1.
Lisa Wade, PhD
Professor of Sociology
Occidental College
lisa-wade.com
f:/lisawadephd
i:/lisawadephd
t:@lisawade

2.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

3.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

4.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

5.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

6.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

7.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

8.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

9.
Roughgarden, Joan. 2013 (10th ed). Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and
Sexuality in Nature and People. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

10.
 How many genders are there?
 Is gender static?
 How is gender proven?
 Is homosexuality eternal?
 Is object choice it?

11.
 Biological sex: primary and secondary sexual characteristics
 Gender: masculinity, femininity, or other
 Identity: what you feel
 Appearance: how you look
 Performance: how you act
 Sexual orientation: the sex/gender of your sexual object
choice, if any
 Sexual role: your role in sexual activity

12.
 16th century Europe

13.
 16th century Europe

14.
 Two-spirits, North America

15.
 Māhū, akava’ine, fakaleiti, Fa'afafine, throughout Polynesia

16.
 Hijra and Sadhin, India

17.
 Muxe, Mexico

18.
 Travesti, Brazil

19.
 Guevedoces, Dominican Republic

20.
 Kwolu-aatmwol, Papau New Guinea

21.
 Bacha Posh, Afghanistan

22.
 Bacha Posh, Afghanistan
“It’s a privilege for me, that she is in boys’ clothing… It’s a help for
me, with the shopping. And she can go in and out of the house without
a problem.”

23.
 Bacha Posh, Afghanistan

24.
 Virgjinesha, Albania

25.
 Hau, New Guinea

26.
 Lobedu, Zambia

27.
 Nádleehé, North America

28.
 Gerai, West Borneo
“Gerai people remained very uncertain about my gender for some time
after I arrived in the community…
This was despite the fact that people in the community knew from my
first few days with them both that I had breasts… and that I had a
vulva rather than a penis and testicles (this was obvious from my trips
to defecate or urinate in the small stream used for that purpose, when
literally dozens of people would line the banks to observe whether I
performed these functions differently from them).
As someone said to me at a later point, ‘Yes, I saw that you had a
vulva, but I thought that Western men might be different.’”
Helliwell, Christine. 2000. “It’s Only a Penis”: Rape, Feminism, and Difference. Signs 25, 3: 789-816.

29.
 Two-spirits, North America

30.
 Hijra, India

31.
 Travesti, Brazil

32.
Myth of the eternal homosexual:
`“…gay men and lesbians always were and always will
be. We are everywhere; not just now, but throughout
history, in all societies and all periods.”
D’Emilio, John. 1993. Capitalism and Gay Identity. In The Lesbian and Gay Studies
Reader, edited by Henry Abelove et al. New York: Routledge.

33.
Myth of the eternal homosexual:
`“…gay men and lesbians always were and always will
be. We are everywhere; not just now, but throughout
history, in all societies and all periods.”
D’Emilio, John. 1993. Capitalism and Gay Identity. In The Lesbian and Gay Studies
Reader, edited by Henry Abelove et al. New York: Routledge.

34.
• US, early colonial period

35.
• US, 1940s

36.
• US, 1940s

37.
 US and abroad, World War II
“The war is a tragedy to my
mind and soul… but to my
physical being, it is a
memorable experience.”

38.
 The Mattachine Society

39.
 US, routinized non-homosexual homosexual behavior

40.
 “Gay for Pay”

41.
 Ancient Romans

42.
 Travesti, Brazil

43.
 Some trans men and women

44.
 All of us, actually

45.
 How many genders are there?
 Is gender static?
 How is gender proven?
 Is homosexuality eternal?
 Is object choice it?

46.
 Our beliefs about gender and sexuality are specific
to this time and place.
 Deviations from the two sex/two
gender/heterosexual system are incredibly
common.
 Remember the diversity.
 Question categories, not people.

47.
Lisa Wade, PhD
Professor of Sociology
Occidental College
lisa-wade.com
f:/lisawadephd
i:/lisawadephd
t:@lisawade