The document discusses the major legal systems in the world. The three main legal systems are common law, civil law, and religious legal systems. Common law originated in England and is used in countries with British legal heritage. Civil law is influenced by Roman law and is codified into statutes. Religious legal systems include Sharia law in Islam and Canon law in some Christian groups. Each country may incorporate elements of different systems into its own unique legal framework.

1. Good Corporate Governance
Legal System

2. Major Legal System in The World
Common law Civil law Socialist law Islamic law
Anglo-American, English, judge- Continental, Romano-
Other names made Germanic
Communist Religious law
Source of law Case law, legislation Statutes, legislation Statutes, legislation Qur'an
Lawyers Experienced lawyers Judges dominate trials Judges dominate trials Secondary role
Judges' Career bureaucrats, Party Religious as well as legal
Control courtroom Career judges
qualifications members training
High; separate from the
Degree of judicial
High executive and the legislative Very limited Very limited
independence branches of government
May adjudicate in conjunction
Juries Provided at trial level with judges in serious criminal Often used at lowest level Not allowed
matters
Courts and other government
Courts have equal but Courts are subordinate to the
Policy-making role Courts share in balancing power
separate power legislature
branches are subordinate to
the Shari'a
Australia, England, Hong Kong, France, Spain, Germany,
Ireland, USA (except Louisiana), Louisiana, Brazil, Japan,
Examples Canada (except Québec), Mexico, Québec, Switzerland,
Soviet Union Saudi Arabia
Pakistan, India, Malaysia The Netherlands

3. Legal System Map Around the World
Biru : Continental Law (Civil Law)
Merah Marun: Anglo Saxon Law (Common law)
Coklat Tua: Bijuridical (Civil &Common)
Hijau Tua: Customary Law
Kuning Emas: Fiqh

4. Three major legal systems
 The three major legal systems of the world today
consist of
 Continental legal system (civil law)
 Anglo-American legal system (common law)
 Religious legal systems
 Each country often develops variations on each
system or incorporates many other features into
the system.

5. Continental legal system
 It is a legal system inspired by Roman law, the primary feature of
which is that laws are written into a collection, codified, and not
determined, as in common law, by judges.
 The principle of this system is to provide all citizens with an
accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them
and which judges must follow.
 It is the most prevalent and oldest surviving legal system in the
world.
 Continental legal system is sometimes inappropriately referred to
as Roman law or otherwise called Romano-Germanic law,
especially by people under its jurisdiction.

6. History
 The civil law system is based on Roman law, especially the
Corpus Juris Civilis of Emperor Justinian, as later developed by
the Middle Ages
 The acceptance of Roman law had different characteristics in
different countries. In some of them its effect resulted from
legislative act - it became positive law, whereas in other ones it
became accepted by way of its processing by legal theorists.
 A second characteristic, beyond Roman law foundations, is the
extended codification of the adopted Roman law - its inclusion
into civil codes. The concept of codification dates back to the
Code of Hammurabi in ancient Babylon.

7. Codification
 The concept of codification was further developed during the 17th
and 18th century, as an expression of both Natural Law and the
ideas of the Enlightenment.
 The political ideal of that era was expressed by the concepts of
democracy, protection of property and the rule of law. That ideal
required the creation of certainty of law, through the recording of
law and through its uniformity.
 So, the mix of Roman law and customary (local) law ceased to
exist, and the road opened for law codification, which could
contribute to the aims of the above mentioned political ideal.
 The French Napoleonic Code of 1804, Austrian civil code of 1811
and the German civil code of 1900 were the most influential
national civil codes.

8. Subgroups
 However, since continental European traditions are by no means
uniform, scholars of comparative law usually subdivide civil law
into four distinct groups:
 French civil law – in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Quebec
(Canada), Louisiana (USA), Italy, Spain and former colonies of
those countries
 German civil law – in Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, Portugal,
Turkey, Japan, South Korea, China
 Austrian civil law – in Austria, Czech republic, Slovakia,
Greece, Serbia, Romania
 Scandinavian civil law – in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
Norway

9. Anglo-American legal system
 Common law is law developed by judges through
decisions of courts and similar tribunals (called case law),
rather than through legislative statutes or executive action,
and to corresponding legal systems that rely on
precedential case law.
 Common law legal systems are in widespread use,
particularly in England where it originated in the Middle
Ages, and in nations that trace their legal heritage to
England as former colonies of the British Empire, including
the United States, Singapore, Pakistan, India, Ghana,
Cameroon, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa,
Hong Kong and Australia

10. History of the common law
 The term "common law" originally developed after the Norman
Conquest of England
 The "common law" was the law that the whole country had in
common, rather than particular tribal laws that might apply
between smaller communities
 The doctrine of precedent developed under the inquisitorial
system in England during the 12th and 13th centuries
 Equity is the name given to the set of legal principles, in
jurisdictions following the English common law tradition, which
supplement strict rules of common law where their application
would operate harshly

11. Religious legal systems
 Religious law refers to the notion of a religious
system or document being used as a legal source
 The main kinds of religious law are Sharia in
Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and Canon law in
some Christian groups

12. Islamic law
 The Islamic legal system of Sharia (Islamic law) and Fiqh
(Islamic jurisprudence) is the most widely used religious
law, and one of the three most common legal systems in
the world alongside common law and civil law.
 Mainstream Islam distinguishes between fiqh (deep
understanding, discernment), which refers to the
inferences drawn by scholars, and sharia, which refers to
the principles that lie behind the fiqh.

13. Socialist law
 Socialist law is the official name of the legal system used in
Communist states. It is based on the civil law system, with major
modifications and additions from Marxist-Leninist ideology
 Prior to the end of the Cold War, Socialist law was generally
ranked among the major legal systems of the world
 However, many contemporary observers no longer consider it to
be such, due to similarities with the civil law system and the fact
that it is no longer in widespread use following the dismantling of
most communist states.

14. Mixed legal systems
 Mixed legal systems are mostly defined as the
combination of civil law and common law
 Examples - South Africa, Louisiana, Israel
 Israel's legal system combines English common
law, civil law, and Jewish law
 Legal enclaves – territories surrounded by different
legal culture

15. Continental System
 Struktur Organisasi (SO) dalam Sistem
Continental, Board of Directors (Dewan Direksi)
dipisahkan menjadi dua lapis,yaitu:
 Dewan Pembina (Supervisory Board)
 Manajemen Perusahaan (Management Board)
 Istilah OECD untk SO dengan Continental System
adalah Two Tier Boards

16. Sistem Continental di Indonesia
 Supervisory Board = Dewan Komisaris
 Management Board = Dewan Direksi
 Anggota Supervisory Board terdiri dari Non
Executiv Members; atau Independent Directors
 Dalam perusahaan skala menengah dan besar,
management board memiliki 2 atau lebih Directors

17. Penerapan Sistem Continental
 Negara-negara pemakai SO Continental System
untuk Corporate Management:
 Indonesia
 Belanda
 Jerman
 Perancis
 Belgia
 Luxemburg

18. Governance Board Sample (2)
Copyright ©2000 by PT TELKOM Indonesia .All rights reserved

19. Anglo Saxon System
 Struktur Organisasi (SO) untuk Board of Directors
dengan Sistem Anglo Saxon terdiri dari satu
satuan atau unit organisasi
 Istilah OECD untuk sistem Anglo Saxon =
Uniterary Board

20. Elemen Board di Anglo Saxon System
 Para anggota di Board dengan SO Anglo Saxon system
adalah:
 Chairman
 Non Executive Directors
 Executive Directors
 Jumlah anggota Board Directors untuk negara2 penganut
sistem ini beranekaragam (7 samai dengan 14 orang Non
Executive Directors + satu atau beberapa Executive
Directors)

21. Penerapan Sistem Anglo Saxon
 Negara2 pemakai Sistem Anglo Saxon untuk
Corporate Managment:
 Amerika Serikat
 Australia
 India
 Inggris
 Singapore
 Hong Kong (China)

22. Corporate Executive Office
Chairman & CEO
Corporate Staff
Service Divisions Finance Business R&D Human Legal
Development Resources
GE GE GE
GE Aircraft GE Trans- GE
Industrial Appliances Supply
Engines portation Plastics
Systems
GE
GE Power GE Medical GE GE
Specialty NBC
Systems Systems Lighting Capital
Materials
26 businesses organized into 5 segments:
Consumer Mid-market Specialized Specialty Equipment
Services Financing Financing Insurance Management
General Electric’s Organization Structure, 2002

23. PT = SUBYEK HUKUM
PT merupakan perusahaan yang oleh undang-
undang dinyatakan sebagai perusahaan yang
berbadan hukum. Dengan status yang demikian itu,
PT menjadi subyek hukum yang menjadi pendukung
hak dan kewajiban, sebagai badan hukum, PT
memiliki kedudukan mandiri (persona standi in
judicio) yang tidak tergantung pada pemegang
sahamnya. Dalam PT hanya organ yang dapat
mewakili PT atau perseroan yang menjalankan
perusahaan (Ery Arifudin, 1999: 24). Hal ini berarti
PT dapat melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan hukum
seperti seorang manusia dan dapat pula mempunyai
kekayaan atau utang (ia bertindak dengan
perantaraan pengurusnya).

24. DASAR HUKUM UUPT
 Secara khusus badan usaha Perseroan
Terbatas diatur dalam Undang-Undang No.
40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas
(UUPT), yang secara efektif berlaku sejak
tanggal 16 Agustus 2007. Sebelum UUPT
2007, berlaku UUPT No. 1 Th 1995 yg
diberlakukan sejak 7 Maret 1996 (satu tahun
setelah diundangkan) s.d. 15 Agt 2007, UUPT
th 1995 tsb sebagai pengganti ketentuan ttg
perseroan terbatas yang diatur dalam KUHD
Pasal 36 sampai dengan Pasal 56, dan segala
perubahannya

25. Definisi PT (Perseroan Terbatas)
 Badan hukum yang merupakan
persekutuan modal, didirikan
berdasarkan perjanjian, melakukan
kegiatan usaha dengan modal dasar
yang seluruhnya terbagi dalam saham,
dan memenuhi persyaratan yang
ditetapkan dalam undang-undang ini
serta peraturan pelaksanaannya.
(Ref: Pasal 1 UUPT No. 40/2007)

26. Unsur-unsur PT
Sebuah PT menurut UUPT harus memenuhi
unsur-unsur:
 Berbentuk badan hukum, yg merupakan
persekutuan modal;
 Didirikan atas dasar perjanjian;
 Melakukan kegiatan usaha;
 Modalnya terbagi saham-saham;
 Memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan
dlm UUPT serta peraturan
pelaksanaannya.

27. Persyaratan Material Pendirian PT
1. perjanjian antara dua orang atau lebih;
2. dibuat dengan akta autentik
3. modal dasar perseroan
4. pengambilan saham saat perseroan
didirikan

28. Perbedaan Persyaratan PT pada
Umumnya dg PT Bank
PT pada Umumnya: PT Bank :
1. Prosedur pengesahan 1. Prosedur pengesahan
badan hukum: tidak badan hukum: PT bank
perlu adanya persetujuan prinsip dari
persetujuan prinsip dari Dewan Gubernur BI
intansi terkait mrpkan kausa
2. Kegiatan Usaha: boleh diberikannya
melakukan kegiatan pengesahan
usaha rangkap/lebih 2. Kegiatan usaha:
dari satu kegiatan perbankan merupakan
usaha satu-satunya kegiatan
usaha

29. Lanjutan ….
3. Permodalan: Modal 3. Permodalan: Modal disetor
minimal Rp 3 Trilyun utk
dasar minimal Rp 50 pendirian Bank Umum;
juta. sedang BPR di DKI Jakarta
4. Kepemilikan: tidak ada raya: Rp 5 M, di Ibukota
Ibukota Propinsi di P. Jawa &
pembatasan. bali dan di wil. Kab/Kota
5. Direksi dan Komisaris: Botabek: Rp 2 M, di Ibukota
Prop. Di luar P. Jawa & bali:
dapat dilakukan oleh Rp 1 M, dan wilayah lain di
siapa saja yang luar wil. di atas: Rp. 500 juta.
memenuhi ketentuan (PBI No. 2/27/PB/2000 jo PBI
No. 6/22/PBI/2004).
UUPT.

30. Lanjutan PT Bank …….
4. Kepemilikan: ada pembatasan sebagaimana diatur
dalam UU & perat. Pelaksanaannya (PBI No.
2/27/PB/2000 jo PBI No. 6/22/PBI/2004).
5. Direksi dan Komisaris: untuk PT bank perlu ditambah
adanya fit and proper test dari BI dan persyaratan lain
yang diatur dalam PBI No. 2/27/PB/2000 jo PBI
No.6/22/PBI/2004 jo PBI No. 6/23/PBI/2004 jo SEBI
No. 6/35/DPBPR tgl 16 Agustus 2004).

31. ORGAN-ORGAN PT
1. RAPAT UMUM PEMEGANG SAHAM (RUPS)
2. DIREKSI
3. DEWAN KOMISARIS

32. RUPS
 RUPS mempunyai wewenang yang tidak diberikan kepada
Direksi atau Dewan Komisaris, dalam batas yang ditentukan
dalam Undang-Undang PT dan/atau anggaran dasar.
 Dalam forum RUPS, pemegang saham berhak memperoleh
keterangan yang berkaitan dengan Perseroan dari Direksi
dan/atau Dewan Komisaris, sepanjang berhubungan dengan
mata acara rapat dan tidak bertentangan dengan kepentingan
Perseroan.
 RUPS dalam mata acara lain-lain tidak berhak mengambil
keputusan, kecuali semua pemegang saham hadir dan/atau
diwakili dalam RUPS dan menyetujui penambahan mata acara
rapat.
 Keputusan atas mata acara rapat yang ditambahkan harus
disetujui dengan suara bulat.

33. Jenis RUPS
 RUPS terdiri atas RUPS tahunan dan RUPS lainnya.
 RUPS tahunan wajib diadakan dalam jangka waktu paling
lambat 6 (enam) bulan setelah tahun buku berakhir.
 Dalam RUPS tahunan, harus diajukan semua dokumen
dari laporan tahunan Perseroan
 RUPS lainnya dapat diadakan setiap waktu berdasarkan
kebutuhan untuk kepentingan Perseroan.
 Direksi menyelenggarakan RUPS tahunan dan RUPS
lainnya dengan didahului pemanggilan RUPS.

34. DIREKSI
 Direksi merupakan organ yang membela kepentingan
perseroan --- Prinsip Fiduciary Duties.
 Tugas ganda Direksi; melaksanakan kepengurusan dan
perwakilan
 Tugas kepengurusan secara kolegial oleh msg-msg
anggota direksi.
 Direksi perseroan yang mengerahkan dana
masyarakat, menerbitkan srt pengakuan hutang, PT
terbuka: minimal 2 org anggota Direksi.

35. DEWAN KOMISARIS
 Tugas utamanya: mengawasi kebijakan direksi dlm
menjalankan perseroan serta memberi nasihat direksi
 Pengangkatan Komisaris oleh RUPS.
 Keanggotaan Komisaris: jika pemegang saham maka
hrs melaporkan kepemilikan sahamnya baik di
perseroan yang diawasi maupun saham yg dimiliki di
perseroan lain.
 Kriteria yg dpt mjd Komisaris spt halnya direksi.