and a roof that rotates with the help
of a fantail.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

29. Post Mill
The mill body pivots on a vertical axis when a tail pole is activated by
the miller.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

30. Vertical-axis Wind Turbine Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine
The most common type of wind turbine;
Wind turbine whose axis is
its axis positions itself in the direction of
perpendicular to the wind. the wind.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

31. Production Of Electricity From Wind Energy
Wind farms contain a group of wind turbines, which are driven by the wind;
they produce electricity and carry it along the transmission and distribution
networks to which they are connected.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

32. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

33. Advantages
 It is a renewable source of energy and causes no pollution
 It can generate power in remote areas where other sources are not
available.
 It is easily manageable and cheap
 While wind-generated electricity does not cause air pollution, it does
cost more to produce than electricity generated from coal.
 It can water pumps, flour mills and electric turbines
 Although large area of land is required for setting up wind farms but
less than 1% of the total area is covered by the turbine bases, the
foundations and the access roads. The rest of the area can be used
for farming or grazing.
 Setting wind mills offshore reduces their demand for land and visual
impact
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

34. Limitations and Environmental impact
 Wind does not always blow with required intensity or in desired
direction all the year round
 Wind energy is not available in all the regions
 While wind generators don't produce any greenhouse gas emissions
they may cause vibrations, noise and visual pollution.
 They also cause bird kills, effect on TV Reception, and aesthetic
impact
 Wind is an intermittent source of energy and requires some other
backup or standby electric source.
 High wind speed is needed to power wind generators effectively.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

35. Solar energy warms the water and creates ocean currents and
wind produces waves.
The movement of waves can also drive air turbines to make
electricity.
The energy of waves striking on shores of all the continents is
estimated at 2-3 million MW of energy.
The technologies to harness the kinetic energy of oceans are
being developed since 1970s. Some of them are discussed
below:
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

36. Tidal power is harnessed by placing a barrage across an estuary
and forcing the tidal flow to pass through turbines.
In a one-way system, the basin is allowed to fill with the
incoming tide through a sluice, and the collected water is used
to produce electricity during low tide.
In a two-way system, power is generated from both the
incoming as well as the outgoing tide.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

37. Wave power is used to convert the kinetic energy of waves into
electric or mechanical energy to drive turbo-generators.
The generated electricity at sea is transmitted to land by cable.
The most potential sites on earth are located between 40 to 60
degrees latitude in both hemispheres, where the winds blow
more strongly.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

38. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature
difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface
ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work,
usually in the form of electricity.
However, the temperature differential is small and this impacts
the economic feasability of ocean thermal energy for electricity
generation.
A difference of 20 C or more is required between surface water
and deeper cool water of an ocean for effective operation of
OTEC
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

39. Advantages
 It is pollution free
 It is renewable
 It is continuously available source of energy in coastal regions.
 It produces large amount of energy that can be harnessed
easily with suitable technology
 Coastal areas and islands can become self sufficient for their
energy requirements.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

40. Limitations and Environmental Impacts
 Oceanic plants can cause disruption in navigation
 May cause harm to sea flora and fauna in sensitive ecosystems and
interfere with fisheries in coastal regions.
 These are costly projects
 Sea storms can harm equipments completely.
 A tidal power station at the mouth of the river blocks the flow of
polluted water into the sea, which may create health hazards in the
estuary.
 The residual drift current could effect the spawning of some fish and
the migratory patterns od surface swimming fish.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

41. Biomass is plant and animal material that can be used for energy. This
includes using wood from trees, waste from other plants (for example,
bagasse from sugar cane) and manure from livestock. Biomass can
be used to generate electricity, light, heat, motion and fuel.
Converting biomass energy into useable energy has many
environmental benefits. It uses waste materials that are usually
dumped, and uses up methane (a greenhouse gas).
Fuels such as ethanol can be made from biomass and used as an
alternative to petrol to power motor cars.
All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological
matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

42. We can get (biomass) energy:
 Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and
heating.
 Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such
as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.
 Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane
gas) from sewage and manure.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

43. Most of these use waste products from agriculture, so they solve a
waste disposal problem and, at the same time, create energy for use
in homes, farms and factories.
Biogas can also be produced from livestock manure and human
sewage. Farms where animals graze and sewage plants are ideal
places to produce energy from biogas.
Waste peelings from food processing plants can also be used to
produce biogas.
An example of agricultural waste being used to produce electricity is the
recent Mackay Sugar Cooperative Association bagasse project.
Bagasse (solid waste from sugar production) from four mills will be
processed and used instead of coal to produce electricity.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

44. Limitations and Environmental effects
 Fuelwood is obtained mostly from forests and has, thus, played a
major role in causing deforestation.
 Its use produces smoke, carbon dioxide and other gaseous polutants
that harm our environment.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

45. Geo = earth
Thermal = heat
Geothermal energy uses heat energy from beneath the surface of the
earth.
The deep molten rock of earth’s crust is called “magma”, which surfaces
on some parts of earth’s crust.
The heat rising from the magma heats underground pools of water
called geothermal reservoirs or hotspots.
Hot underground water may come to the surface through an opening to
form hot springs, or it may boil to form geysers.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

46. Hot water stream coming out with pressure can be used to run turbines
for generating electricity
Altrenatively, holes can be drilled inside the earth’s hotspots through
which water can be pumped in and the steam so generated comes
out from another hole.
The pressure of this stream can be used to run turbines for generating
power.
In 20th century, geothermal energy has been harnessed on a large scale
for space heating, industrial use and power generation especially in
Iceland, Japan and New Zealand.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

47. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

48. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

49. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

50. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

51. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

52. Advantages
 It is non polluting, stable and renewable source of energy
 Its is as cheap as hydropower
 It is independent of weather and can meet the energy demands of
certain regions having geothermal reservoirs.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

53. Limitations
 It is available only in selected regions
 Its prospects are still to be explored, assessed and investigated, that
require lots of funds for drilling
 Water from geothermal reservoirs often contains minerals that are
corrosive and polluting
 Geothermal fluids are a problem which must be treated before
disposal.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

54. Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

55. NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
 This form of energy can not replenished naturally in short span of
time.
 Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids,
gases and solids. Right now, crude oil (petroleum) is the only
naturally liquid commercial fossil fuel.
 Natural gas and propane are normally gases, and coal is a solid.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil
fuels because they formed from the buried remains of plants and
animals that lived millions of years ago.
 Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a fuel.
 Uranium is not a fossil fuel.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

56. COAL
 It is hydrocarbon having high calorific value.
 It is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from
decomposing plants.
 Based on the calorific value, various types of coal are:
Peat (20-30 % calorific value)
Lignite (30-50 % calorific value)
Bituminous (60-70 % calorific value)
Anthracite (80-90 % calorific value)
 Methods of harnessing
Power Generation
Synthetic Natural Gas ( combination of CO and Hydrogen)
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

57. Limitations and Environmental Effects
 Mining and transportation of coal is costly
 Burning of cola produces large quantity of ash
 A 200MW power plant emits 1800kg CO, 730 kg HC,
730kg NO, 140 ton of Sulphur dioxide
 Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen cause acid rain
 Fly ash, unburnt fuel particles, and some metal oxides are
also thrown in the atmosphere
 Thermal power plants produce hot water which causes
thermal pollution
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

58. PETROLEUM
 Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal.
But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped
between layers of rocks.
 It is a dark brown viscous liquid containing hydrocarbons.
 It is purified and refined in oil refineries by fractional
distillation to obtain petrol, diesel, petroleum gas,
kerosene, wax etc.
 These products are used in homes for heating and
cooking and in factories as a source of energy.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

59. Advantages
 Main fuel for transport vehicles, aeroplanes
 It is cleaner fuel as compared to coal having no solid
wastes except smoke particles
 It is easier to transport as compared to coal
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

60. Limitations and Environmental Effects
 Its reserves are limited.
 Automobile exhaust is the main source of air pollution
 Oil spills from oil wells and oil ships cause death of flora
and fauna of water bodies.
 Oil refineries cause thermal pollution and other types of
pollution
 The processes of oil drilling, processing, transport and
utilization have serious environmental effects. Accidental
fires can go on burning for days or weeks.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

61.  Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped
between layers of rock.
 Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be
used in stoves and hot water systems.
 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is
used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in
boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning
appliances.
 LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine
and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas
emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

62.  It is clean source of energy causing very little pollution
 CNG is used in vehicles. It has greatly reduced pollution in delhi
 Natural gas is used as industrial raw material in petrochemical
industry, fertilizer plants etc.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

63.  It has limited reserves in the world.
 Gas leakage can cause accidents as it is highly flammable.
 Carbon dioxide produces due to burning of fuel causes global
warming
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

64.  Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either
split or joined together.
 A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat
energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator
in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship
or submarine.
 Nuclear fission was first discovered by German scientists Otto
Hahn and Fritz Strassman (1938)
 First nuclear power plant became operational in 1957 in
Pennsylvania, USA
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

65.  It is a clean source of energy
 Small amount of fuel can generate large amount of energy
 Nuclear fuel can be used for marine vessels, space crafts and
for heat generation in chemical processing plants.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

66.  Produces hazardous radioactive waste causing radioactive
pollution
 Nuclear power plant accidents cause disasters eg. Chernobyl
disaster
 Uranium reserves are limited
 High costs of operation, waste disposal and decommissioning of
old plants.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

67. Energy conservation should be considered from different aspects
as follows:
1. Efficiency in Production of energy
2. Efficiency in transportation
3. Efficiency in Utilization of Energy
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

68.  Production of crude oil in India is 32 million tonnes/yr. Oil
companies should increase their exploratory drilling operations
to discover more oil reserves in the country.
 Afforestation, reforestation, social forestry, agroforestry should
be promoted to decrease pollution and get more fuel wood to
meet the demands of rural people.
 Harnessing of solar energy should be bossted.
 Tapping of free non conventional sources of energy like wind,
tidal, hydel, geothermal energy will help conserve fossil fuels for
future.
 Reorganization of old coal mines, techniques of development of
new mines can boost coal production
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

69.  Wide, smooth and multilane roads can decrease oil
consumption and reduce air and noise pollution
 More use of public conveyance will decrease oil consumption.
 Engines should be kept in a good working order by regular
servicing
 Use of cycles and rikshaws for short distances saves oil.
 Continuous improvement in fuel efficiency of automobiles.
 Solar battery cars development to provide pollution fee and
noise free environment.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES

70.  Protection of oil installations from fire will prevent the wastage and
damage of property and life.
 Encouraging the use of biogas instead of biomass can save energy
and environment from pollution.
 Using efficient and smokeless chullas will save fuelwood and reduce
air pollution.
 Wastage of electricity should be avoided.
 Using cycles and rickshaws for short distances.
 Use of fuel efficient irrigation pumps.
 Use of energy efficient appliances and lights.
 Use of solar -cooker, heaters and cells
 Education on needs and modes of energy saving
 Control of population growth will reduce utilization of energy.
Jul 2012
Jul 2012 © 2012 UPES