1. Radio Frequency Identification
Technologies
BY-:
KUNAL
17304015 1

2. Index
1 What is RFID?
 RFID History
 Working principle of RFID Technology?
2 RFID Components
 RFID Readers

Fixed

Handheld
 RFID Antenna
 RFID Tags

Active Tags

Semi-Active Tags

Passive Tags
3 Are All Tags The Same?
 Frequencies of Operation
 Frequencies chart
 Technical details: LF
 Technical details: HF
4 Why RFID?
 Business Value
 Benefits of RFID
 Issues / Concerns
 RFID Future
 RFID Vs Barcode
5 Application area of RFID
 Portal Applications
 Conveyor / Assembly Line
 Product Monitoring and Control
 Shipping Validation
2

3. 1 What is RFID?
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification
method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices
called RFID tags or transponders.
RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the
use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency
(RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an
object, animal, or person.
An alternative to bar code.
3

4. Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman.
Initial application was during World War II-The
United Kingdom used RFID devices to
distinguish returning English airplanes from
inbound German ones. RADAR was only
able to signal the presence of a plane, not
the kind of plane it was..
Came into commercial use only in 1990s.
RFID History
4

5. Working principle of RFID Technology?
The antenna enables the chip (data storage) to transmit its
identification information to a reader/interrogator. The reader
converts the radio waves returned from the RFID tags into
digital information and passes it to the computer.
5

6. Index
1 What is RFID?
 RFID History
 Working principle of RFID Technology?
2 RFID Components
 RFID Readers

Fixed

Handheld
 RFID Antenna
 RFID Tags

Active Tags

Semi-Active Tags

Passive Tags
3 Are All Tags The Same?
 Frequencies of Operation
 Frequencies chart
 Technical details: LF
 Technical details: HF
4 Why RFID?
 Business Value
 Benefits of RFID
 Issues / Concerns
 RFID Future
 RFID Vs Barcode
5 Application area of RFID
 Portal Applications
 Conveyor / Assembly Line
 Product Monitoring and Control
 Shipping Validation
6

7. 2 RFID Components
An RFID system consists of three components:
 An antenna and transceiver (often combined into one Reader)
 And a transponder (the Tag).

An Application.
7
Ethernet
RFID
Reader
RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation

8. RFID Components Cont.
Reader – A transmitter/receiver that reads the contents of RFID Tags in the
vicinity, also called an "RFID interrogator." The maximum distance between
the Reader's antenna and the Tag vary, depending on application.
Tag – An electronic identification device that is made up of a chip and antenna.
For reusable applications, it is typically embedded in a plastic housing, and
for tracking shipments, it is usually part of a "smart" packaging label. An
RFID Tag is an object that can be applied to or incorporated into a product,
animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio
waves. Some Tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the
line of sight of the Reader. The Tag contains a unique serial number, but
may have other information, such as a customers' account number. There
are generally three types of RFID Tags: active RFID Tags, which contain a
battery, and passive RFID Tags, which have no battery and Semi-Active
RFID Tags which contain a battery but only activates when it is under
frequency of Reader.
Host Computer:-Stores the data into database and view real time presentation
of an asset with History.
8

9. RFID Readers
A reader (now more typically referred as an RFID Interrogator),
is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver,
controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor.
The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from
tags, then passes the data to a computer for processing.
9

10. Types of Readers: Fixed
Fixed in a position (for example, beside a
conveyor belt in a factory or dock doors in
a warehouse). Consists of Antennas
connected to it. Antennas communicate
with Tags.
10

11. Types of Readers: Handheld
Portable, integrated with an application and
used to scan individual items in a
warehouse or by mobile workers. Consists
of in built Antennas.
11

12. Antenna
The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit
a signal that activates the transponder. When
activated, the Tag transmits data back to the
antenna. The data is used to notify a
programmable logic controller that an action
should occur.
12

13. RFID Tags
RFID tag is a microchip combined with an antenna in a
compact package.
13
… and a chip
attached to it
A paper label
with RFID inside
an antenna,
printed, etched
or stamped ...
… on a substrate
e.g. a plastic
foil ...

14. 14
RFIDRFID tagstags
Tags can be attached to almost anything:
 Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods
 vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel
Passive Tags
 Do not require power – Draws from Interrogator Field
 Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB)
 Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet)
 Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags
 Cost around 25 cents to few dollars
Active Tags
 Battery powered
 Higher storage capacities (512 KB)
 Longer read range (300 feet)
 Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators


15. 15
Tag block diagram
Antenna
Power Supply
Tx Modulator
Rx Demodulator
Control Logic
(Finite State
machine)
Memory
Cells
Tag Integrated Circuit (IC)

16. Index
1 What is RFID?
 RFID History
 Working principle of RFID Technology?
2 RFID Components
 RFID Readers

Fixed

Handheld
 RFID Antenna
 RFID Tags

Active Tags

Semi-Active Tags

Passive Tags
3 Are All Tags The Same?
 Frequencies of Operation
 Frequencies chart
 Technical details: LF
 Technical details: HF
4 Why RFID?
 Business Value
 Benefits of RFID
 Issues / Concerns
 RFID Future
 RFID Vs Barcode
5 Application area of RFID
 Portal Applications
 Conveyor / Assembly Line
 Product Monitoring and Control
 Shipping Validation
16

17. Variations:
 Memory

Size (16 bits - 512 kBytes +)

Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM

Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam
 Arbitration (Anti-collision)

Ability to read/write one or
many tags at a time
 Frequency

125KHz - 5.8 GHz
 Physical Dimensions

Thumbnail to Brick sizes
 Price ($0.50 to $250)
 Read Range

4 inches to 300 ft
3 Are All Tags The Same?
17

18. Frequencies of Operation
Low frequency
 30-300 kHz
 Tags need to be closer to the reader
 Poor discrimination
High frequency/radio frequency
 3-30 MHz
 Tags can be read from relatively greater distances
 Tags can hold more information
Ultra high frequency/microwave
 >300 MHz
 Longest range
 More interference
18

19. Frequencies chart
19

20. Technical details: LF
20

21. Technical details: HF
21

22. Index
1 What is RFID?
 RFID History
 Working principle of RFID Technology?
2 RFID Components
 RFID Readers

Fixed

Handheld
 RFID Antenna
 RFID Tags

Active Tags

Semi-Active Tags

Passive Tags
3 Are All Tags The Same?
 Frequencies of Operation
 Frequencies chart
 Technical details: LF
 Technical details: HF
4 Why RFID?
 Business Value
 Benefits of RFID
 Issues / Concerns
 RFID Future
 RFID Vs Barcode
5 Application area of RFID
 Portal Applications
 Conveyor / Assembly Line
 Product Monitoring and Control
 Shipping Validation
22

23. 5 Why RFID?
 No need for physical contact between data carrier and the
communication device.
 Tags can be used repeatedly.
 Tags can last up to 20 years.
 Works in harsh environments (compared to bar code, optical scan
technologies) withstands extreme temperatures, acid baths etc.
 Low maintenance costs.
 Tags available in a range of types, sizes and materials.
 Simultaneous & multiple tag reads, 10s to 1000s in short time
intervals.
 Non-line-of-sight communication makes it possible to read and write
Tags in dirty conditions.
 Extremely low error rate.
 Can be read through the human body, clothing and non-metallic
materials.
23

24. Business Value
24

25. Benefits of RFID
Automates the entire process.
Unique Identification - Each RFID tag has a unique serial number that
distinguishes among many millions of identically manufactured
objects.
Wireless, non-contact, non-line-of-site.
Ideally suited for providing low cost remote and instant identification
of objects.
Real time tracking of assets and its content.
Visibility of location of assets and their tampering history,
maintenance history.
RFID tags can be read through human body, clothing and non-
metallic materials.
25

26. Issues / Concerns
Cost of RFID technology.
Active RFID life - 2 to 4 years.
Privacy concerns-surreptitious consumer surveillance.
Extreme weather.
Security concerns-illicit tracking of RFID tags.
Global standardization.
Environmental concern-recycling.
RFID system are vulnerable to virus.
26

27. RFID Future
RFID technology is growing very fast. As technology moves ahead,
Tags and readers sizes are reducing with the increase of functionalities.
According to experts, RFID technology represents a new approach
towards business with an interaction of computers with wireless
technology, sensors and networking.
663 964.5
3600
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0
2000
4000
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Millions
Y2000 2002 2006 2011
27

28. RFID Future cont.
28

29. RFID Vs Barcode
RFID Barcode
Forging is difficult Forging is easy
Scanner not required. No need to
bring the tag near the reader
Scanner needs to see the bar
code to read it
RFID is comparatively fast
Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time
Relatively expensive as
compared to Bar Codes
(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a
piece)
Can be reusable within factory
premises
Cannot be reused
29

30. Index
1 What is RFID?
 RFID History
 Working principle of RFID Technology?
2 RFID Components
 RFID Readers

Fixed

Handheld
 RFID Antenna
 RFID Tags

Active Tags

Semi-Active Tags

Passive Tags
3 Are All Tags The Same?
 Frequencies of Operation
 Frequencies chart
 Technical details: LF
 Technical details: HF
4 Why RFID?
 Business Value
 Benefits of RFID
 Issues / Concerns
 RFID Future
 RFID Vs Barcode
5 Application area of RFID
 Portal Applications
 Conveyor / Assembly Line
 Product Monitoring and Control
 Shipping Validation
30

31. 6 Application area of RFID
Corporate offices and industries.
Supply chain and retail industries.
Asset Management.
Pallet Tracking.
Government, Military and Army.
Commercial Industries.
31

32. Check in / Access
32

33. Portal Applications
Bill of Lading
Material Tracking
33

34. Portal Applications
Limited number items at forklift speeds
8’ X 10’ doorways
Electronic receipt & dispatch
Wrong destination alert
Electronic marking
Pallet/container item tracking
34

35. Product Monitoring and Control
35

36. Reference
36
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio
frequency_identification
http://www.epcglobalinc.com/
http://www.rfidjournal.com/
http://rfidprivacy.com/
http://www.rfidinc.com/
http://www.buyrfid.com/

37. Q&A
37

38. End.
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