3. Hormone is a chemical messenger secreted by one endocrine gland or cell into the bloodstream and targeted toward cells in another organ. - specificity - receptor - distribution
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8. Water Solubility and Membrane Permeability Steroid + thyroid hormones All other hormones Hydrophobic Membrane-permeable Hydrophilic Membrane-impermeable
17. 1) FSH Ovaries and Testes follicle/egg or sperm development (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) 2) LH Ovaries and testes Ovulation/growth of corpus luteum (Luteinizing Hormone) 3) TSH Thyroid gland Growth of thyroid gland Secretion of thyroid hormone (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Anterior Pituitary
18. Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Anterior Pituitary 4) ACTH Adrenal cortex Growth of adrenal cortex (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) secretion of glucocorticoids 5) PRL Mammary gland milk synthesis Testes enhance secretion of testosterone (Prolactin)
19. Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Anterior Pituitary 6) GH Most tissues tissue/organ growth, cell mitosis and differentiation (Growth hormone or somatotropin)
23. Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Pineal Gland 1) Melatonin Brain Regulate timing of puberty; influence mood 2) Serotonin Brain Regulate timing of puberty; influence mood
24. Thymus Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Thymopoietin/ T lymphocytes Promote T lymphocyte Thymosins development/ activation
25. 1) Triiodothyronin (T3) Stimulate Na + -K + pumps, metabolic rate, heat production, alertness, protein synthesis, fetal and childhood growth, and CNS development Most tissues 2) Throxin (T4) Thyroid Gland Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 3) Calcitonin Osteoblasts Stimulates calcium deposition and ossification; reduces blood calcium concentration
26. Parathyroid Gland Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects PTH Stimulates calcium absorption and retention; promotes bone resorption; elevates blood calcium concentration Small intestine, Kidneys, and Osteoclasts Parathyroid hormone
28. Adrenal Medulla Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Complement action of sympathetic nervous system 2) Norepinephrin 1) Epinephrin 3) Dopamine Most tissues
29. Adrenal Cortex Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Aldosterone Kidneys Promotes Na + retention and K + excretion; maintains blood pressure and volume 2) Glucocorticoids Most tissues Cortisol/Corticosterone Promote fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair; inhibit inflammation
30. Adrenal Cortex Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 3) Androgen Bone, muscle, Integument, many other organs Stimulate growth of pubic and axillary hair in both sexes; stimulate libido; negligible effcts in males compared to teststerone from testes
31. Pancreatic Islets Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects 1) Glucagon Primarily liver Stimulates glycogen and fat hydrolysis, mobilization of glucose and fatty acids, and gluconeogenesis 2) Insulin Most tissues Promotes glucose and amino acid uptake and synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein
32. The Ovaries Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Estradiol Estragen Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, brain, many other tissues Regulates egg production; stimulates adolescent growth; promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics; prepares mammary glands for lactation; prepares uterus for pregnancy
33. The Ovaries Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Progesterone Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, many other tissues Stimulates mammary development in puberty and pregnancy; prepares uterus for pregnancy Inhibin Anterior pituitary Suppresses FSH secretion
34. The Testes Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Testosterone Most Tissues Regulates sperm production; promotes development of male reproductive system and physique; stimulates adolescent growth, libido, and sexual behavior
35. Heart Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects ANF Kidneys Increases Na + excretion and urine output; lowers blood pressure
36. Kidneys Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Calcitriol Erythropoietin Renin Intestines Red Bone marrow angiotensinogen Increase absorption of calcium Stimulate RBC production Stimulate production of angiotensin I
37. Liver Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Angiotensi-nogen Blood vessels, adrenal cortex, hypothalamus Stimulates vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and thirst Erythropoietin
38. GI tract Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Gastrin Secretin CCK (cholecystokinin) GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) GI tract and its accessory glands Coordinate secretion and motility in digestion
39. Placenta Hormone Target Organ Principal Effects Estrogen Progesterone Maternal and fetal tissues Promotes fetal growth; regulate pregnancy; prepare mammary glands for lactation
41. 11. Digestion is a process to ___. A. take food into the mouth B. take absorbable nutrients into blood stream C. break ingested food into absorbable forms D store food in the digestive tract
42. W2. Which of the following forms of nutrients cannot be directly absorbed into blood without digestion? A. Proteins B. fatty acids C. vitamin A D. glucose
43. 33. The primary dietary carbohydrates are starch, which are ____. A. Monosaccharides B. polymers of glucose C. polymers of amino acids D. polymers of fatty acids
44. 44. Fats or triglycerides ___. A. can be absorbed without digestion B. are digested into monoglycerides and fatty acids, then absorbed in the small intestine C. are digested into glucose, then absorbed in the small intestine D. are digested into amino acids, then absorbed in the small intestine
45. 55. Which of the following is not secreted by gastric glands? A. pepsinogen B. trypsinogen C. HCl D. intrinsic factor
46. 66. Which of the following is not a function of gastric acid? A. activating pepsinogen. B. digesting connective tissues in the ingested food C. destroying ingested pathogens D. activating pancreatic enzymes
47. 77. Intrinsic factor has the function of ___? A. activating pepsinogen B. helping absorb vitamin B12 C. helping absorb vitamin B6 D. activating pancreatic enzymes
48. 88. Pepsinogen is able to digest ___. A. proteins B. fats C. starch D. none of the above
49. 99. Food digestion is completed primarily in ____. A. stomach B. small intestine C. large intestine
50. 110. Gastric motility and secretion is ____. A. inhibited when food is ingested into the mouth B. stimulated when food enters the stomach C. strongly stimulated after chyme have entered the small intestine
51. 111. Bile is produced by ____. A. hepatocytes B. gallbladder C. pancreas D. small intestine
52. 112. Bile salts are needed for digestion and absorption of ____. A. carbohydrates B. proteins C. fats D. minerals
53. 113. Which component of bile is reabsorbed via enterohepatic circulation? A. bile salts B. bile pigments C. cholesterol D. minerals
54. 114. Pancreatic juice is ____. A. acidic (low pH) B. basic (high pH) C. neutral
55. 115. Which of the following cannot be digested and absorbed by human pancreatic enzymes? A. starch B. proteins C. fats D. cellulose
56. 116. Bile and pancreatic juice are released into duodenum when ___. A. chyme is not present in duodenum B. cholecystokinin is secreted by duodenal mucosa C. hepatopancreatic sphincter constricts D. gallbladder relaxes
57. 117. Pancreatic zymogens are ___. A. active when stored in pancreatic duct B. activated after being released into duodenum
58. 118. Proteins and carbohydrates can be digested into amino acids and glucose by ___. A. pancreatic enzymes alone B. pancreatic enzymes plus brush border enzymes C. brush border enzymes alone
59. 119. Which of the following is not a hormone? A. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. intrinsic factor
60. 220. Which type of the movement of the small intestine can push chyme towards the large intestine? A. peristalsis B. segmentation C. both peristalsis and segmentation
61. 221. Which of the following is a function of gastrin? A. to stimulate the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen B. to inhibit gastric motility C. to inhibit motility of the large intestine
62. 222. The functions of cholecystokinin include ___. A. to stimulate constriction of gallbladder B. to stimulate relaxation of hepatopanreatic sphincter C. to inhibit gastric secretion of motility D. all of the above
63. 223. Bacterial flora ____. A. are present primarily in small intestine B. synthesize vitamins C. are harmful to human health
64. 224. The large intestine primarily absorbs ___. A. glucose B. fatty acids C. amino acids D. water
65. 225. Glucose is taken into intestinal epithelial cells directly by ____. A. Na + -K + ATPase B. sodium-dependent glucose transporters C. potassium-dependent glucose transporters D. all of the above
66. 226. Emulsification is required to complete digestion of ___. A. fats B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. water
67. 227. Hunger and satiety are regulated by ____. A. the feeding center and satiety center at hypothalamus B. cholecystokinin C. appetite-stimulating hormones released by adipocytes D. all of the above
68. 228. Which of the following nutrients is more often used to produce ATP? A. glucose B. fats C. proteins D. vitamins
69. 229. Which of the following can be stored in human body? A. ATP B. Glucose C. Glycogen and fats D. All of the above
70. 330. Which of the following fuel do neurons normally use? A. glucose B. amino acids C. fatty acids
71. 31. Absorption of blood glucose by most tissue cells depends on ____. A. insulin B. insulin receptors C. both of the above
72. 332. During absorptive state, ____. A. blood glucose is absorbed by all tissue cells B. excessive blood glucose is converted to glycogen or fat C. both of the above take place
73. 333. Glycogen is synthesized and stored primarily in ____. A. liver B. kidneys C. neurons
74. 34. Gluconeogenesis is a process that ____. A. glucose is synthesized from fats or amino acids B. occurs normally during absorptive state when blood glucose is abundant C. glycogen is hydrolyzed into glucose
75. 335. During postabsorptive state, ____. A. blood glucose comes from glycogen and fats. B. blood insulin level is high C. blood glucagon is low D. all of the above take place
76. 336. In which temporal order (first to last), are the following nutrients used to produce ATP when food is not available. A. Glycogen --- fats --- skeletal muscle proteins --- cardiac muscle proteins B. skeletal muscle proteins --- glycogen --- fats --- cardiac muscle proteins C. fats --- skeletal muscle proteins --- glycogen --- cardiac muscle proteins D. cardiac muscle proteins --- skeletal muscle proteins --- fats --- glycogen
77. 337. Body heat is produced during ___. A. synthesis of ATP B. consumption of ATP C. both of the above
78. 338. Thermoregulation center is located in ___. A. medulla oblongata B. hypothalamus C. spinal cord D. cerebral cortex
79. 339. The body heat can be lost via ___. A. conduction B. radiation C. evaporation D. all of the above
80. 440. The sex of an individual is determined by ____. A. sex chromosomes B. primary sex organs C. secondary sex organs D. secondary sex characteristics
81. 441. Sperm cells are produced in ____. A. seminiferous tubules B. epididymus C. seminal vesicles D. vas differens
82. 442. Sperm cells are stored in ____. A. seminiferous tubules B. epididymus C. seminal vesicles D. vas defferens
83. 443. Semen contains ___. A. spermatozoan B. fructose C. prostaglandins D. all of the above
84. 444. Sperm cells ___. A. start to migrate towards uterus immediately after being ejaculated into vagina B. are not able to fertilize an egg without capacitation C. can all find the egg
85. 445. In which part of the female reproductive tract is an egg usually fertilized by a sperm cell? A. uterus B. vagina C. one third of uterine tube that is proximal to the uterus D. one third of uterine tube that is distal to the uterus
86. 446. During which of the following period does a sexual intercourse have the maximum chance of resulting in pregnancy? A. starting at 48 hours before ovulation and ending at 14 hours after ovulation B. starting at 48 hours before ovulation and ending at 24 hours after ovulation C. starting at 48 hours before ovulation and ending at 48 hours after ovulation D. starting at 48 hours before ovulation and ending at 72 hours after ovulation
87. 447. Which of the following statement is incorrect? A. Only one egg is released by two ovaries in each ovarian cycle B. Ovulation is triggered by a sudden increase of blood FSH level at day 14 C. FSH stimulates the development of follicles
88. 448. Which of the following statements about corpus luteum is incorrect ? A. Corpus luteum normally secrets progesterone and estrogen B. Corpus luteum secrets progesterone and estrogen for only ~10 days, then undergo degeneration, no matter if the egg is fertilized or not. C. Corpus luteum is formed after the oocyte is ovulated.
89. 449. Which of the following statement about uterus is incorrect? A. The growth and secretion of uterus depends on progesterone B. The uterus harbors embryo C. The uterus secrets nutrients D. The uterus does not contract at labor.
90. 550. The pH of vagina is usually ___. A. low (acidic) B. high (basic) C. neutral
91. 551. Which of the following statements about HCG is correct? A. HCG is secreted by ovaries. B. HCG is found in blood 8-10 days after fertilization C. HCG inhibits the secretion of progesterone from corpus luteum D. HCG stimulates the development of follicles.
92. 552. In which of the following events, are the chemical messengers transported by the blood? A. endocrine B. paracrine C. autocrine D. synaptic communication
93. 553. Hormones fall into the following chemical classes except ____. A. steroids B. biogenic amines C. fatty acids D. peptides
94. 554. Which of the following hormone classes has their receptors located in the nucleus? A. steroid hormones B. peptide hormones C. biogenic amine hormones (except thyroid hormones)
95. 555. Which of the following hormone classes stimulates synthesis of new proteins? A. steroid hormones B. peptide hormones C. biogenic amine hormones (except thyroid hormones)
96. 556. Long-term exposure to high levels of a hormone causes ____ in the number of receptors and sensitivity to the hormone A. a decrease B. an increase C. no change
97. 557. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Most hormones remain active for several hours after being released into the blood. B. About 50% of most hormones are deactivated a couple of minutes after being released into the blood. C. Hormones are primarily deactivated in muscles.
98. 558. Which of the following hormones is not secreted by pituitary? A. luteinizing hormone (LH) B. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) C. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. growth hormone (GH)
99. 559. Which of the following hormones is synthesized in hypothalamus and secreted from pituitary? A. antidiuretic hormone B. prolactin C. follicle-stimulating hormone D. growth hormone
100. 660. Which of the following hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis ? A. insulin B. vasopressin C. glucagon D. gastrin
101. 661. Which of the following hormones has the strongest stimulatory effect on metabolic rate or heat production? A. thyroid hormone B. ADH C. Aldosterone D. oxytocin
102. 662. Which of the hormone stimulates uterine labor contractions? A. thyroid hormone B. ADH C. Aldosterone D. oxytocin
103. 663. Adrenal medulla secrets ____. A. catecholamines B. glucocorticoids C. aldosterone D. androgen
