AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE 0317766 KHOR YEN MIN 0318149 KOOI YONG KAI 0323152 LAI YIK XIN 0323388 NG KE NING 0323015 NG ZHENG SI 0322585

1. GROUP MEMBERS STUDENT ID
AIDA JUNITA BINTI ZULKIFLEE 0317766
KHOR YEN MIN 0318149
KOOI YONG KAI 0323152
LAI YIK XIN 0323388
NG KE NING 0323015
NG ZHENG SI 0322585

2. TOPIC PAGE
01 Introduction 2
01.1 Introduction to Project 2
02 Design Process & Materials 3
02.1 Design Concept 3
02.2 Design Process 3
02.3 Final Design 4
02.3.1 Design Consideration 5
02.4 Materials 6
02.4.1 List of Joints & Connectors 7
03 Construction Process 11
03.1 Ground Beam 11
03.2 Column to Ground Beam 11
03.3 Pad Footing 12
03.4 Column to Pad Footing 12
03.5 Beam to Column 13
03.6 Roof Structure 13
03.7 Roof to Beams 14
03.8 Roof Membrane to Roof Structure 14
03.9 Seats 15
03.10 Display Panel 15
04 Construction Details 16
04.1 Construction Details 16
05 Test Results & Analysis 17
05.1 Test Results 17
05.2 Conclusion 18
06 References 19
06.1 References 19
07 Appendix 20
1

3. Understanding of skeletal construction and its structural significance for building support is vital, particularly to designers and
their designs. To develop the understanding of this structural system, Project 1 of the Building Construction II module requires
students to construct a temporary bus shelter according to the given specifications.
The shelter should be constructed to accommodate between 5 to 6 people, with maximum height of 400mm, maximum base
size of 400mm by 800mm and elevated at least 50mm from the ground.
For our temporary bus shelter, the design is focused on demonstrating its skeletal structure’s ability to withstand and react
effectively under loading as well as its ability to accomplish the function of a bus shelter efficiently.
2
The following are the objectives of this project:
1. To create an understanding of skeletal structure and its relevant structural component.
2. To understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.
3. To demonstrate a convincing understanding of how skeletal construction works.
4. To be able to manipulate skeletal construction to solve an oblique design problem.

4. 3
The concept of our temporary bus shelter design is aimed towards creating a user friendly bus shelter, in terms of convenience
and efficiency for the users. We have carefully analyzed our final design to be able to accommodate at least 5 to 6 people and to
suit the comfort of the users.
Before finalizing on the final design for the temporary bus shelter, our group came up with a few design ideas.
The following are the initial design ideas (mock-ups).
Design Idea 1 was a basic skeletal structure which only
fulfilled the necessary requirements.
For this design, bamboo was considered as an option for
the material of the skeletal structure but was not chosen
due to longer and tedious process of treatment before it
is ready to be used.
Our group also took into consideration ways to maximise
the use of space within the boundary given.
Design Idea 2 included better circulation and accessibility
for the users. A section between the seats is left exposed
in order to provide better circulation.
Structurally, the skeletal construction demonstrated
better force and load distribution.
Design Idea 1 Mock-up Design Idea 2 Mock-up
FIGURE 02.2.1: DESIGN IDEA 1 FIGURE 02.2.2: DESIGN IDEA 2

5. After careful consideration of the appropriate materials and construction elements to be used for our temporary bus shelter, our
group has decided to proceed with the following design (Figure 02.3.1).
For the final design, our group has chosen steel as the primary material for our skeletal structure - steel C channel for the ground
beam, steel tubes for both the main and secondary columns, beams and roof structure. PVC coated polyester fabric and fibreglass
are used for the roof membrane and seats, respectively.
4
VISIBILITY
One side of the bus shelter is
curved and facing the direction of
incoming traffic to allow visibility
for users to be able to see buses
coming.
The curved design also ensures
that the view of approaching
buses is not obstructed.
FUNCTION
1. For public use
2. As a shelter and shade from sun, rain and wind
ACCESSIBILITY
An exposed section in between
the seats allows for easier
accessibility (both in and out of
the shelter) for users.
FIGURE 02.3.1: FINAL DESIGN
FORM
The two combination of forms
used for the design of our
temporary bus shelter are
ellipsoid and triangular prism.

6. For our interim presentation design, our temporary bus shelter design used pad footing (column to base plate and concrete
footing - grout), for each column structure, as shown in Figure 02.3.2.
FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATION
After the interim presentation, we were advised to use steel C channel for
the ground beam structure (Figure 02.3.3).
FIGURE 02.3.2: PAD FOOTING WITH BASE
PLATE – COLUMN TO FOUNDATION
FIGURE 02.3.3: C CHANNEL AS THE
GROUND BEAM
For our final design model, we proceeded with the steel C channel
(represented by plastic wire casing) for our ground beam structure.
The ground beam structure, together with the secondary columns pad
footings will then be embedded with concrete to make up the foundation for
the bus shelter structure (as illustrated in Figure 02.3.4). FIGURE 02.3.4: 3D MODELLING OF THE
BUS SHELTER
5

7. Following the design of our bus shelter, we have decided to use mild steel as the primary material for the skeletal structure.
Steel construction is suitable to be used in temporary structures as these are quick to set up and remove. However, as we are
encouraged to use recycled materials, we chose to use plastic pipes in representation of the steel skeletal structures.
6
Mild steel is immensely strong, which is a fundamental quality for skeletal construction to possess. Another important
characteristics of steel is its flexibility, as it allows for the structure to bend without cracking. This is essential as the design of our
temporary bus shelter include a curvy form. Its flexibility also makes it very good at resisting dynamic (changing) forces such as
wind or earthquake forces, which allows the structure to withstand those forces applied.
Apart from that, steel has no chemical reaction and highly durable. Other advantages of steel skeletal structures include its ability
to be assembled and built on site easily, as a lot of its construction can be pre-fabricated at the factory.
Considering the fact that our temporary bus shelter involves a combination of forms in its design, steel makes an excellent choice
of material for our group as a wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as C sections (for use of our
ground beam) and bend steel tube (for the roof structure). The wide range of joining methods (bolting and welding) is also
beneficial to our design.
PLASTIC PIPES
Plastic pipes are used to
represent steel tubes (diameter
of 3 inches) for both primary
and secondary columns, as
well as beams.
PLASTIC TUBES
Plastic tubes are used to
represent the steel tubes
(diameter of 3 inches) for the
roof structures, as it is easier
to bend into curve form.
WIRE CASING
Wire casing is used to
represent the steel C channel
for the ground beams.

8. 7
PVC coated polyester fabric is used for the roof membrane as it is weather resistant, which prevents rainwater from seeping
through. Its strength and durability are also important qualities needed in structure coverings as they need to protect and shade
both the structure and users from weather elements.
To sum up, the materials we have chosen to be used for our temporary bus shelter are materials which are ideal for a stable and
strong skeletal structure as well as resistant for outdoor use.
CANVAS
Canvas is used to represent PVC coated polyester
fabric which is used for the roof membrane of the
temporary bus shelter.
PERSPEX
Perspex is used to represent fibreglass which is used
for the seats and display panels of the temporary
bus shelter.

9. 8
ANGLED BRACKETS NUTS AND BOLTS
SCREW EYES CLOSED HOOKS
SCREWS SPLIT KEY RINGS EYELETS
METAL SWIVEL HOOK
NUTS AND BOLTS

10. 9
GROUND BEAM
The ground beam, wire casing (steel C channel) are
connected by using angled brackets and bolts and
nuts.
MAIN COLUMN TO GROUND BEAM
Main columns, plastic pipes (steel tubes) are
connected to the ground beam by using brackets and
bolts and nuts.
SECONDARY COLUMN TO PAD FOOTING
Secondary columns are slotted into bigger tubes
which are embedded in concrete pad footing. The
secondary columns are then secured to the bigger
tubes with bolts and nuts.
BEAM TO COLUMN
Beams are connected to the columns by using
customized PVC pipe fittings (steel pipe fittings) and
bolts and nuts.

11. 10
ROOF STRUCTURE TO BEAM
The roof structure, plastic tubes (bent steel tube) are
connected to the beams by using customized PVC
pipe fittings (steel pipe fittings) and bolts and nuts.
ROOF MEMBRANE
The roof membrane, canvas (PVC coated polyester
fabric), is attached to the roof structure by embedding
eyelets onto the canvas, which is then hooked onto
the screw eye closed hooks.
SEATS
The seats, Perspex (fibreglass) is connected to the
skeletal structure (lower beams) using brackets and
bolts and nuts.
DISPLAY PANEL
The display panel, Perspex (fibreglass) is connected
to the skeletal structure (columns) using brackets and
bolts and nuts.

12. Angled bracket are bolted to
connect the wire casings
together (steel C channels).
Inner view of the joint. Complete frame of C channels
for the ground beam.
11
Two angled brackets are bolted
on both sides of the main
column.
The angled brackets are then
bolted onto the ground beam.

13. 12
Secondary column is fitted into
the fitting on the pad footing.
The secondary column is
bolted to the pad footings.
35x25x25 frame work is made
according to the size of the pad
footing.
Concrete mixture is poured and
a PVC pipe (steel tube) is
placed in the middle of the
frame work.
Completed pad footing.

14. 13
PVC pipe fitting (steel pipe
fitting) and plastic tube (bent
steel tube) is used to form the
roof structure.
Customized PVC pipe fitting
(steel pipe fitting) is used to
connect the beam to column.
It is bolted at each ends to
secure the connection.
Complete installation of beams
to columns.
An arched roof structure is
formed.
Hooks are placed at each sides
for roof structure.

15. 14
Ten holes are punched on the
canvas (PVC coated polyester
fabric). Eyelets are used to
prevent it from tearing.
A ring attached with a clip is
then ringed on the holes.
Roof structure is connected
onto beams.
Bolts and nuts are used to
secure the roof to the beams.
Complete installation of roof to
the beams.
Complete installation of roof
membrane to roof structure.

16. 15
A complete installation of
display panel.
Clear Perspex (Polyfibre glass)
is used for the seats.
Two angled brackets are bolted
on the lower beam.
A complete installation of the
seats.
Clear Perspex (Polyfibre glass)
is used for the display panel.

17. 16
GROUND BEAM
MAIN COLUMN TO
GROUND BEAM
SECONDARY COLUMN
TO PAD FOOTING
BEAM TO COLUMN
ROOF STRUCTURE TO BEAM
ROOF MEMBRANE
SEATS.

18. 17
FIGURE 05.1.1 FIGURE 05.1.2
Figure 05.1.1 shows the load being evenly distributed to the four main columns to the ground beam (C channel).
Figure 05.1.2 shows the load of the roof structure being supported by the four main columns.
Both figures show the load transfer to the support beams at all sides. The main tension span in both directions, parallel to the
length and the width of the structure.

19. 18
Through this project, we have learned the following outcomes:
1. To apply construction system in our temporary bus shelter design.
2. The ability to recognize the significance of construction systems in our temporary bus shelter design.
3. To analyze strength and stability of structures, particularly the force and load distribution throughout the skeletal structure of
our temporary bus shelter.
All in all, Project 1 of Building Construction II module has taught us to undergo the process of critical thinking and problem solving.
Not only did we manage to overcome the problems and difficulties in constructing the bus shelter model, we were also able to
solve the force and load distribution in order to produce a strong and stable skeletal construction for our temporary bus shelter.

20. Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Neufert, E. (2012). Neufert Architects' data. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Understandconstruction. (2016). Steel Frame Structures. Retrieved April 24, 2016, from
http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel-frame-structures.html
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21. 20
FIGURE 07.1.1: MODEL PERSPECTIVE
FIGURE 07.1.2: STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE
FIGURE 07.1.3: EXPLODED
AXONOMETRIC

22. 21
FIGURE 07.1.4: FRONT VIEW OF MODEL FIGURE 07.1.5: PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF
MODEL