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"Killer Drugs & The Supplement Hall of Fame" - IMMH Brazil, 2015
“Killer Drugs & The Supplement
Hall of Fame”
Louis Cady, MD
CEO, Founder – Cady Wellness Institute
Newburgh, Indiana (US)
Indiana School of Medicine,
Dept. of Psychiatry
Brazil, 2015
Learning objectives
• Avoid killing/injuring patient with OBVIOUS
drug-drug interaction
– Become aware of more subtle interactions
– Identify some “fairly safe” medications for use
• Review key, basic concepts about groups of
vitamins, relevance of antioxidants, specific
minerals, and fish oil
• Will NOT review topics covered in other
lectures here, or advanced topics on
specific nutrients.
The BASICS
“Mr. Rohn, the
difference between
success and failure
in any endeavor is about a half-
dozen things.”
-Earl Shoaff
Organization
• Drug interactions
• Antioxidants
• B-vitamins
• Minerals
• “PUFA’s”
• Gingko
• Neurotransmitter boosters
• Nootropics (brief)
“Streaking”, or…..
Better Buckle Up!!!
• Definition: Streaking is the act of taking off
one's clothes and running naked through a
public place. [ref:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaking - accessed 09
02 2013]
• “In 1973, what the press called a ‘streaking
epidemic’ hit Stephen F. Austin State University in
Nacogdoches, TX, with streakers being seen in
residence halls, at football games and at various
other on-campus locations and events, including
Spring graduation.”
(Harvard-Yale game, 2006)
“Drug-drug interactions”
clinically relevant?!
Drug-drug interactions: chum for legal “sharks”
Two potential for interactions
1. PharmacoKINETICS – what the body does
to the drug
2. PharmacoDYNAMICS – what the drug(s)
do to the body.
The brain dead, almost too-obvious to
mention FATAL drug interaction
• MAOI with ANYTHING that boosts serotonin or
other catecholamines, e.g: nose spray,
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, SJW, ANY anti-
depressant, or any of the following:
– Phenylpiperidine, opioids, meperidine, tramadol,
methadone, dextromethorphan, propoxyphene – all
appear to be weak SSRI’s.
• “Stealth MAOI’s”:
– Linezolid (Zyvox ®) - for vancomycin resistant
Enterococcus faecium infections, & MRSA
– Isoniazid (tuberculosis)
– Moclobemide (reversible MAO-A inhibitor – n/a in USA)
The similarly brain-dead “UN-interaction”
• 5HTP for precursor loading ALONG WITH
an SSRI, given reasonable doses, e.g.:
– Escitalopram – 20 mg + 50 and then 100 mg
5HTP, going up to as much as 300 mg per day
SLOWLY.
• (this is incredibly useful for antidepresssant “Poop-
out”)
• The STUPID, BRAIN DEAD way to create a
5HTP interaction:
– Fluoxetine 80 mg from a standing start, plus
300 mg 5HTP to wash it down with. DUMB. 
“Strattera (atomoxetine)
[coupled with Prozac or Paxil]
has been great for our
admissions.”
-Dr. William Beute, MD
Pine Rest Campus Clinic
Grand Rapids, MI
April 21, 2004
[quoted with permission]
Cytochrome p-450 2D6 inhibition measured as %
increase in “Desipramine AUC” – in vivo data
Preskhorn, Alderman, et al. Pharmacokinetics of desipramine coadministered
with sertraline or fluoxetine. J. Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:90-98;
Escitalopram package insert - note – different source of data, but same method
Critically important when
combining with other Rx
metabolized through 2D6
pathways
SomeSome drugs metabolized throughdrugs metabolized through
cytochrome P-450 2D6 systemcytochrome P-450 2D6 system
ADHDADHD
 AmphetaminesAmphetamines
 atomoxetineatomoxetine
AnalgesicsAnalgesics
• AcetaminophenAcetaminophen
• AspirinAspirin
AntacidsAntacids
AntiarrthymicsAntiarrthymics
• Procainamide,Procainamide,
• QuinidineQuinidine
• EncainideEncainide
• FlecainideFlecainide
AnticonvulsantAnticonvulsant
• carbamazepinecarbamazepine
ANTI-PAINANTI-PAIN
 CODEINE!CODEINE!
BronchodilatorsBronchodilators
• TheophyllineTheophylline
CardiacCardiac
• Digoxin; digitalisDigoxin; digitalis
CoughCough
• DextromethorphanDextromethorphan
DiureticsDiuretics
• ChlorthalidoneChlorthalidone
• FurosemideFurosemide
• HCTZHCTZ
• TriamterineTriamterine
AntibioticsAntibiotics
• TMP & SMXTMP & SMX
• AmpicillinAmpicillin
• ErythromycinErythromycin
• PenicillinPenicillin
• TetracyclineTetracycline
AntidepressantsAntidepressants
• TCATCA’’s &s & ““2Ps2Ps””
AntihistaminesAntihistamines
AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives
AntipsychoticsAntipsychotics
• clozapineclozapine
• risperidonerisperidone
• olanzapineolanzapine
Substrates TCA’s, 2 P’s,
Duloxetine, atomoetine,
Amphetamine(s)
risperidone, clozapine,
aripiprazole, DMX,
Codeine, hydrocodone,
oxycodone, tramadol
(see also previous page)
Zolpidem, Alprazolam
Simvastatin,
atorvastatin
ziprasidone, lurasidone,
OCA’s, Buspirone,
TRAZODONE, CBZ,
Odansetron,
TERFENADINE,
Methadone, Fentanyl,
Codeine, (R )/Modafanil
Clozapine
INDUCERS Dexamethasone, Rifampin,
oxycodone, hydrocodone
SJW (!!), RIFAMPIN,
(R )/Modafanil Barbs,
phenytoin, CBZ, rifampin,
dill, topirimate, some
antiretrovirals
Cigarette
smoke
INHIBITORS “The 2 P’s”, Celebrex,
Cimetidine, Ranitidine,
Methadone,
Chlorphenamarine,
chlorpromazine
KETOCONAZOLE,
voriconazole, “-conazoles”
fluconazole, grapefruit
juice, clarithromycin,
ritonavir, “-mycin’s”, Dill,
cimetidine, diltiazem,–
especially, macrolides,
Nefazodone
Theophylline,
Ciprofloxacin,
fluvoxamine
Mod. inhibitor Sertraline (mild), citalopram
(mild)
DTZ, atazanavir, EES,
fluconazole, verapamil
2D6 3A4 1A2
"Killer Drugs & The Supplement Hall of Fame" - IMMH Brazil, 2015
The “not so selective” SSRI’s; how to
“Do yourself a favor.”
drug Clean?? 2nd
order effects Side effects possible
Escitalopram
(generic 3/2012)
Yes NOTHING (excess serotonin side
effects only)
Sertraline Yes Dopamine (1/3 as
potent as
amphetamine)
Agitation, nervousness;
improved [ ]
Citalopram Yes AntiH1 Sedation (note- FDA
lowered max dose to
40mg)
Paxil NO!! Anti-Chol.
NOT “NRI”
Doped up, TCA effects,
neurocognitive problems,
withdrawal. Sexual,
Prostate sxs
Fluoxetine NO!! 5HT2C Agitation, appetite
suppression
“Danger! Danger, Will Robinson!”
Side Effects & Drug Interactions:
The Doc Cady “Can’t s” of the TCA’s
Pee
Poop
Spit
Spurt
Focus
Think
Stand up
Stay awake
Stay thin
ANTICHOLINERGIC/
ANTIMUSCARINIC
EFFECTS
Alpha-adrenergic
blockade
"Antihistamine"
effects
Source: www.wiki.answers.com
Accessed July 27, 2013
New Agents, New Mechanisms
(agent) (MOA) Differentiating points
Venlafaxine (“IR” and XR)
(2D6)
SSRI, NRI Nausea, GI side effects, sxl
dysfunction
Duloxetine (2D6) SSRI, NRI Same. Better tolerated. For pain
w/ dep.
Desvenlafaxine (various)
Levomilnacipram (3A4)
SSRI, NRI Better tolerated
Trazodone XR with
Contramid®
5HT2a/c
BLOCKER, mild
SSRI
Vilazodone (3A4) SPA, SSRI ONLY SPARI. Weaker SSRI.
Targets 5HT1A. Less sexual side
effects.
Bupropion (“XL” – not
“SR”) (2B6)
“NDRI” Possibility of anxiety & “wound
up.” Improved concentration.
Push to 450 mg. (Seizure risk.)
…low levels of the antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, E, and C) may
increase risk for several chronic diseases. Most people do not
consume an optimal amount of all vitamins by diet alone.
Pending strong evidence of effectiveness from randomized trials, it
appears prudent for all adults to take vitamin
supplements.
“Inadequate intakes may result in chronic
metabolic disruption, including mitochondrial
decay.”
“[They] cause DNA damage, such as chromosome
breaks, in cultured human cells or in vivo.”
“triage theory
The Physicians’ Health Study II
• Take a multivitamin!
CONCLUSIONS: “Daily multivitamin
supplementation modestly but
significantly reduced the risk of total
cancer.” [HR 0.92, 95% CI, p=0.04]
Antioxidants, in general
15,318 US adults in 3rd
National Health and Nutrition Examination
Follow-up study. (Different lifestyles and health risk factors were
accounted for in the study)
“serum alpha-carotene concentrations were
inversely associated with risk of death from all
causes, CVD, cancer, and all other causes[sic].”
"Killer Drugs & The Supplement Hall of Fame" - IMMH Brazil, 2015
Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing (EVA study)
Total plasma carotenoids are inversely related to mortality
(Akbaraly TN, et al Br J Nutr, Jan 2009)
• Study N=1389
– Age range = 59 – 71 years
– 9 years of duration with six waves of follow-up.
• Findings:
– “low total plasma carotenoid level was significantly
associated with all cause mortality in men but not in
women.
– 2.94X higher relative risk of mortality of being in lowest
quintile compared to highest quintile.
– “The present study suggests that total plasma
carotenoid levels could be a health indicator in
elderly populations.”
Conclusions from another study
• “It is concluded that
administration of antioxidants
could reduce the incidence of
brain tumors and probably other
types of cancer.”
• - Shewelta SA , Sheikh, BY Curr Drug Metab. 2011
Jul;12(6):587-93. (Dept.of Biosciences & Technology,
Alexandria University, Egypt.)
Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status
& survival in institutionalized elderly
• Plasma MDA
predicted mortality
independently of all
other variables.
• B-carotene and
alpha tocopherol
were independently
associated with
survival. Huerta JM et al. Free Radical Research
2006, vol 40, no 6. pp 571-578.
Over 50% of the women in the Iowa study
lived longer than the average life
expectancy
38,000 White Women in Iowa
Early results showed women who used
C, D, E, and Calcium had significantly
lower rates of death
Meydani SN. Nutr Rev. 1993 Apr;51(4):106-9
“Recent studies have shown that supplementing the
elderly with single nutrients or mixtures of vitamins
and minerals at levels that exceed the
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
significantly improves certain indices of the immune
response.”
“Recent studies have shown that supplementing the
elderly with single nutrients or mixtures of vitamins
and minerals at levels that exceed the
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
significantly improves certain indices of the immune
response.”
Multiple lines lines of evidence indicate that
oxidative stress not only strongly participates in
an early stage of Alzheimer's disease prior to
cytopathology, but plays an important role in
inducing and activating multiple cell signaling
pathways that contribute to the lesion formations
of toxic substances and then promotes the
development of Alzheimer's disease.
Vitamins E & C Supplements Limit Oxidative
Brain Cell Damage, Cognitive Dysfunction
• Head, E, Christie L. (UC Irvine). Cognitive performance,
dementia and DNA/RNA oxidative damage in the oldest
old.” Poster 256 Oxidative Stress and Synaptic
Transmission, San Diego, 2007.
• “The two antioxidant vitamins were associated with
decreased oxidative damage to brain cells in the frontal
cortex. The researchers found that better cognitive
performances in elderly subjects is associated with lower
levels of oxidative DNA & RNA damage in the brain, and
that those taking multivitamins including vitamins E or C
tended to perform better on a test of global cognitive
ability.”
Adult ADHD and antioxidant status
Selek S et al. Evaluation of total oxidative status in adult attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder and its diagnostic implications. J. Psychiatry Research. 2012 Apr;46(4):451-5
• Blood samples obtained and total antioxidative status
(TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), and Oxidative Stress
Index(OSI) were determine at Harran University
Biochemistry Labs.
• ADHD group: TAS, TOS, and OSI were significantly higher
than controls.
– Adult ADHD was able to be predicted for TOS (Total
oxidative status) over 9.8575 umol H2)2/L level with 86% positive
predictive value and 100% negative predictive value.
• “In A-ADHD, oxidative balance in impaired.
High antioxidant levels may be
compensatory against the oxidant increase.”
“Antioxidants” & The State of the
Literature 9/8/2015
• “Antioxidant” with…
– ADHD - 124 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 4,703 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 491 citations
– Autism - 253 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 376 citations
– “clinical depression” 869 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 114 citations
– Schizophrenia - 852 citations
Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
“Antioxidants” with schizophrenia – a
taste of the literature
• Inflammation and schizophrenia: Alterations
in cytokine levels and perturbation in
antioxidative defense systems.
– Al-Asmari A, Khan MW. Hum Exp Toxicol.
2013 July 8
• The use of flavonoids in central nervous
system disorders.
– Grosso C, et al. Curr Med Chem. 2013 Jun 25
Abnormal redox processes:
•Parkinson's
•Huntington’s
•Alzheimer’s
•Prions
•Down’s syndrome
•Ataxia
•Multiple sclerosis,
•Creutzfeldt-Jacob
•ALS
•Schizophrenia
•Tardive dyskinesia
Kovacic P, et al. Curr. Neuropharm. 2012 Dec; 10(4):289-302Kovacic P, et al. Curr. Neuropharm. 2012 Dec; 10(4):289-302
Rx:
• Balanced MVI with antioxidants
–A
–C
–E
–S elenium
• Plant based carotenoids, phytochemicals
– Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Astaxanthin, etc. (Macular degeneration studies)
• Coenzyme Q10, N-acetyl cysteine (or analogs)
Antioxidant assessment
Reference (optional):
www.cadywellness.com/cadyw
Reference (optional):
www.cadywellness.com/cadyw
B-vitamins
What the OAT showed…. (& “take home” points)
• DANGER of prescribing “one shot” B-vitamins
• B-vitamin COMPLEX recommended
• SERIOUS Vitamin C deficiencies exist.
– (This increases oxidative stress)
• Other nutrients & co-factors easily identified
!!!
Low riboflavin confirmed; very low (!!) Vit C; moderate CoQ10
The Effects of high dose B vitamins
on stress at work
• 3 month, double blind, placebo control, randomized study
– Measured: Personality, work demands, mood, anxiety, and strain
• The vitamin B complex treated
group reported significantly lower
personal strain and a reduction in
confusion and depressed/dejected
mood after 12 weeks.
Strough C et al. The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-
complex on work stress. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011 Sept 8. doi
10.1002/hup.1229 (Swinburne University of Technology – Hawthorn, Victoria,
Australia.)
BRAIN SHRINKAGE…
Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, et al. (2010) Homocysteine-Lowering by B Vitamins Slows the
Rate of Accelerated Brain Atrophy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE
5(9): e12244. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012244
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012244
CONCLUSIONS: “The
accelerated rate of brain
atrophy in elderly with MCI can
be slowed by treatment with
homocysteine-lowering B-
vitamins.”
OK. It slows shrinkage. But are they sharper?
[deJager CA et al. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 June;27(6):592-600]
“B-vitamins appear to slow cognitive and clinical
decline in people with MCI.”
“Micronutrient supplementation has a beneficial
effect on perceived stress, mild psychiatric
symptoms, and aspects of mood in apparently
healthy individuals. Supplements containing high
doses of B vitamins may be more effective in
improving mood states.”
The first groundbreaking study on use of a
vitamin to treat a mental disorder (B3)
• “Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide.”
– Hoffer A, et al. J Clin Exp Psychopath, 18:131-158.
Begun in 1952, published in 1957
• 30 schizophrenic patients
• Randomized to placebo, niacinamide, or niacin +other standard
treatments (ECT, barbiturate, psychotherapy)
– TX: 1 gram three times daily for 30 days (only)
– Then followed for 1 year.
• At one year: active treatment group had 80%
recovery rate compared to placebo (30%)
1973 APA Hatchet Job on vitamins
• 1973 APA Task Force on Megavitamin and Orthomolecular
Therapy in Psychiatry
– Headed by Morris Lipton, MD – who was biased against.
• “… this Task Force considers the massive publicity which
they promulgate via radio, the lay press and popular books,
using catch phrases which are really misnomers like
‘megavitamin therapy’ and ‘orthomolecular treatment’ to be
deplorable.”
• Consequences:
– Inhibited any further exploration of nutrition/diet in schizophrenia
– Raised fears of academic retaliation, professional ostracism
• (& Flawed medical studies followed – with high dose
vitamins pushed to toxic levels (or used at ineffective
dosages), and not in healthy combinations.)
Canadian Psychiatric Association: “Statement
on Current Status of Megavitamin and
Orthomolecular Therapies, 1976”
“…recommends that
physicians do not use
these treatments except in
controlled clinical
investigations.”
• Irritability
• Apathy
• Anxiety
• Personality changes
• Depression
• Memory loss
• Dementia
• Subtle subclinical
cognitive impairment
• Hallucinations
• Violent behavior
Symptoms of B12 Deficiency
• Diminished sense of
touch and pain
• Clumsiness
• Weakness
• Pernicious anemia
• Chronic fatigue
• Tremors
• GI problems
• Peripheral neuropathy
Mental Physical
Your brain and B12
• If you are in the bottom 1/3rd
for B-12
levels….
• SIX TIMES increase risk of
brain volume loss (Odds ratio =
6.17, 95% CI)
– Vogiatzoglou A et al. Vitamin B12 status and
rate of brain volume loss in community-dwellers.
Neurology. 2008 Sep 9;71(11):826-32.
– (107 volunteers aged 61-87 years of age)
Vitamin B3 Restores Memory Loss
Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease
• Green K et al. (UC Irvine) “Oral Nicotinamide Treatment
Induces Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of phospho-tau
and restores cognitive function in a mouse model of
Alzheimer disease.” Poster 157, Nov 4 at Alzheimer’s
Disease and Other Dementias: Therapies II; San Diego
2007
• B3 given to rice BRED to develop plaques and tangles.
• Mice that received this had lower levels of phosphorylated
tau.
• “These findings suggest that Vitamin B3… might be a safe
and effective therapy for people with Alzheimer’s disease.”
B6 – appears helpful in autism
• Rimland, B et al. The effect of high doses of
vitamin B6 on autistic children: a double-blind
crossover study.” Am J Psychiatry. 1978
Apr;135(4):472-5
• 16 autistic children previously doing well on
B6 supplementation.
– Double blind – removal of B6 supplement and
replacement with placebo or continuation of B6
– “Behavior was rated as deteriorating
significantly during the B6 withdrawal.”
B6 with magnesium for ADHD
• “Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children
supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention
deficit hyperactivity disorders.
– Mousain-Bosc M et al. Magnesium Res. 2006 Mar;19(1):46-52
• 40 children with symptoms of ADHD dosed with 6 mg/kg/d
of Magnesium and 0.6 mg/kg/d vit B6 for 8 weeks.
– Baseline – ADHD kids had significantly lower levels of RBC Mg than controls.
• TREATMENT:
– Mg-B6 regimen – led to significant increase in RBC Mg values.
– Hyperactivity and hyperemotivity/aggressiveness were reduced, and school
attention was improved.
• Withdrawal – when tx stopped, clinical symptoms re-
appeared in a few weeks together with drop in Ribcage
levels.
“B-vitamin deficiency” & The State of
the Literature September 8, 2015
• “B-vitamin deficiency” with…
– ADHD - 10 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 213 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 35 citations
– Autism - 27 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 23 citations
– “clinical depression” 103 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 5 citations
– Schizophrenia - 62 citations
Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
Just a “taste” of B-vitamin deficiency
with Schizophrenia
• Vitamin B12 deficiency masquerading as
clozapine-resistant psychotic symptoms in
schizophrenia
– Raveendranathan D, et al. J Neuropsychiatry Clin
Neurosci. 2013 Spring; 25(2):E34-5.
• Hyperhomocysteinemia & schizophrenia: case
control study.
– Mabrouk H, et al. Encephale. 2011 Sep; 37(4):308-13.
• Folate supplementation in schizophrenia: a
possible role for MTHFT genotype.
– Hill M, et al. Schizophr Res. 2011 Apr; 127(1-3):41-5.
Minerals
- Selenium is one of the factors that may affect the risk of cognitive
decline. In selenium deficiency the brain remains selenium replete
the longest suggesting that Se plays an important role in brain
functions.
- Results from this study: “Low Se status is a risk factor for
cognitive decline even after taking into account vascular risk
factors
Special needs - Zinc
• Low Zinc- associated with low testosterone
– Per USDA, 60% of US men between 20 – 49
years of age do not get enough.
– N.B.: Do not supplement with > 50 mg daily
(can interfere with Cu+ metabolism)
• Tsai, E.C., Boyko, E.J., Leonetti, D.L., & Fujimoto,
W.Y. (2000). Low serum testosterone level as a
predictor of increased visceral fat in Japanese-
American men.
International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Dis
24, 485-491
Correlation between serum testosterone level and
concentrations of copper and zinc in hair tissue
[Chang, CS et al. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec; 144(1-3):264-71]
• 88 men 40 – 60 years of age.
• Serum testosterone measured in a.m.
• Copper and zinc levels quantified
• “subjects with normal testosterone had a
significantly higher Zn level compared to low
testosterone group (P=-.003)”
• “Normal testosterone is associated with a
higher Zn level.”
North America 85%
South America 76%
Asia 76%
Africa 74%
Europe 72%
Australia 55%
% Mineral depletion from the soil
during the past 100 years, by continent
Source: UN Earth Summit Report 1992
Magnesium! (from white paper by Greenblatt and Heim)
• Depleted in soil
• Nutrient depleted, calorie dense fast/processed food
• NHANES study (2005-2006) – 2/3rds of men and women
don’t get enough.
• First documented in 1921 – with 220/250 patients receiving
it benefited from it.1
• Confirmatory studies over last 50 years. 2,3,4
1. Weston PG. Magnesium as a sedative. Am J Psychiatry (1921) 22(1):637–8.
2. Jacka FN, Overland S, Stewart R, et al. Association between magnesium intake and
depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland health study. Aus
New Zealand J Psych (2009) 43(1):45-52.
3. Eby, G.A. 3rd, Eby KL. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and
hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses(2010) 74(4):649-60.
4. Greenblatt, J. The Breakthrough Depression Solution. Sunrise River Press (2011)
Magnesium & The State of the
Literature September 8, 2015
• Magnesium with…
– ADHD - 47 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 149 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 76 citations
– Autism - 60 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 122 citations
– “clinical depression” 180 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 33 citations
– Schizophrenia - 96 citationsSurf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
Do YOU Need Fish Oil?
5X reduction
• 493 schoolchildren, aged 7 – 9 years
from mainstream Oxfordshire schoosl,
selected for BELOW AVERAGE reading
performance.
• Lower DHA levels assoc. with:
– poorer reading ability
– Higher levels of parent rated oppositional
behavior & emotional lability
PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66697. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0066697. Print 2013.
PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66697. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0066697. Print 2013.
• 29 schoolchildren with ADHD vs. 43
without
• Callous-unemotional (CU) traits were
found to be significantly negatively
related to both eicosapentaenoic acid
(EPA), and total omega-3 in the ADHD
group.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.
2013 Jun;88(6):411-8.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.
2013 Jun;88(6):411-8.
• "Chronic deficiencies of certain minerals
such as zinc, iron, magnesium and iodine
and insufficient dietary intake of long-
chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may
have a significant impact on the
development and deepening of the
symptoms of ADHD in children.”
• Importance of DHA emphasized.
Konikowska K, et. al. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig.
2012;63(2):127-34.
Konikowska K, et. al. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig.
2012;63(2):127-34.
Top Targeted Supplements
(# of citations in PubMed
September 8, 2015)
• Gingko (3,516)
• S-adenosyl methionine [SAMe] (8,396)
• Curcumin (8,068)
• SJW – Saint John’s Wort (2,390)
• Panax Ginseng (5,302)
• Ashwaghanda (766)
• Deplin, EnLyte (by RX) = l-methylfolate
Gingko – color commentary
• 3,516 citations in PubMed as of September 8, 2015
• Cognitive enhancement:
– 34 outpatients with moderate cognitive impairments tx’ed with
standard extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb761) – 240 mg twice
daily . Significant improvement in attention, memory, orientation,
and visual-spatial/executive functions as well as anxiety and
depression.”
• Boiko AN et al. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2013 –
“Possibilities of medical correction of moderate cognitive impairment.”
• In addition to cognitive effects:
– Might be useful in patient with early diabetic nephropathy .
Zhang L et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013
– Anti-inflammatory on osteoarthritis of knee. Chen YJ et al. J
Orthop Res. 2013 Mar 11.
EGb761 is used in most trials. Dosages: 80 –
720mg/day
Mechanisms of action: increasing cerebral blood flow,
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, with
antiplatelet effects attributed to flavone and terpene
lactones.
“Possible interactions with MAOI’s, alprazolam,
haloperidol, warfarin, and nifedipine have been
reported.”
Clinically relevant interactions – Gingko
Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(31):4836-50. Chen, XW et al.
• Gingko may potentiate bleeding with
warfarin or aspirin
• increases blood pressure when combined
with thiazide diuretics
• has even led to a coma when combined
with trazodone
• induced mania if taken concomitantly with
phenelzine (MAOI)
New study – gingko/drug interactions may not be
as bad as thought
• Gingko leaf extracts (GLE’s) known to be taken regularly
by older people who are likely to use multiple other
drugs.
• IN VIVO studies in humans could not replicate preclinical
studies of high doses/concentrations of GLE that hinted
at both inhibition and induction of metabolic enzymes
and transporters.
• “At 240 mg/day, a clinically relevant interaction potential
of the standardized GLE EgB 761 could not be shown.”
• Doses higher than that led to weak induction of
CYP2C19 and weak inhibition of CYP3A4.”
Citation: Unger M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving gingko biloba.
Drug Metab Rev. 2013 Aug; 45(3):353-85.
New study – gingko/drug interactions may not be
as bad as thought (conclusions)
• “THUS… the intake of the standardized GLE
Egb 761, together with synthetic drugs appears
to be safe as long as daily doses up to 240 mg
care consumed.”
• One caveat [from CADY] : this does not review the
potential for additive anticoagulant effects; it merely means
that gingko appears safe with everything else BESIDES
anticoagulants.
• Not for use with dual antiplatelet therapy or anti-coagulant
therapy.
Citation: Unger M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving gingko biloba.
Drug Metab Rev. 2013 Aug; 45(3):353-85.
Gingko in Alzheimer’s disease
Ihl R. Effects of Gingko biloba extract Egb 761 ® in
dementia with neuropsychiatric features: review of
recently completed randomized, controlled trials. Int J
Psychiatry Clin Practice 2013 Jun 28.
• Review of four randomized, controlled trials investigating
efficacy of EGb761 in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s or
vascular dementia with neuropsychiatric features.
• N= 1,294 patients in this meta-analysis.
• These trials compared 120 mg twice daily or 240 mg daily
of EGb 761®.
– Three trials: EGb 761 vs. placebo
– One trial: Egb 761 vs. placebo with donepezil as an active control
Gingko in Alzheimer’s disease
Ihl R. 2013 ibidem
• “Patients treated with Egb 761 ® showed improvements of
cognitive performance and behavioural symptoms that
were associated with advances in activities of daily living
and a reduced burden to caregivers.”
– Placebo treated patients showed only minimal improvements.
– In each placebo controlled trial, Egb 761 ® was significantly
superior in all mentioned domains (p< 0.01)
– Note: in actively controlled trial, Egb 761 ® and donepezil (as well
as a combo of both drugs) had similar effects.”
• CONCLUSIONS: “The review supports the efficacy
of EGb 761 ® in age-related dementia with
neuropsychiatric features. The drug [sic] was safe
and well tolerated.”
“L-methylfolate: a Vitamin for your Monoamines”
[Stahl, SM Journ Clin Psych. Vol 69:9, Sept 2008 1352-1353]
Source: Stephen M. Stahl, MD, Ph.D., Neuroscience Education Institute
Law of mass action: “load the left side”
• L-tyrosine 500 –
1000 mg twice daily
– three times daily
• N-acetyl l-tyrosine
- 300 – 600 mg daily
to bid
• 5-HTP (w/ or w/o
P5P) – 50 – 100 mg
twice daily to three
times daily (start at
bedtime)
This technique is incredibly useful for
stimulant or antidepressant “poop-out”
This technique is incredibly useful for
stimulant or antidepressant “poop-out”
Nutraceutical “riffs”
• Randomized double-blind,
placebo controlled,
crossover
• 30 adults – ½ in each
group then crossed over
• 3 ingredients in active
– High potency
MVI/multimineral
– Fish oil (2.8 g, w/ 860
mg EPA + 580 mg
DHA)
– “BDN’s” – brain-
directed nutrients
• Outcome: rCBF &
MicroCog test
Amen, DG et al. Advances, Spring 2013 vol 27, no. 2, pp 24-33.
(loaded with references!)
Amen, DG et al. Advances, Spring 2013 vol 27, no. 2, pp 24-33.
(loaded with references!)
What was in the (deliberately lower dosed, synergistic)
brain enhancement supplement??
• In four capsules:
– Gingko – 80 mg
– Vinpocetine – 10 mg
– Phosphatidylserine – 67 mg (lower cortisol)
– Acetyl l-carnitine – 667 mg (elevate Ach levels)
– Huperzine – 100ug
• (primary cognitive enhancer; dosages within 200 –
400 mcg considered safe)
– N-acetyl cysteine 400 mg
• (as glutathione precursor)
So what the
heck am I
supposed to
do with this
stuff?
Louis B. Cady, M.D. www.cadywellness.com
www.facebook.com/cadywellness www.tms-relief.com
Office: 812-429-0772 E-mail: lcady@cadywellness.com
4727 Rosebud Lane – Suite F ~ Interstate Office Park Newburgh, IN 47630 (USA)
TWITTER FEEDS: @LouisCadyMD @TMS4depression
Once more…. 
Where to “get the slides” -
Syllabus
www.slideshare.net/lcadymd
Cady Wellness Institute
app.
A few extra references
follow…
Neural inflammation/oxidative stress
in post-partum depression.
• Anderson G, Maes M. Journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and
Treatment. 2013;9:277-87. E pub Feb 21 Postpartum depression:
psychoneuroimmunological underpinnings and treatment.
• Biological underpinnings reviewed:
– Tryptophan catabolites, indoleamine 2,3, dioxygenase, serotonin,
and autoimmunity mediates immuno-inflammation and oxidative
and nitrosative stress.
– It is suggested that the increased inflammatory
potential, decreased endogenous anti-inflammatory
compounds, together with decreased omega-3-poly-
unsaturated fatty acids causes an inflammatory
environment in the post-natal period.
– Melatonin recommended, as well as antidepressants and anti-
inflammatories.
H - 83
Vitamins – good for delinquents? (2000)
• DESIGN: stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled trial with pretest and post-test measures of
antisocial behavior on school property.
• SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Two "working class," primarily
Hispanic elementary schools in Phoenix, Arizona.
– C. ½ the school population participated: 468 students aged 6 to 12
years.
• INTERVENTION: Daily vitamin-mineral supplementation at
50% of the U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) for 4
months versus placebo. The supplement was designed to
raise vitamin-mineral intake up to the levels currently
recommended by the National Academy of Sciences for
children aged 6 to 11 years.
Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on
juvenile delinquency among American schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind
placebo-controlled trial. Altern Complement Med 2000 Feb;6(1):7-17
H - 84
Results [Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. 2000, loc cit.]
• Of the 468 students randomly assigned to active or
placebo tablets, the 80 who were disciplined at least
once between September 1st and May 1st served as
the research sample.
• The 40 children who received active tablets were
disciplined, on average, 1 time each, a 47% lower mean
rate of antisocial behavior than….
• The placebo group of 40 children, who were
disciplined 1.875 times each (95% confidence
interval, 29% to 65%, p < .020).
• The children who took active tablets produced lower
rates of antisocial behavior in 8 types of recorded
infractions: threats/fighting, vandalism, being disrespectful, disorderly
conduct, defiance, obscenities, refusal to work or serve, endangering others,
and nonspecified offenses.
Conclusions [Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. 2000, loc cit.]
• “Poor nutritional habits in children that lead to
low concentrations of water-soluble vitamins
in blood, impair brain function and subsequently
cause violence and other serious antisocial
behavior.”
• “Correction of nutrient intake, either through a
well-balanced diet or low-dose vitamin-mineral
supplementation, corrects the low concentrations
of vitamins in blood, improves brain function and
subsequently lowers institutional violence and
antisocial behavior by almost half.”
PUFA’s & The State of the Literature
September 8, 2015
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids with…
– ADHD - 185 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 978 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 186 citations
– Autism - 106 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 219 citations
– “clinical depression” 492 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 34 citations
– Schizophrenia - 485 citations
Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
Omega-3’s with memory
• Yves Sauve, Ph.D. & colleagues
– University of Alberta
– Applied Physiology, Nutrition &
Metabolism 2012
• Lab models fed Omega-3 diet
had 30% higher levels of DHA
in hippocampus compared to
controls
• Appears to support the theory
that Omega 3 rich diet or dietary
supplementation may protect
memory.
“Antioxidants” & The State of the
Literature 9/1/2013
• “Antioxidant” with…
– ADHD - 91citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 1,539 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 361 citations
– Autism - 178 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 294 citations
– “clinical depression” 762 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 95 citations
– Schizophrenia - 736 (!!) citations
Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
References for previous research
published on cited supplements –
two years ago
Top Targeted Supplements
(# of citations in PubMed 07 27 2013)
• Gingko (3,056)
• SAMe (7,713)
• Curcumin (5,848)
• SJW – Saint John’s Wort (2,138)
• Panax Ginseng (4,333)
• Ashwaghanda (576)
• Deplin, EnLyte (by RX) = l-methylfolate
“B-vitamin deficiency” & The State of
the Literature 9/1/2013
• “B-vitamin deficiency” with…
– ADHD - 2 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 44 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 5 citations
– Autism - 10 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 4 citations
– “clinical depression” 25 citations
– Fibromyalgia - none specifically
– Schizophrenia - 8 citations
Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
Magnesium & The State of the
Literature 9/1/2013
• Magnesium with…
– ADHD - 47 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 149 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 70 citations
– Autism - 53 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 119 citations
– “clinical depression” 163 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 29 citations
– Schizophrenia - 96 citationsSurf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
PUFA’s & The State of the Literature
9/1/2013
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids with…
– ADHD - 159 citations
– Alzheimer’s dz - 335 citations
– Anxiety disorder - 132 citations
– Autism - 80 citations
– Bipolar disorder - 189 citations
– “clinical depression” 432 citations
– Fibromyalgia - 31 citations
– Schizophrenia - 426 citations
Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!

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"Killer Drugs & The Supplement Hall of Fame" - IMMH Brazil, 2015

  • 2. “Killer Drugs & The Supplement Hall of Fame” Louis Cady, MD CEO, Founder – Cady Wellness Institute Newburgh, Indiana (US) Indiana School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry Brazil, 2015
  • 3. Learning objectives • Avoid killing/injuring patient with OBVIOUS drug-drug interaction – Become aware of more subtle interactions – Identify some “fairly safe” medications for use • Review key, basic concepts about groups of vitamins, relevance of antioxidants, specific minerals, and fish oil • Will NOT review topics covered in other lectures here, or advanced topics on specific nutrients.
  • 4. The BASICS “Mr. Rohn, the difference between success and failure in any endeavor is about a half- dozen things.” -Earl Shoaff
  • 5. Organization • Drug interactions • Antioxidants • B-vitamins • Minerals • “PUFA’s” • Gingko • Neurotransmitter boosters • Nootropics (brief)
  • 6. “Streaking”, or….. Better Buckle Up!!! • Definition: Streaking is the act of taking off one's clothes and running naked through a public place. [ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaking - accessed 09 02 2013] • “In 1973, what the press called a ‘streaking epidemic’ hit Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, TX, with streakers being seen in residence halls, at football games and at various other on-campus locations and events, including Spring graduation.” (Harvard-Yale game, 2006)
  • 8. Drug-drug interactions: chum for legal “sharks”
  • 9. Two potential for interactions 1. PharmacoKINETICS – what the body does to the drug 2. PharmacoDYNAMICS – what the drug(s) do to the body.
  • 10. The brain dead, almost too-obvious to mention FATAL drug interaction • MAOI with ANYTHING that boosts serotonin or other catecholamines, e.g: nose spray, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, SJW, ANY anti- depressant, or any of the following: – Phenylpiperidine, opioids, meperidine, tramadol, methadone, dextromethorphan, propoxyphene – all appear to be weak SSRI’s. • “Stealth MAOI’s”: – Linezolid (Zyvox ®) - for vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium infections, & MRSA – Isoniazid (tuberculosis) – Moclobemide (reversible MAO-A inhibitor – n/a in USA)
  • 11. The similarly brain-dead “UN-interaction” • 5HTP for precursor loading ALONG WITH an SSRI, given reasonable doses, e.g.: – Escitalopram – 20 mg + 50 and then 100 mg 5HTP, going up to as much as 300 mg per day SLOWLY. • (this is incredibly useful for antidepresssant “Poop- out”) • The STUPID, BRAIN DEAD way to create a 5HTP interaction: – Fluoxetine 80 mg from a standing start, plus 300 mg 5HTP to wash it down with. DUMB. 
  • 12. “Strattera (atomoxetine) [coupled with Prozac or Paxil] has been great for our admissions.” -Dr. William Beute, MD Pine Rest Campus Clinic Grand Rapids, MI April 21, 2004 [quoted with permission]
  • 13. Cytochrome p-450 2D6 inhibition measured as % increase in “Desipramine AUC” – in vivo data Preskhorn, Alderman, et al. Pharmacokinetics of desipramine coadministered with sertraline or fluoxetine. J. Clin Psychopharmacol 1994;14:90-98; Escitalopram package insert - note – different source of data, but same method Critically important when combining with other Rx metabolized through 2D6 pathways
  • 14. SomeSome drugs metabolized throughdrugs metabolized through cytochrome P-450 2D6 systemcytochrome P-450 2D6 system ADHDADHD  AmphetaminesAmphetamines  atomoxetineatomoxetine AnalgesicsAnalgesics • AcetaminophenAcetaminophen • AspirinAspirin AntacidsAntacids AntiarrthymicsAntiarrthymics • Procainamide,Procainamide, • QuinidineQuinidine • EncainideEncainide • FlecainideFlecainide AnticonvulsantAnticonvulsant • carbamazepinecarbamazepine ANTI-PAINANTI-PAIN  CODEINE!CODEINE! BronchodilatorsBronchodilators • TheophyllineTheophylline CardiacCardiac • Digoxin; digitalisDigoxin; digitalis CoughCough • DextromethorphanDextromethorphan DiureticsDiuretics • ChlorthalidoneChlorthalidone • FurosemideFurosemide • HCTZHCTZ • TriamterineTriamterine AntibioticsAntibiotics • TMP & SMXTMP & SMX • AmpicillinAmpicillin • ErythromycinErythromycin • PenicillinPenicillin • TetracyclineTetracycline AntidepressantsAntidepressants • TCATCA’’s &s & ““2Ps2Ps”” AntihistaminesAntihistamines AntihypertensivesAntihypertensives AntipsychoticsAntipsychotics • clozapineclozapine • risperidonerisperidone • olanzapineolanzapine
  • 15. Substrates TCA’s, 2 P’s, Duloxetine, atomoetine, Amphetamine(s) risperidone, clozapine, aripiprazole, DMX, Codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, tramadol (see also previous page) Zolpidem, Alprazolam Simvastatin, atorvastatin ziprasidone, lurasidone, OCA’s, Buspirone, TRAZODONE, CBZ, Odansetron, TERFENADINE, Methadone, Fentanyl, Codeine, (R )/Modafanil Clozapine INDUCERS Dexamethasone, Rifampin, oxycodone, hydrocodone SJW (!!), RIFAMPIN, (R )/Modafanil Barbs, phenytoin, CBZ, rifampin, dill, topirimate, some antiretrovirals Cigarette smoke INHIBITORS “The 2 P’s”, Celebrex, Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Methadone, Chlorphenamarine, chlorpromazine KETOCONAZOLE, voriconazole, “-conazoles” fluconazole, grapefruit juice, clarithromycin, ritonavir, “-mycin’s”, Dill, cimetidine, diltiazem,– especially, macrolides, Nefazodone Theophylline, Ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine Mod. inhibitor Sertraline (mild), citalopram (mild) DTZ, atazanavir, EES, fluconazole, verapamil 2D6 3A4 1A2
  • 17. The “not so selective” SSRI’s; how to “Do yourself a favor.” drug Clean?? 2nd order effects Side effects possible Escitalopram (generic 3/2012) Yes NOTHING (excess serotonin side effects only) Sertraline Yes Dopamine (1/3 as potent as amphetamine) Agitation, nervousness; improved [ ] Citalopram Yes AntiH1 Sedation (note- FDA lowered max dose to 40mg) Paxil NO!! Anti-Chol. NOT “NRI” Doped up, TCA effects, neurocognitive problems, withdrawal. Sexual, Prostate sxs Fluoxetine NO!! 5HT2C Agitation, appetite suppression “Danger! Danger, Will Robinson!”
  • 18. Side Effects & Drug Interactions: The Doc Cady “Can’t s” of the TCA’s Pee Poop Spit Spurt Focus Think Stand up Stay awake Stay thin ANTICHOLINERGIC/ ANTIMUSCARINIC EFFECTS Alpha-adrenergic blockade "Antihistamine" effects
  • 20. New Agents, New Mechanisms (agent) (MOA) Differentiating points Venlafaxine (“IR” and XR) (2D6) SSRI, NRI Nausea, GI side effects, sxl dysfunction Duloxetine (2D6) SSRI, NRI Same. Better tolerated. For pain w/ dep. Desvenlafaxine (various) Levomilnacipram (3A4) SSRI, NRI Better tolerated Trazodone XR with Contramid® 5HT2a/c BLOCKER, mild SSRI Vilazodone (3A4) SPA, SSRI ONLY SPARI. Weaker SSRI. Targets 5HT1A. Less sexual side effects. Bupropion (“XL” – not “SR”) (2B6) “NDRI” Possibility of anxiety & “wound up.” Improved concentration. Push to 450 mg. (Seizure risk.)
  • 21. …low levels of the antioxidant vitamins (Vitamins A, E, and C) may increase risk for several chronic diseases. Most people do not consume an optimal amount of all vitamins by diet alone. Pending strong evidence of effectiveness from randomized trials, it appears prudent for all adults to take vitamin supplements.
  • 22. “Inadequate intakes may result in chronic metabolic disruption, including mitochondrial decay.” “[They] cause DNA damage, such as chromosome breaks, in cultured human cells or in vivo.” “triage theory
  • 23. The Physicians’ Health Study II • Take a multivitamin! CONCLUSIONS: “Daily multivitamin supplementation modestly but significantly reduced the risk of total cancer.” [HR 0.92, 95% CI, p=0.04]
  • 25. 15,318 US adults in 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Follow-up study. (Different lifestyles and health risk factors were accounted for in the study) “serum alpha-carotene concentrations were inversely associated with risk of death from all causes, CVD, cancer, and all other causes[sic].”
  • 27. Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing (EVA study) Total plasma carotenoids are inversely related to mortality (Akbaraly TN, et al Br J Nutr, Jan 2009) • Study N=1389 – Age range = 59 – 71 years – 9 years of duration with six waves of follow-up. • Findings: – “low total plasma carotenoid level was significantly associated with all cause mortality in men but not in women. – 2.94X higher relative risk of mortality of being in lowest quintile compared to highest quintile. – “The present study suggests that total plasma carotenoid levels could be a health indicator in elderly populations.”
  • 28. Conclusions from another study • “It is concluded that administration of antioxidants could reduce the incidence of brain tumors and probably other types of cancer.” • - Shewelta SA , Sheikh, BY Curr Drug Metab. 2011 Jul;12(6):587-93. (Dept.of Biosciences & Technology, Alexandria University, Egypt.)
  • 29. Lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status & survival in institutionalized elderly • Plasma MDA predicted mortality independently of all other variables. • B-carotene and alpha tocopherol were independently associated with survival. Huerta JM et al. Free Radical Research 2006, vol 40, no 6. pp 571-578.
  • 30. Over 50% of the women in the Iowa study lived longer than the average life expectancy 38,000 White Women in Iowa Early results showed women who used C, D, E, and Calcium had significantly lower rates of death
  • 31. Meydani SN. Nutr Rev. 1993 Apr;51(4):106-9 “Recent studies have shown that supplementing the elderly with single nutrients or mixtures of vitamins and minerals at levels that exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) significantly improves certain indices of the immune response.” “Recent studies have shown that supplementing the elderly with single nutrients or mixtures of vitamins and minerals at levels that exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) significantly improves certain indices of the immune response.”
  • 32. Multiple lines lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress not only strongly participates in an early stage of Alzheimer's disease prior to cytopathology, but plays an important role in inducing and activating multiple cell signaling pathways that contribute to the lesion formations of toxic substances and then promotes the development of Alzheimer's disease.
  • 33. Vitamins E & C Supplements Limit Oxidative Brain Cell Damage, Cognitive Dysfunction • Head, E, Christie L. (UC Irvine). Cognitive performance, dementia and DNA/RNA oxidative damage in the oldest old.” Poster 256 Oxidative Stress and Synaptic Transmission, San Diego, 2007. • “The two antioxidant vitamins were associated with decreased oxidative damage to brain cells in the frontal cortex. The researchers found that better cognitive performances in elderly subjects is associated with lower levels of oxidative DNA & RNA damage in the brain, and that those taking multivitamins including vitamins E or C tended to perform better on a test of global cognitive ability.”
  • 34. Adult ADHD and antioxidant status Selek S et al. Evaluation of total oxidative status in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its diagnostic implications. J. Psychiatry Research. 2012 Apr;46(4):451-5 • Blood samples obtained and total antioxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), and Oxidative Stress Index(OSI) were determine at Harran University Biochemistry Labs. • ADHD group: TAS, TOS, and OSI were significantly higher than controls. – Adult ADHD was able to be predicted for TOS (Total oxidative status) over 9.8575 umol H2)2/L level with 86% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value. • “In A-ADHD, oxidative balance in impaired. High antioxidant levels may be compensatory against the oxidant increase.”
  • 35. “Antioxidants” & The State of the Literature 9/8/2015 • “Antioxidant” with… – ADHD - 124 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 4,703 citations – Anxiety disorder - 491 citations – Autism - 253 citations – Bipolar disorder - 376 citations – “clinical depression” 869 citations – Fibromyalgia - 114 citations – Schizophrenia - 852 citations Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 36. “Antioxidants” with schizophrenia – a taste of the literature • Inflammation and schizophrenia: Alterations in cytokine levels and perturbation in antioxidative defense systems. – Al-Asmari A, Khan MW. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013 July 8 • The use of flavonoids in central nervous system disorders. – Grosso C, et al. Curr Med Chem. 2013 Jun 25
  • 37. Abnormal redox processes: •Parkinson's •Huntington’s •Alzheimer’s •Prions •Down’s syndrome •Ataxia •Multiple sclerosis, •Creutzfeldt-Jacob •ALS •Schizophrenia •Tardive dyskinesia Kovacic P, et al. Curr. Neuropharm. 2012 Dec; 10(4):289-302Kovacic P, et al. Curr. Neuropharm. 2012 Dec; 10(4):289-302
  • 38. Rx: • Balanced MVI with antioxidants –A –C –E –S elenium • Plant based carotenoids, phytochemicals – Lutein, Zeaxanthin, Astaxanthin, etc. (Macular degeneration studies) • Coenzyme Q10, N-acetyl cysteine (or analogs)
  • 41. What the OAT showed…. (& “take home” points) • DANGER of prescribing “one shot” B-vitamins • B-vitamin COMPLEX recommended • SERIOUS Vitamin C deficiencies exist. – (This increases oxidative stress) • Other nutrients & co-factors easily identified !!! Low riboflavin confirmed; very low (!!) Vit C; moderate CoQ10
  • 42. The Effects of high dose B vitamins on stress at work • 3 month, double blind, placebo control, randomized study – Measured: Personality, work demands, mood, anxiety, and strain • The vitamin B complex treated group reported significantly lower personal strain and a reduction in confusion and depressed/dejected mood after 12 weeks. Strough C et al. The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B- complex on work stress. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011 Sept 8. doi 10.1002/hup.1229 (Swinburne University of Technology – Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.)
  • 43. BRAIN SHRINKAGE… Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, et al. (2010) Homocysteine-Lowering by B Vitamins Slows the Rate of Accelerated Brain Atrophy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12244. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012244 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0012244 CONCLUSIONS: “The accelerated rate of brain atrophy in elderly with MCI can be slowed by treatment with homocysteine-lowering B- vitamins.”
  • 44. OK. It slows shrinkage. But are they sharper? [deJager CA et al. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012 June;27(6):592-600] “B-vitamins appear to slow cognitive and clinical decline in people with MCI.”
  • 45. “Micronutrient supplementation has a beneficial effect on perceived stress, mild psychiatric symptoms, and aspects of mood in apparently healthy individuals. Supplements containing high doses of B vitamins may be more effective in improving mood states.”
  • 46. The first groundbreaking study on use of a vitamin to treat a mental disorder (B3) • “Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.” – Hoffer A, et al. J Clin Exp Psychopath, 18:131-158. Begun in 1952, published in 1957 • 30 schizophrenic patients • Randomized to placebo, niacinamide, or niacin +other standard treatments (ECT, barbiturate, psychotherapy) – TX: 1 gram three times daily for 30 days (only) – Then followed for 1 year. • At one year: active treatment group had 80% recovery rate compared to placebo (30%)
  • 47. 1973 APA Hatchet Job on vitamins • 1973 APA Task Force on Megavitamin and Orthomolecular Therapy in Psychiatry – Headed by Morris Lipton, MD – who was biased against. • “… this Task Force considers the massive publicity which they promulgate via radio, the lay press and popular books, using catch phrases which are really misnomers like ‘megavitamin therapy’ and ‘orthomolecular treatment’ to be deplorable.” • Consequences: – Inhibited any further exploration of nutrition/diet in schizophrenia – Raised fears of academic retaliation, professional ostracism • (& Flawed medical studies followed – with high dose vitamins pushed to toxic levels (or used at ineffective dosages), and not in healthy combinations.)
  • 48. Canadian Psychiatric Association: “Statement on Current Status of Megavitamin and Orthomolecular Therapies, 1976” “…recommends that physicians do not use these treatments except in controlled clinical investigations.”
  • 49. • Irritability • Apathy • Anxiety • Personality changes • Depression • Memory loss • Dementia • Subtle subclinical cognitive impairment • Hallucinations • Violent behavior Symptoms of B12 Deficiency • Diminished sense of touch and pain • Clumsiness • Weakness • Pernicious anemia • Chronic fatigue • Tremors • GI problems • Peripheral neuropathy Mental Physical
  • 50. Your brain and B12 • If you are in the bottom 1/3rd for B-12 levels…. • SIX TIMES increase risk of brain volume loss (Odds ratio = 6.17, 95% CI) – Vogiatzoglou A et al. Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwellers. Neurology. 2008 Sep 9;71(11):826-32. – (107 volunteers aged 61-87 years of age)
  • 51. Vitamin B3 Restores Memory Loss Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease • Green K et al. (UC Irvine) “Oral Nicotinamide Treatment Induces Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of phospho-tau and restores cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease.” Poster 157, Nov 4 at Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias: Therapies II; San Diego 2007 • B3 given to rice BRED to develop plaques and tangles. • Mice that received this had lower levels of phosphorylated tau. • “These findings suggest that Vitamin B3… might be a safe and effective therapy for people with Alzheimer’s disease.”
  • 52. B6 – appears helpful in autism • Rimland, B et al. The effect of high doses of vitamin B6 on autistic children: a double-blind crossover study.” Am J Psychiatry. 1978 Apr;135(4):472-5 • 16 autistic children previously doing well on B6 supplementation. – Double blind – removal of B6 supplement and replacement with placebo or continuation of B6 – “Behavior was rated as deteriorating significantly during the B6 withdrawal.”
  • 53. B6 with magnesium for ADHD • “Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. – Mousain-Bosc M et al. Magnesium Res. 2006 Mar;19(1):46-52 • 40 children with symptoms of ADHD dosed with 6 mg/kg/d of Magnesium and 0.6 mg/kg/d vit B6 for 8 weeks. – Baseline – ADHD kids had significantly lower levels of RBC Mg than controls. • TREATMENT: – Mg-B6 regimen – led to significant increase in RBC Mg values. – Hyperactivity and hyperemotivity/aggressiveness were reduced, and school attention was improved. • Withdrawal – when tx stopped, clinical symptoms re- appeared in a few weeks together with drop in Ribcage levels.
  • 54. “B-vitamin deficiency” & The State of the Literature September 8, 2015 • “B-vitamin deficiency” with… – ADHD - 10 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 213 citations – Anxiety disorder - 35 citations – Autism - 27 citations – Bipolar disorder - 23 citations – “clinical depression” 103 citations – Fibromyalgia - 5 citations – Schizophrenia - 62 citations Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 55. Just a “taste” of B-vitamin deficiency with Schizophrenia • Vitamin B12 deficiency masquerading as clozapine-resistant psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia – Raveendranathan D, et al. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013 Spring; 25(2):E34-5. • Hyperhomocysteinemia & schizophrenia: case control study. – Mabrouk H, et al. Encephale. 2011 Sep; 37(4):308-13. • Folate supplementation in schizophrenia: a possible role for MTHFT genotype. – Hill M, et al. Schizophr Res. 2011 Apr; 127(1-3):41-5.
  • 57. - Selenium is one of the factors that may affect the risk of cognitive decline. In selenium deficiency the brain remains selenium replete the longest suggesting that Se plays an important role in brain functions. - Results from this study: “Low Se status is a risk factor for cognitive decline even after taking into account vascular risk factors
  • 58. Special needs - Zinc • Low Zinc- associated with low testosterone – Per USDA, 60% of US men between 20 – 49 years of age do not get enough. – N.B.: Do not supplement with > 50 mg daily (can interfere with Cu+ metabolism) • Tsai, E.C., Boyko, E.J., Leonetti, D.L., & Fujimoto, W.Y. (2000). Low serum testosterone level as a predictor of increased visceral fat in Japanese- American men. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Dis 24, 485-491
  • 59. Correlation between serum testosterone level and concentrations of copper and zinc in hair tissue [Chang, CS et al. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec; 144(1-3):264-71] • 88 men 40 – 60 years of age. • Serum testosterone measured in a.m. • Copper and zinc levels quantified • “subjects with normal testosterone had a significantly higher Zn level compared to low testosterone group (P=-.003)” • “Normal testosterone is associated with a higher Zn level.”
  • 60. North America 85% South America 76% Asia 76% Africa 74% Europe 72% Australia 55% % Mineral depletion from the soil during the past 100 years, by continent Source: UN Earth Summit Report 1992
  • 61. Magnesium! (from white paper by Greenblatt and Heim) • Depleted in soil • Nutrient depleted, calorie dense fast/processed food • NHANES study (2005-2006) – 2/3rds of men and women don’t get enough. • First documented in 1921 – with 220/250 patients receiving it benefited from it.1 • Confirmatory studies over last 50 years. 2,3,4 1. Weston PG. Magnesium as a sedative. Am J Psychiatry (1921) 22(1):637–8. 2. Jacka FN, Overland S, Stewart R, et al. Association between magnesium intake and depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland health study. Aus New Zealand J Psych (2009) 43(1):45-52. 3. Eby, G.A. 3rd, Eby KL. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses(2010) 74(4):649-60. 4. Greenblatt, J. The Breakthrough Depression Solution. Sunrise River Press (2011)
  • 62. Magnesium & The State of the Literature September 8, 2015 • Magnesium with… – ADHD - 47 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 149 citations – Anxiety disorder - 76 citations – Autism - 60 citations – Bipolar disorder - 122 citations – “clinical depression” 180 citations – Fibromyalgia - 33 citations – Schizophrenia - 96 citationsSurf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 63. Do YOU Need Fish Oil? 5X reduction
  • 64. • 493 schoolchildren, aged 7 – 9 years from mainstream Oxfordshire schoosl, selected for BELOW AVERAGE reading performance. • Lower DHA levels assoc. with: – poorer reading ability – Higher levels of parent rated oppositional behavior & emotional lability PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066697. Print 2013. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 24;8(6):e66697. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066697. Print 2013.
  • 65. • 29 schoolchildren with ADHD vs. 43 without • Callous-unemotional (CU) traits were found to be significantly negatively related to both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total omega-3 in the ADHD group. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2013 Jun;88(6):411-8. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2013 Jun;88(6):411-8.
  • 66. • "Chronic deficiencies of certain minerals such as zinc, iron, magnesium and iodine and insufficient dietary intake of long- chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a significant impact on the development and deepening of the symptoms of ADHD in children.” • Importance of DHA emphasized. Konikowska K, et. al. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2012;63(2):127-34. Konikowska K, et. al. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2012;63(2):127-34.
  • 67. Top Targeted Supplements (# of citations in PubMed September 8, 2015) • Gingko (3,516) • S-adenosyl methionine [SAMe] (8,396) • Curcumin (8,068) • SJW – Saint John’s Wort (2,390) • Panax Ginseng (5,302) • Ashwaghanda (766) • Deplin, EnLyte (by RX) = l-methylfolate
  • 68. Gingko – color commentary • 3,516 citations in PubMed as of September 8, 2015 • Cognitive enhancement: – 34 outpatients with moderate cognitive impairments tx’ed with standard extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb761) – 240 mg twice daily . Significant improvement in attention, memory, orientation, and visual-spatial/executive functions as well as anxiety and depression.” • Boiko AN et al. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2013 – “Possibilities of medical correction of moderate cognitive impairment.” • In addition to cognitive effects: – Might be useful in patient with early diabetic nephropathy . Zhang L et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013 – Anti-inflammatory on osteoarthritis of knee. Chen YJ et al. J Orthop Res. 2013 Mar 11.
  • 69. EGb761 is used in most trials. Dosages: 80 – 720mg/day Mechanisms of action: increasing cerebral blood flow, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, with antiplatelet effects attributed to flavone and terpene lactones. “Possible interactions with MAOI’s, alprazolam, haloperidol, warfarin, and nifedipine have been reported.”
  • 70. Clinically relevant interactions – Gingko Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(31):4836-50. Chen, XW et al. • Gingko may potentiate bleeding with warfarin or aspirin • increases blood pressure when combined with thiazide diuretics • has even led to a coma when combined with trazodone • induced mania if taken concomitantly with phenelzine (MAOI)
  • 71. New study – gingko/drug interactions may not be as bad as thought • Gingko leaf extracts (GLE’s) known to be taken regularly by older people who are likely to use multiple other drugs. • IN VIVO studies in humans could not replicate preclinical studies of high doses/concentrations of GLE that hinted at both inhibition and induction of metabolic enzymes and transporters. • “At 240 mg/day, a clinically relevant interaction potential of the standardized GLE EgB 761 could not be shown.” • Doses higher than that led to weak induction of CYP2C19 and weak inhibition of CYP3A4.” Citation: Unger M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving gingko biloba. Drug Metab Rev. 2013 Aug; 45(3):353-85.
  • 72. New study – gingko/drug interactions may not be as bad as thought (conclusions) • “THUS… the intake of the standardized GLE Egb 761, together with synthetic drugs appears to be safe as long as daily doses up to 240 mg care consumed.” • One caveat [from CADY] : this does not review the potential for additive anticoagulant effects; it merely means that gingko appears safe with everything else BESIDES anticoagulants. • Not for use with dual antiplatelet therapy or anti-coagulant therapy. Citation: Unger M. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions involving gingko biloba. Drug Metab Rev. 2013 Aug; 45(3):353-85.
  • 73. Gingko in Alzheimer’s disease Ihl R. Effects of Gingko biloba extract Egb 761 ® in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: review of recently completed randomized, controlled trials. Int J Psychiatry Clin Practice 2013 Jun 28. • Review of four randomized, controlled trials investigating efficacy of EGb761 in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s or vascular dementia with neuropsychiatric features. • N= 1,294 patients in this meta-analysis. • These trials compared 120 mg twice daily or 240 mg daily of EGb 761®. – Three trials: EGb 761 vs. placebo – One trial: Egb 761 vs. placebo with donepezil as an active control
  • 74. Gingko in Alzheimer’s disease Ihl R. 2013 ibidem • “Patients treated with Egb 761 ® showed improvements of cognitive performance and behavioural symptoms that were associated with advances in activities of daily living and a reduced burden to caregivers.” – Placebo treated patients showed only minimal improvements. – In each placebo controlled trial, Egb 761 ® was significantly superior in all mentioned domains (p< 0.01) – Note: in actively controlled trial, Egb 761 ® and donepezil (as well as a combo of both drugs) had similar effects.” • CONCLUSIONS: “The review supports the efficacy of EGb 761 ® in age-related dementia with neuropsychiatric features. The drug [sic] was safe and well tolerated.”
  • 75. “L-methylfolate: a Vitamin for your Monoamines” [Stahl, SM Journ Clin Psych. Vol 69:9, Sept 2008 1352-1353] Source: Stephen M. Stahl, MD, Ph.D., Neuroscience Education Institute
  • 76. Law of mass action: “load the left side” • L-tyrosine 500 – 1000 mg twice daily – three times daily • N-acetyl l-tyrosine - 300 – 600 mg daily to bid • 5-HTP (w/ or w/o P5P) – 50 – 100 mg twice daily to three times daily (start at bedtime) This technique is incredibly useful for stimulant or antidepressant “poop-out” This technique is incredibly useful for stimulant or antidepressant “poop-out”
  • 77. Nutraceutical “riffs” • Randomized double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover • 30 adults – ½ in each group then crossed over • 3 ingredients in active – High potency MVI/multimineral – Fish oil (2.8 g, w/ 860 mg EPA + 580 mg DHA) – “BDN’s” – brain- directed nutrients • Outcome: rCBF & MicroCog test Amen, DG et al. Advances, Spring 2013 vol 27, no. 2, pp 24-33. (loaded with references!) Amen, DG et al. Advances, Spring 2013 vol 27, no. 2, pp 24-33. (loaded with references!)
  • 78. What was in the (deliberately lower dosed, synergistic) brain enhancement supplement?? • In four capsules: – Gingko – 80 mg – Vinpocetine – 10 mg – Phosphatidylserine – 67 mg (lower cortisol) – Acetyl l-carnitine – 667 mg (elevate Ach levels) – Huperzine – 100ug • (primary cognitive enhancer; dosages within 200 – 400 mcg considered safe) – N-acetyl cysteine 400 mg • (as glutathione precursor)
  • 79. So what the heck am I supposed to do with this stuff?
  • 80. Louis B. Cady, M.D. www.cadywellness.com www.facebook.com/cadywellness www.tms-relief.com Office: 812-429-0772 E-mail: lcady@cadywellness.com 4727 Rosebud Lane – Suite F ~ Interstate Office Park Newburgh, IN 47630 (USA) TWITTER FEEDS: @LouisCadyMD @TMS4depression Once more….  Where to “get the slides” - Syllabus www.slideshare.net/lcadymd Cady Wellness Institute app.
  • 81. A few extra references follow…
  • 82. Neural inflammation/oxidative stress in post-partum depression. • Anderson G, Maes M. Journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2013;9:277-87. E pub Feb 21 Postpartum depression: psychoneuroimmunological underpinnings and treatment. • Biological underpinnings reviewed: – Tryptophan catabolites, indoleamine 2,3, dioxygenase, serotonin, and autoimmunity mediates immuno-inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress. – It is suggested that the increased inflammatory potential, decreased endogenous anti-inflammatory compounds, together with decreased omega-3-poly- unsaturated fatty acids causes an inflammatory environment in the post-natal period. – Melatonin recommended, as well as antidepressants and anti- inflammatories.
  • 83. H - 83 Vitamins – good for delinquents? (2000) • DESIGN: stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial with pretest and post-test measures of antisocial behavior on school property. • SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Two "working class," primarily Hispanic elementary schools in Phoenix, Arizona. – C. ½ the school population participated: 468 students aged 6 to 12 years. • INTERVENTION: Daily vitamin-mineral supplementation at 50% of the U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) for 4 months versus placebo. The supplement was designed to raise vitamin-mineral intake up to the levels currently recommended by the National Academy of Sciences for children aged 6 to 11 years. Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on juvenile delinquency among American schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Altern Complement Med 2000 Feb;6(1):7-17
  • 84. H - 84 Results [Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. 2000, loc cit.] • Of the 468 students randomly assigned to active or placebo tablets, the 80 who were disciplined at least once between September 1st and May 1st served as the research sample. • The 40 children who received active tablets were disciplined, on average, 1 time each, a 47% lower mean rate of antisocial behavior than…. • The placebo group of 40 children, who were disciplined 1.875 times each (95% confidence interval, 29% to 65%, p < .020). • The children who took active tablets produced lower rates of antisocial behavior in 8 types of recorded infractions: threats/fighting, vandalism, being disrespectful, disorderly conduct, defiance, obscenities, refusal to work or serve, endangering others, and nonspecified offenses.
  • 85. Conclusions [Schoenthaler SJ, Bier ID. 2000, loc cit.] • “Poor nutritional habits in children that lead to low concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in blood, impair brain function and subsequently cause violence and other serious antisocial behavior.” • “Correction of nutrient intake, either through a well-balanced diet or low-dose vitamin-mineral supplementation, corrects the low concentrations of vitamins in blood, improves brain function and subsequently lowers institutional violence and antisocial behavior by almost half.”
  • 86. PUFA’s & The State of the Literature September 8, 2015 • Polyunsaturated fatty acids with… – ADHD - 185 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 978 citations – Anxiety disorder - 186 citations – Autism - 106 citations – Bipolar disorder - 219 citations – “clinical depression” 492 citations – Fibromyalgia - 34 citations – Schizophrenia - 485 citations Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 87. Omega-3’s with memory • Yves Sauve, Ph.D. & colleagues – University of Alberta – Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism 2012 • Lab models fed Omega-3 diet had 30% higher levels of DHA in hippocampus compared to controls • Appears to support the theory that Omega 3 rich diet or dietary supplementation may protect memory.
  • 88. “Antioxidants” & The State of the Literature 9/1/2013 • “Antioxidant” with… – ADHD - 91citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 1,539 citations – Anxiety disorder - 361 citations – Autism - 178 citations – Bipolar disorder - 294 citations – “clinical depression” 762 citations – Fibromyalgia - 95 citations – Schizophrenia - 736 (!!) citations Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 89. References for previous research published on cited supplements – two years ago
  • 90. Top Targeted Supplements (# of citations in PubMed 07 27 2013) • Gingko (3,056) • SAMe (7,713) • Curcumin (5,848) • SJW – Saint John’s Wort (2,138) • Panax Ginseng (4,333) • Ashwaghanda (576) • Deplin, EnLyte (by RX) = l-methylfolate
  • 91. “B-vitamin deficiency” & The State of the Literature 9/1/2013 • “B-vitamin deficiency” with… – ADHD - 2 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 44 citations – Anxiety disorder - 5 citations – Autism - 10 citations – Bipolar disorder - 4 citations – “clinical depression” 25 citations – Fibromyalgia - none specifically – Schizophrenia - 8 citations Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 92. Magnesium & The State of the Literature 9/1/2013 • Magnesium with… – ADHD - 47 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 149 citations – Anxiety disorder - 70 citations – Autism - 53 citations – Bipolar disorder - 119 citations – “clinical depression” 163 citations – Fibromyalgia - 29 citations – Schizophrenia - 96 citationsSurf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!
  • 93. PUFA’s & The State of the Literature 9/1/2013 • Polyunsaturated fatty acids with… – ADHD - 159 citations – Alzheimer’s dz - 335 citations – Anxiety disorder - 132 citations – Autism - 80 citations – Bipolar disorder - 189 citations – “clinical depression” 432 citations – Fibromyalgia - 31 citations – Schizophrenia - 426 citations Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!Surf on over to www.pubmed.gov and investigate!

Notas del editor

  1. In a flexible dose study evaluating the safety and efficacy of escitalopram in the treatment of panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia), outpatients were randomized to receive placebo, citalopram or escitalopram. There were approximately 120 patients per treatment group. Following a 2-week single-blind lead-in period, patients received 10 weeks of double-blind treatment. Treatment was initiated at a low dose (10 mg/day for citalopram and 5 mg/day for escitalopram) and then titrated after one week to 20 mg/day for citalopram and 10 mg/day for escitalopram. After week 4, dose could be increased to 40 mg/day citalopram and 20 mg/day citalopram. The Panic and Anticipatory Anxiety Scale (PAAS) and the Panic and Agoraphobia (P&amp;A) scale were used to quantify panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety, and phobic avoidance.
  2. Pernicious anemia – take note of pernicious – it sneaks up on you. Pernicious pathology Chronic fatigue – frequently subsumed under fibromyalgia or “chronic fatigue syndrome” Subtle subclincial cognitive impairment – can’t remember where you put your keys; can’t remember a face.