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Facilitation Guide for
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Author Art work by
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Participants From ,ckpmtkywif vlxt=um;aphpyfaqmf
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Graphic Design
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Published by
,ckpmtkyonf (USAID) ESihf Intern-
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Human Rights Education Institute of ational Rescue Committee (IRC) - SHIELD
Burma (HREIB)
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First Edition : 1,500 copies,
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HREIB
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Allrights reserved. This work maybe reproduced, provided that no
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commercial use is made of it and authors are acknowledged.
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Funded by the
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3. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
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hre pack.pmd 3 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
4. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
tcef;(1) aphpyfaqmfMojcif;
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olqwmbmvJ (11)
kd
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olaumif;wpfa,muf
t&nftcsi;rsm; (15)
f
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olwm0efrsm; (17)
tcef;(2) oifMum;rItaxmuftuljyKenf;vrf;rsm;
oifwef;wckjyifqifykH (21)
oif&k;ñTe;wrf;rsm;jyifqifykH (ADIDS) enf;vrf; (27)
d f
oifwef;cef;rjyifqifykH (32)
oifye;toH;jyKykH (33)
k f k
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tacstwifajymqdjk cif;(od)pum;&nfvjk cif; (40)
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6. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
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ta&SUawmiftm&StwGif;&SdtrsKd;orD;rsm; umuG,rqi&mtcGita&;rsm; (221)
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tdrwi;tMurf;zufrI (165) (170) (173)
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f k f S
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hf
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k J kH H G f S k f
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k J kH H G f S k f
uav;yg0ifrI (243)
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f S f
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vdiujJG ym;rItay:tajccHícGjJ cm;onftjrif (189)
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hf f f
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hre pack.pmd 6 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
7. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
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a&umwm (315)
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9. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
tcef;(1)
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10. h hf
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kf
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11. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
aphpyfaqmfMoay;ol (Facilitator) qdwmbmvJ?
k
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(Facilitator) wa,muf[omcH,&rnf?
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vl@tcGita&;ynmay;olonf oif,orsm;wGif &S+d yD;om;jzpfaom tawG@tóuHEihf A[kowrsm;udk jyefvef
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aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol (Facilitator) qdkwmbmvJ?
aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol. t"duta&;t}uD;qH;k wm0efrm vuf&dS rdrwm0ef,xm;aom
S d l
tkyfpkwpk. ajz&Sif;vkyfaqmif&ef óud;yrf;aqmif&Guf aeaomjyemrsm;
odk@r[kwf ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI atmifjrifpGm+yD;pD;ap&eftwGuf
vkyfaqmif aer_vkyfief;pOftay: xdef;odrf;vrf;a=umif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?
aph p yf a qmf = oay;ol qd k o nf r S m æ
Ð trsm;xJrS wa,muftaejzifh yg0iforsm;tm;vH;ESihf tjyeftvSeem;vnfrukd wnfaqmuf&oljzpf+yD;/
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tkyfpkwckvHk;. oif=um;avhvmEdkif&ef wm0ef,lol jzpfonf?
Ð ,Hk=unfr_ESifh yGifhvif;r_&Sdonfhywf0ef;usifudk zefwD;oljzpf+yD;/ xdkywf0ef;usiftwGif; tjrifrwlnDr_rsm;udk
av;pm;+y;D rdr,qonftwdi;f yGivif;pGmwifjy&Jaom taetxm;rsK;d &Satmifvyaqmifunojl zpfonf?
d l h k hf d kf l D
Ð avhvmoif,lr_ vkyfief;pOftwGif;wGif vlwdkif;rdrdudk,fwdkifyg0ifaeovdk cHpm;ae&atmif vkyfaqmifEdkif
oljzpf+yD; vlwdkif;trSefwu,fyg0ifcGifh&Sdatmif tmrcHoljzpfonf?
Ð aqG;aEG;yGJ ta=umif;t&mrsm; jyifqifjcif;/ tcsdefrsm;udk avhvmjcif;/ pwifcsdefESifh +yD;qHk;csdefrsm;udkowf
rSwfjcif;/ aqG;aEG;r_ta=umif;t&m rvGJacsmfatmifxdef;odrf;jcif; tp&Sdonfh oif=um;avhvmr_yHk
o¾mefudk azmfaqmifay;oljzpfonf?
Ð oif=um;r_taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm; jyifqifjcif;/ aqG;aEG;yGJae&m&SmazGowfrSwfjcif;/ yg0ifrnfholrsm;
udktoday;ta=umif;=um;jcif;/ vdktyfonfhjyifqifr_rsm;+yD;/ r+yD;avhvmjcif; tp&Sdonfh “House
keeping” wm0efvkyfief;rsm;udk aocsmatmifvkyfaqmifoljzpfonf?
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 11
hre pack.pmd 11 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
12. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
aph p yf a qmf = ool r sm;taejzif h a&S m if = uOf & ef r S m æ
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qdiygonf? “aphpyfaqmf=ool” . wm0efrm oif=um; avhvmr_ukd
kf S
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ta=umif;t&mrsm;tm;vHk;udk wOD;wnf; csKyfudkifxm;olrjzpf&yg?
avhvmrnfhacgif;pOfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqHk;jzwf&mwGif yg0ifolrsm;. ajymqdkcsuf
rsm;/ vdkvm;csufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf?
“rd r d w OD ; xJ u oif = um;yd k Œ csol ” rjzpf & yg? ? aphpyfaqmf=oay;ol ud,wiuvnf;
k f kd f
tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl avhvmazmfavhvmzufjzpf&ygrnf? avhvm&mwGifyg0ifolw
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h
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rsm;tm; aqG;aEG;yGtwGi;f yg0ifvmatmif aqmif&uay;onfrvI tjcm;yg0iforsm;xuf pum;avsmajym
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f k
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“tapcH ” rjzpf & yg? ? avhvmaqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pDpOf&mwGiunaqmif&uf olonf
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12 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
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13. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
aph p yf a qmf = oay;ol a umif ; wa,muf j zpf z d k ‹ bmawG v d k t yf o vJ ?
yk*~vdut&nftcsif;rsm;tay:tajccHaom wOD;csif;pGrf;&nfESifh vkyfief;tay:ZJGvHk@vtjynfhjzifh vkyfaqmif
vdaom t"dXmefpw&rw‹kd onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;. t&nftaoG;rsm;wcsK@d jzpfygonf/? od‹k &mwGif todynm
k d f dS _
jynf0r_Eihf vkyief;tawG‹tóuHw‹kd rmvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;.t&nftaoG;udk ydrjkd rifrm;apaomtcsursm;jzpf
h S f S k h f
ygonf?
vl w OD ; csif ; pD . cH p m;csuf r sm;tay: pmemem;vnf c H p m;Ed k i f r _ p G r f ; &nf ?
,H=k unfrEihf tjyeftvSeav;pm;r_ &Sonfywf0ef;usiukd zefw;D Edi&efEihf xde;f odr;f xm;Edif
_ S f d h f kf S k
&eftwGuf aqG;aEG;onfhacgif;pOfrsm;tay: vltrsm;urnfodk@ xifjrif,lqonf/ tjcm;olrsm;
tay: rnfodk@wkef@jyefonfwdk@udk avhvmtuJcwf pmemem;vnfcHpm;ay;Edkif&ef txl;vdktyf
onf? vltrsm;tjym;onfow‹kd . pdwroufromjzpfrrsm;/ pdwxcurrsm;ESihf a'gojzpf
l f _ f d kd f _
r_rsm;udk xkwfazmfjyoavhr&Sd=uyJ aqG;aEG;r_rsm;twGif;rSvnf;aumif;/ wcgw&Htkyfpk
twGif;rSvnf;aumif; wdwfqdwfpGm aemufqkwfoGm;wwfygonf? xdk@twGuf tjcm;
olrsm;rnfo‹kd cpm;aeonfukd od&cpm;Edijf cif;/ tajctaew&yfukd rnfo‹kd we‹f jyef&rnfukd
H dS H k k
em;vnfjcif;wd‹k onf aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;wa,muf. ta&;}uD;aom t&nftcsi;f
jzpfygonf?
tk y f p k . cH p m;csuf r sm;tay: pmemem;vnf c H p m;Ed k i f r _ p G r f ; &nf ?
rnfonftypwirqdk tkypwckv;kH udponf tpdwtydi;f wckcsi;f xuf ydrta&;ygyg
h k f k Gf f k P f k k kd
onf? wOD;xHrwOD; a0r#u;l pufEionfh cHpm;r_rsm;jzpfaom rvdvm;r_/ aerxdxiromjzpfr/_
S kd f k kd f
pdwfqdk;r_/ ysif;&dr_/ pdwfjyif;jyr_/ oHo,jzpfr_ESifh wcgw&Hpdwfrwnfjidrfr_wdk‹onf tkyfpkwckvHk;xHokd@
ul;pufEdkifygonf? tkyfpktwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJaer_rsm;udk &SmazGtuJcwfwwfjcif;ESifh wkef‹jyefwwfjcif;wdk‹onf
u|rf;usifaomaphpyfaqmf=oay;olxHwGif r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygonf//
em;axmif E d k i f p G r f ; &S d j cif ; ?
tkyfpkwckvHk;.cHpm;csufrsm;ESifh tkyfpkwGif;&Sd wOD;csif;.cHpm;csufrsm;udk od&SdcHpm;Edkifonfh enf;vrf;wckrSm
pl;pduem;axmifwwfjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ pum;vH;k wckcsi;f pD. t"dym,foufa&mufrrsm;/ ajymqdow‹kd . toHaetoH
k f ` _ k l
xm;rsm;udkavhvmI t"dy`m,fudkòcHiHkazmfxkwfEdkif&rnfjzpfonf? xdk‹twGuf aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tkyfpkwckvHk;ESifh
,SOfv#ifpum;tenf;qHk; ajymoljzpf&ayrnf? wcgw&HwGif aphpyfaqmf=ool.oHk;oyfr_rSm tjcm;olrsm;.ajym=um;
csufrsm;udk jyefvnfajymjyjcif;/ twdkcsKyfaygif;pkay;jcif;wdk@jzpf&rnf?
enf ; em?
wcgw&HwGif ulnDaqmif&Gufolonf tkyfpkwckvHk;. aumif;usKd;twGuf oufawmifhoufom r&SdvSonfh
ðyrlaqmif&urrsm;/ em;0ifrcsKvonfh ajymqdrrsm;udk ðyvkyajymqd&wwfygonf? ,if;od‹k ajymqdðk yrl&mwGif odrarG‹pm
G f_ d S k_ f k hf G
jzif*±kwpduðf yrl&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? txl;ojzifh vl‹tcGita&;bmom&yfEihf ywfoufIaqG;aEG;aepOf yg0iforsm;
h k hf S l
twGif; jyif;xefaomcHpm; csufrsm;ESifh qdk;&Gm;aomtjzpfqdk;rsm;udk jyefvnftrSwf&apr_rsm;jzpfay:apwwfygonf/
aphpyfaqmf=oolrsm;taejzifh pdwvy&m;zG,tajctae rsm;óuHawGŒ&ifqi&ygu rdrvyief;tay: wcgw&H cdicirmrm
f _fS f kd f d kf k f kd f
&yfwnf&ef vdktyfouJhodk‹ xdkolrsm;tay: av;av;pm;pm; ðyr_aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh enf;emrsm;vdktyfygonf?
tjyef t vS e f y l ; aygif ; vk y f a qmif r _ t ay: ,H k = unf j cif ; ?
tjyeftvSefyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifoif=um;r_onf wcgw&HwGif pdwfysufzG,f&mjzpf+yD; jynfhpHkvkHavmufr_r&Sd[k
xif&ygonf// xdtcgrsK;d wGif aphpyfaqmf=oolonf ulnaqmif&uay;onfyptpm; t±d;k pJaeaom a&S;±d;k pJoif=um;r_
k D G f h kH H G G
yHkpHjzpfonfh q&mwOD;wnf;a&S›aqmifoif=um;r_yHkpHodk‹ ajymif;vJvdkpdwfrsm; ay:vmwwfygonf? odk‹&mwGif aphpyf
aqmf=ool. tjyeftvSey;l aygi;f vkyaqmifoif=um;r_tay: cdicirmrmvufcH ,H=k unfxm;ygu xdo@kd q&mwOD;wnf;u
f f k f kd f k
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 13
hre pack.pmd 13 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
14. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
OD;aqmifoif=um;vdrukd wGe;f vSeqef‹usiapEdiygonf? wzufrvnf; aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tkypwi;f &Sd tjcm;olrsm;.
k _ f f kf S fk G
aphpyfaqmf=or_rsm;udvnf; zdwac: vuf cH&efvtyfygonf?
k f kd
tcsd e f t ay: od & S d c H p m;r_ ?
aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tcseEiygwoufI “qÏrtm±H”udk arG;jrLxm;oifonf? rnfonftcsewif aqG;
d f S hf f k h h d f G
aEG;r_ukd tqH;k owfrnf/ rnfonftcsewif acgi;f pOfajymif;&rnf/ pum;&Sn&nvsm;vsm; ajymwwfoukd rnfonfh
h d f G f S f l
tcsdefwGif pum;jzwf&rnf/ rnfonfhtcgwGif owfrSwfcsdefxufausmfvGefI aqG;aEG;cdkif;qdkrnf/ rnfonfhtcgwGif
wdwfqdwf+idrfoufr_udk tcsdef=um=umqGJxm;oifhonfponfjzifh tcsdefESifhywfoufI od&Sdem;vnf&efvdktyfygonf?
ajymif ; vG , f j yif v G , f & S d r _ ?
aphpyfaqmf=oolonf tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDpOfvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfouJhodk‹ tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; vdktyfygu
tajctaeESifhvdkufavsmnDaxGpGm ajymif;vJvdkr_&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? wcgw&HaqG;aEG;&mwGif yg0ifaeaomolrsm;onf
aqG;aEG;onfhta=umif;t&mESifhywfoufI b,fvdka&S›quf&rnfukd rodavmufaom tajctaersKd;a&mufoGm;Edkif
onf? wcgw&Hwif aqG;aEG;onfta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf cef@re;f xm;onfxuf tcseyrvkd tyfonftjzpfrsK;d vnf;
G h S d f kd kd h
&ifqi&Edionf? aphpyfaqmf=ooltaejzifh tkyp.vdtyfcsuay:wGif oH;k oyfwwf&efvtyf+yD; rnfo‹kd we‹f jyef&rnfukd
kd f k f fk k f kd k
qH;k jzwfEi&rnfjzpfonf? ta=umif;t&macgi;f pOfwi;f onf ta&;}uD;onfreaomfvnf; wcgw&Hwif ydrjkd ynfpaom
kd f kd S f G k h kH
ajz&Sif;r_jzpfap&eftwGuf tcsKd‹acgif;pOfrsm;udk vdktyfyguðzwfypf&ef qHk;jzwf&wwfygonf?
[mo^m%f & S d j cif ; ?
wcgw&H tvGepwtm±Hp;l pduae&aomtcsersm;twGi;f aphpyfaqmf=ool.[mo ^m%f&Sdr_/ tjcm;olrsm;.
fd f k k f df
&,f&$ifzG,ftjzpftysufrsm;udkzvS,fwwfr_wdk‹jzifh avhvmolrsm;pdwf&$ifvef;vmap&efvkyfEdkifonf?
A[k o k w jynf h 0 jcif ; ES i f h zef w D ; wwf r _ ?
yg0iforsm;tay:wGitajccHI tkypwi;f / tkypwi;f wGiujJG ym;jcm; em;r_rsm;&Sayrnf? aphpyfaqmf=oolaumif;
l f f k kd f k kd f d
wa,muftaejzifh ajymif;vJaeaomtajctaeESihf tcGitvrf;rsm; ay:wGirwnfI vduavsmnDaxG&atmif aexdif
hf fl k f dS k
wwfouJhodk‹ wckvHk;.vkyfief;pOfESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm;udkvnf; azmfaqmifEdkif&rnfjzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifhtkyfpk
wGif;&Sdxl;c|efolrsm;ESifh tawG‹tóuH&Sdolrsm;udk azmfxkwf&SmazGEdkif&rnfjzpfouJhodk‹ rdrd.A[kokwt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
avhvmolrsm;tusKd;twGuf t}uHðyay;apEdkifygonf?
14 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 14 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
15. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olaumif;wpfa,muf t&nftcsif;rsm;
pd w f " mwf y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
Ð bufvurr&S/d yk*K~ vpr&SbJ ormorwfusus &yfwnf
kd f _ d f GJ d
&rnf?
Ð tjcm;olrsm;. *k%foduQmESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
av;pm;wwf&rnf?
Ð rdru,rrd bufaygi;pHjk ynfpo/l tm;vH;od tm;vH;
d kd f d f h kH k k
wwfaeaomol[k rrSw,oif?
f l h
Ð udk,fwdkifu vdifcJGjcm;r_tjrifESifh cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_pdwf uif;&rnf?
Ð avhvmoif,orsm;xJrS jyefvnftwk,avhvmvdaom pdwxm;
l l l k f
rsKd;&Sd&rnf?
Ð avhvmoif,orsm;onf bmrSrod/ bmrSrwwf[aom tawG;pdw"mwfrsK;
l l l f d
a&Smif&rnf?
tjyKtrl y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
Ð avhvmoif,lolrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh &if;ESD;azmfa&GpGmqufqHwwf&rnf?
Ð rdrajymonftcsuEihf rdr.tðytrl/ tajymtqdk udunr&&rnf?
d h f S d k f D _ dS
Ð rdrduajymonfxuf olrsm;ajymonfudk ydkem;axmifEdkif&rnf? avhvmoif,lolrsm;. ajym=um;csufudk
tav;xm; *±kpuem;axmifay;wwf&rnf?
kd f
Ð pdwfqdk;pdwfaumufaom/ pdwfysufaomtrlt,mrsm;udk ray:
atmif xdr;f odr;f Edi&rnf?
kf
Ð rdrdudk,fwdkifuvJ udk,fhudkukd,f,Hk=unfr_&Sd+yD; oufawmifhouf
omjzpfaom yHprsK;d jzpf&rnf? oifavsmovdk Z0eOm%fo;kH wwf
kH h f
&rnf?
Ð b0ifjrif/h rme}uD;aomyHpukd a&Smif&m;&rnf?
k H S
Ð tcsdefwdusr_ESifhwm0efudk rdrdudk,fwdkifav;pm;wwf&rnf?
Ð rvdkvm;tyfbJ trsm;tm¶Hkpl;pdkufapaom/ tjrif¶_wfapaom 0wfpm;qif,ifr_udka&Smif=uOf&rnf?
Ð cE<mudk,fudk vdktyfovdkv_yf&Sm;I pum;ajymwwfoljzpf&rnf? rv_yfr,Sufxdkifae+yD; ysif;&dp&mtoHjzifh
ajymqdrukd a&Smif=uOf&rnf?
k_
enf ; vrf ; yd k i f ; qd k i f & m
Ð avhvmoif,lolrsm;. avhvmvdkaomtcsufrsm;/ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk aumif;pGmod&Sdem;vnf&rnf?
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 15
hre pack.pmd 15 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
16. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
Ð avhvmoif,orsm;. vkyaqmifrrsm;ESihf vkyief;pOfw@kd
l l f _ f
udk t+rJrjywfavhvmae&rnf?
Ð avhvmoif,lolrsm;&nfrSef;xm;onfh &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
twdkif; a&mufEdkifatmif vrf;a=umif;ay;Edkif&rnf?
Ð avhvmoif,owŒkd em;rvnfEiaom twwfynm
l l kd f
pum;rsm;rsm;udk wwfEior# a&Smif&m;&rnf?
kd f S
Ð rdrqvonftcsursm;udk
d kd kd h f avhvmoif,ol rsm;em;vnf
l
atmifv&if;wd&i;f ajymEdi&rnf?
kd kS kf
Ð oif=um;r_enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkudk oifhavsmfovdkajymif;vJtoHk;cs
wwf&rnf?
Ð avhvmoif,orsm;.
l l avhvmEdirpr;f &nf udqef;ppfavhvmwwf&rnfjzpf+yD; vdtyfovdk xde;f ausmif;Edi&rnf?
kf_G k k kf
Ð vlwdkif;yg0ifaqG;aEG;vmatmif
tm;ay;Edkif&rnf? odk@aomf avhvmoif,lolrsm;onf yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifhyg0ifwwf
onfudk t+rJowdrl&rnf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf tkyfpk}uD;wGif aqG;aEG;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; tkyfpki,ftwGif;wGif
aqG;aEG;r_&wwfonf?
dS
Ð avhvmoif,loltcsif;csif; &efvdk/ wdkufcdkufr_udk rjzpfatmif wm;qD;umuG,fay;Edkif&rnf? tm;vHk;,Hk=unf
av;pm;wefzdk;xm;onfh ywf0ef;usifrsKd;wnfaqmufay;Edkif&rnf?
Ð aqG;aEG;aeonfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;xJrS ta&;}uD;aomtESpfcsKyfudk tjcm;olrsm;odatmif/ b,ftqifh
txda&mufaeonfudk owdðyrdatmif tESpfcsKyfjyefvnfwifjywwf&rnf?
Ð oifcef;pmwckEiwck od@k r[kwf aqG;aEG;onfta=umif;t&mwckEiwckt=um; qufpyfr&&wifjyoGm;wwf&rnf?
S hf h S hf _ dS dS
Ð oifwef;om;rsm;. em;vnfr_tajctae {em;vnfr_/ ±_wfaxG;r__/ qufvufoif,lEdkifr_a&csdef(yifyrf;/ tdyf
idkuf/ wufºuG )}wdk@udk avhvmtuJcwfwwf+yD; vdktyfovdk xdef;ausmif;ay;Edkif&rnf?
Ð avhvmoif,lol udk,fwdkifvkyfudkif&if; tajz&SmEdkifrnfhtvkyfrsm;udk udk,fudk,fwdkifu pdwfapmI udk,fpm;
vkyfaqmifay;jcif;/ tajzxkwfay;vdkufjcif;rsm;udk a&Smif=uOf&rnf? avhvmoif,lolrsm;onf olwdk@udk,fwdkif
vkyfaqmifavhvmoif,Edkir_udk ydkrdkwefzkd;xm;wwf/ rSwfrdwwfonf?
l f
Ð oifwef;om;rsm;t=um; vSnfhvnfI avhvmwwfoljzpf&rnf? tkyfpkwpkxJwGifom t+rJaejcif;udk a&Smif&
rnf? xdkodk@aeygu xdktkyfpkudk rdrduv$rf;rdk;ouJhodk@jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?
Ð avhvmoif,lolrsm;xHwGif ar;p&mar;cGef;rsm;&Sd/ r&Sd r=umc%ppfaq;ay;&rnf?
Ð rdrdar;cGef;wckar;vdkuf+yD;ygu ajz=um;rnfholrsm; tcsdef,lpOf;pm;Edkif&ef tcsdefay;&rnf?
Ð rdrduqHk;jzwfcsufcsay;jcif;r[kwfbJ avhvmoif,lolrsm;taejzifh ydkrdkeufeJpGmaqG;aEG;awG;ac:apEdkifrnfh
ar;cGef;rsm;udkar;+yD; ukd,fwdkifoHk;oyfwwfap&ef vkyfaqmifay;Edkif&rnf?
Ð jzpfay:vmaomtajctae/ aqG;aEG;r_ESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm ajymif;vJwwf&rnf?
Ð aqG;aEG;rnfhta=umif;t&mudk avhvmxm;oljzpf&rnf?
Ð rdrdudk,fwdkifuavhvmoif,lolrsm;.tm;aumif;csuf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;udktðyoabmjzifhaxmufjywwf&ef
vdovd/k rdrtay:a0zefaxmufjyEdi&efuvnf; vrf;zGiay;wwf+y;D av;pm;pGmvufcI vdtyfyguajymif;vJwwf&ef
k d k f kd hf H k
vdonf?
k
16 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 16 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
17. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
aphpyfaqmfMoay;olwm0efrsm;
aphpyfaqmf=oay;olonf vlxkt=um;wGif vlr_toGifðyjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf
vGwvyfyivif;r_&aom/ vlwi;f yg0ifavhvmr_&aom/ vlxEiuunaom/ vlxukd pGr;f &nfjr‡iay;aomynm
f G hf dS kd dS k S hf kd f D k hf
oif=um;r_udk udkifpJGusifhoHk;oljzpf&rnf? xdk@odk@aom ynmoif=um;r_yHkpHrsKd; jzpfap&eftwGuf aphpyfaqmf=o
ay;oltaeESifh owdðyvdkufemvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0ef (5) rsKd;&Sdonf?
1 ? yxrOD;qHk;wm0efrSm avhvmoif,lolrsm;t=um; pdk;&drfr_/ r&if;ESD;r_/ oufawmifhoufomr&Sdr_rsm;
yaysmufom;+yD; &if;ES;D r_rsm;&&Satmif pwifvyaqmifay;&rnfh (Initiate) jzpfonf? avhvmolrsm;taejzifh
G d k f
oifwef; od@k r[kwf aqG;aEG;yJppcsi;f wGip;kd &drr/_ ,cifurawG@b;l aomolrsm;ESiawG@&ojzifh r&if;ES;D r_rsm;&Swwf
G f f hf d
onfrSmobm0yifjzpfonf? xdkcHpm;csufrsm;aysmuf+yD; vef;qef;wufºuGvmap&eftwGuf v_yf&Sm;r_wckckjzifh
pwifoifhonf? odk@rSom wdwfqdwf+idrfoufaeaomtajctaeudkòzdzsufI oif,lolwdk@taejzifh vGwfvyf
aygyg;r_ucpm;Edirnf? xd@k aemuf oif,avhvmolw@kd . tawG;rsm;udazmfjyEdirnfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk pwifar;Edirnf?
h kd H k f l k kf kf
2 ? aemufxyfwm0efrSm oif,lolrsm;t=um; av;pm;r_/ em;vnfr_/ tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef ulnDr_rsm;
&Sdap&eftwGuf rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk vkyfaqmifoihfa=umif;/ a&Smif=uOfoifha=umif;0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;I pnf;
urf;rsm;csrwjf cif; (Regulate)jzpfonf? oif,orsm;tm;vH;k yg0ifaqG;aEG;vmatmif/ tjcm;olrsm; wifjyr_ukd
S l l
avSmifajymifysu&,f rðyatmif/ 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;r_r&SbJ t+rJwrf;wdwqw+f idroufaeolukd yg0ifvmatmif/
f d f d f
aqG;aEG;r_acgif;pOf ta=umif;t&mrsm; OD;wnfcsuftwdkif;oGm;Edkifatmifb,fvdkrsdK; vdkufemaqmif&Gufoifh
a=umif; 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfjcif; tqifhyifjzpfonf?
3? aphpyfaqmf=oay;oltaejzifh aemufvkyf&rnfhwm0efwckrSm oif,lolrsm; odoifhod
xdkufaom/ avhvmvdkaomta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufI vdktyfoavmuf owif;
tcsuf r sm;ay;jcif ; / ta&;}uD ; onf h t csuf r sm;ud k a xmuf j yjcif ; / avh v moif , l
olrsm;tm; aqG;aEG;rnfhta=umif;t&mrsm;. &nf&G,fcsufESifh tcsdefpm&if;rsm;udk
today;jcif;(Inform)jzpfonf?
4 ? aemufxyfvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm rdrdta=umif;t&mudk ajymqdk
wifjy&ef tcuftcJ&Sdolrsm;/ rdrdwifjycsufudk tjcm;olrsm;em;vnf
atmif wifjy&mwGif tcuftcJ&orsm;udk tm;ay;ulnjD cif; (Support)
dS l
jzpfonf? xdo@kd vyaqmifay;jcif;jzifh tm;vH;k wifjyEdiatmif yHy;kd ay;&m
k kf kf h
a&mufovdk &nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; c&D;qufEdkifatmif xdef;ausmif;ay;&m
vnf;a&mufonf?
5? aemufxyfvkyfaqmif&rnfhwm0efrSm jyefvnftuJjzwfjcif; (Evaluate)
jzpfonf? aqG;aEG;r_rsm; b,ftqifo@kd a&mufaeonf/ b,ftcsursm;udk tESpcsKyf
h f f
wifjyoifonf/ oif,orsm;teuf rnfoutxl;tm±Hðk yI qJac:&ef vdtyfaeonf/
h l l l kd G k
aemufxyfb,ftcsursm;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;atmif vrf;a=umif;ay;oifonf ponfh
f h
tcsufrsm;udk t+rJrjywf tuJjzwfqef;ppfaejcif;rSmvJ ynmay;olwa,muf rjzpf
raevkyfaqmif&rnfh vkyfief;w&yfyifjzpfonf?
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 17
hre pack.pmd 17 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
18. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
18 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 18 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
19. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
tcef;(2)
oifMum;rItaxmuftuljyK
enf;vrf;rsm;
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 19
hre pack.pmd 19 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
20. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
20 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 20 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
21. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
oifwef;wckjyifqifykH (Designing Training)
oifwef;wckujkd yifqifawmhrnfqygu vG,v,Eihf jyifqifIr&Ediyg? trSewu,f xda&mufatmifjrifaom
kd f G fS kf f
oifwef;wckjzpf&eftwGuf tzufzufrS óudwifjyifqifp&mrsm;&Sdygonf? oifwef;wckudk jyifqifawmhrnfqdkygu
rjzpfraejyifqifxm;oifhaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?
1? bmta=umif;a=umifh oifwef;vdktyfovJudk od&Sd aom todynm twwfynmvdktyfcsufrsm;/ oifwef;
xm;&rnf? (Training Needs Assessment) umvtwGi;f t"duavhvmvdaom tcsursm;udk odatmif
k f
oifwef;wckðyvkyawmhrnf od@k r[kwf vlwOD;OD;/
f vkyEiygu bma=umifh ,ckoifwef;vkyz@kd vdtyfovJqkd
f kd f f k
tzJG@tpnf;wckcku oifwef;ay;&eftwGuf vma&muf onfhtcsufESifh ywfoufI vHkavmufaomtajzrsm;&&Sd
tul t nD a wmif ; onf q d k y gu yxrOD ; qH k ; od & S d & rnf h Edkifrnf?
tcsurm bmtwGua=umifh ,ckoifwef;vkyz@kd vdtyf
f S f f k xdk@tjyif tu,fI tjcm;olwOD;OD; odk@r[kwf
tzJ@G tpnf;wckcu zdw=f um;onfqygu bma=umifh xdk
k kd
ta=umif;t&mudk oif=um;yd@k csapvdovJqonfh ar;cGe;f
k kd
udar;jref;Edionf? xktzG@J pnf;. &nf&,csu/f aemufcH
k kf d G f
ordkif;a=umif;rsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ "avhxkH;pHrsm;/ olwdk@.
jyemrsm;udk od&Sdxm;jcif;jzifh aemufqufwJGjyifqif
p&mrsm;jzpfaom aqmif&efa&Smif&efrsm;/ oif=um;r_enf;
vrf;rsm;/ taxmuftulðyypPnf;rsm;udk qufvufjyif
qifEdkifonf? xdkuJhodk@vdktyfcsufrsm;tm; avhvmpHkprf;
jcif;udk twdkaumuftm;jzifh TNA (Training Needs
Assessment) [kvnf;ac:onf?
tu,f I oif w ef ; ay;&ef vd k t yf c suf r sm;
ovJqaom tcsuyifjzpfonf? xdtcsuonf yxrOD;
kd f k f odk@r[kwf oifwef;om;rsm;avhvmvdkaom ta=umif;
qHk;vkyfaqmif&rnfh tcsufjzpfovdk oifwef;atmifjrif t&mrsm;udk óudwifI ravhvmEdiygu ppcsi;f tcsewif
kf d f G
xda&mufrukd wdi;f wm&mwGita&;t}uD;qH;k aom tcsuf
_ k f oifwef;om;rsm;xHrS b,fta=umif;t&mrsm;udk avh
vnf;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif xdktcsufudk aoaocsmcsm vmvdovJqonfh tcsursm;&atmif ar;jref;xkwazmf
k kd f f
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odxm;rSom aemufxyfta&;}uD;aom oifhonf?
tcsursm;tm; b,fvjkd yifqif&rnfukd pOf;pm;qifjcifEif
f kd
ayrnf?
2? &nf&G,fcsuf (Objectives)
bmtwGuf ,ckoifwef;vkyfzdk@ vdktyfovJqdk
aomtajzudo&&ef rdroifwef;vky&ef&nf&,xm;onfh
k d dS d f G f bma=umifh xdkoifwef;ay;&ef vdktyfovJqdk
a'oxHokd@oGm;a&mufI oifwef;vkyf&ef&nf&G,fcsuf aom tajzrsm;udk &&Sd+yD;+yDqdkygu aemufxyfvkyfaqmif
vkyfxm;aomolrsm;tm; oGm;a&mufar;jref; okawoe &efrm &¶dxm;aomtcsursm;tay:tajccHI oifwef;.
S S f
vkyfEdkifonf? xdkodk@oGm;a&mufar;jref;&mwGif vlawG@ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkcsrSwf&efjzpfonf? &nf&G,fcsufqdk
ar;jref;jcif;vkyEiovdk oifwef;vdtyfonftcsursm;udk
f kd f k h f onfrm oifwef;t+yD;wGif oifwef;wufa&muforsm;udk
S l
od&SdEdkifonfh ar;cGef;azmifrsm;jyifqifI jznfhpGufapEdkif b,fvdkjzpfoGm;apcsifonfqdkonfh ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk
onf? vltrsm;=um;xJ vSnfhvnfoGm;vmI ppfwrf; csrwjf cif;jzpfonf? xdo@kd &nf&,csursm;udk tpuwnf;
S k G f f
aumuf , l E d k i f o nf ? xd k o l r sm;wG i f óuH a wG @ ae&aom u wdwusus&i;f &Si;f vif;vif; csrwxm;rS xdoifwef;.
d S S f k
jyemrsm;/ xdjk yemrsm;udk ajz&Si;f vdaom t}uH^m%f
k atmifjrifr/_ xda&mufr/_ tusKd ;&Srw@kd ukd oifwef;t+yD;wGif
d_
rsm;/ xdo@kd ajz&Si;f onftcgwif ‚if;wd@k vtyfaom/ odvkd
k h G kd xifxif&Sm;&Sm;wdkif;wmEdkifrnfjzpfonf? oifwef;t+yD;
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 21
hre pack.pmd 21 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
22. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
wGif xd&nf&,csursm;udk jyefvnfu;kd um;I xd&nf&,f nDr#um oifwef;.&nf&G,fcsufrsm;twdkif;&&SdEdkifrnf?
k G f f k G
csursm;&&Satmif vkyaqmifEijf cif;&Sr&S/d vkyaqmifEiyg
f d f kd d f kd f
u b,favmuftwdi;f twmtxd vkyaqmifEionfukd
k f kd f
wdi;f wm&rnf? xd@k a=umifh &nf&,csucsrw&mwGif (SMART)
k G f f S f
jzpf&efvdkonf? xdkpum;vHk;.qdkvdkcsufrSm(S-specific
tao;pd w f u sr_ ) jzpf o nf ? qd k v d k o nf r S m rd r d c srS w f
xm;aom &nf&G,fcsufonf a,bl,srqefbJ vlOD;a&/
ta=umif;t&m/ tcsdefwdwdususjzpf&efvdkonf? (M-
measurable wdi;wmI&aom) qdonftcsurm xd&nf
kf k h fS k
&G,csuatmifjrifr&r&Sukd tvG,wul wdi;f wmEdiaom
f f _ dS d f k kf
tcsufjzpf&ef vdktyfonf?
tcsKd@aom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;onf vlxkt=um; tu,fI oifwef;ydk@csrnfholu rdrdvdkcsifonfht&nf
todtjrifwkd;wufap&ef[laom ta&;tom;rsKd;jzpfI tcsi;f rsm;ESihf udunaomoifwef;om;rsm; &Edirnfqyg
k f D kf kd
vlxkt=um;todtjrifwdk;wufr_ay: rnfuJhodk@wdkif;wm u taumif;qHk;jzpfonf? odk@aomf oifwef;wdkif;wGif
EdirvJqonfrm ar;cGe;f xkwp&mjzpfaeonf? aemufw xdkuJhodk@aomoifwef;om;rsm;&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@
kf kd S f
csujf zpfonfh (A- achievable atmifjrifEir)qdonfrm twGufa=umifh oifwef;ydk@csrnfoltaejzifh rdrdoifwef;
kd f _ k S
xd&nf&,csuukd owfrwxm;onftcsetwGi;f trSef wGiwufa&mufrnfh oifwef;om;rsm;ta=umif;udk odEif
k G f f S f h d f f kd
wu,f atmifjrifEir&r&Sqonftcsujf zpfonf? w&uf or#oxm; atmifvy+f yD; xde;f !‡Ei&ef óud;pm;&ayrnf?
kd f _ dS d kd h d k d kd f
wmoifwef;twGif; vl@tcGifhta&;ta=umif;t&mtm; oifwef;om;rsm;.ta=umif;udk avhvm&mwGif
vH;k udk E_uEuc|wc|wf tao;pdwoifEirnf r[kwyg?
d f d_ f f f kd f f
trsm;tm;jzifh vlta&twGuf/ usm;rOD;a&/ touf/
&&SdaomtcsdefESifh tajctaetwGif;trSef wu,f&&Sd ynma&; tqiftwef;/ ajymqdonfbmompum;/ vlrsK;d /
h k h
Edkifaom &nf&G,fcsufrsKd;jzpf&rnf? aemufxyftcsufrSm ,Ofaus;r_aemufcH/ tzJG@tpnf;/ wm0ef/ wufa&mufcJh
(R- realistic jzpf E d k i f a cs&S d r &S d ) qd k o nf h t csuf j zpf o nf ?
bl;aom oifwef;tawG@tóuHrsm;udk odEior#o&atmif kd f d dS
oifwef;wywfay;±Hjk zifh wEdiiv;kH u jynforsm;udk vl@tcGihf
kfH l
vk y f a qmif & onf ? xd k t csuf t vuf r sm;ud k rsm;rsm;
ta&;u|rf;usifolrsm; jzpfatmifvkyfIr&Edkifay? xdk&nf odEdkifavav xdkoifwef;rsm;ESifh oifhavsmfudkufnDaom
&G,fcsufonf atmifjrifEdkifr_qdkonfh tcsuft&qdkv#if oifcef;pmenf;vrf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fEdkifavavjzpfrnf?
jzpfEdkifrnfh&nf&G,fcsufr[kwfEdkifyg? aemufqHk;tcsufrSm xdkodk@odxm;ygu xdkolwdk@. touf/ usm;ruJGjym;r_ESifh
(T-time-bound tcseuujf zpfr)jzpfonf? oifwef;ðyvkyf
d f kd _ ,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh udkufnDrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_enf;vrf;rsm;udk
&ef jyifqifxm;aomtcseEihf jzpfysuaeaom ta=umif;
dfS fwDxitoH;k ðyEdirnfjzpfovdk xdow@kd . aemufctcsuf
Gf kf k l H
t&mudprsm; udunr&r&S/d xdtcsetwGi;f wufa&muf
P k f D _ dS k df tvufrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;.tajctaersm;/ vuf&Sdvkyf
rnforsm; vma&mufEijf cif;&Sr&Sd ponfw@kd ukd xnfoi;f
h l kd d h G
aqmifaeonfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udo&ygu rdroifcef;
k d dS d
pOf;pm;&rnf? pmaqG;aEG;r_rsm;xJwif xdtawG@tóuHrsm;udk aqG;aEG;vm
G k
Edkifatmif OD;aqmifqJGac:oGm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? txl;
ojzifh xdorsm;. ,Ofaus;r_qi&m tqdtrde@f rsm;/ vufcH
k l kd f k
3? oifwef;om; a&G;cs,fr_ (Participant)
,k=H unfrrsm;udk rdravhvmxm;+yD; oifcef;pmESihf qufpyf
_ d
oifwef;om;udk a&G;cs,f&jcif;rSm oifwef;om; IvdktyfovdktoHk;ðyjcif;jzifh oifwef;om;rsm;. vuf
rsm;.uGm[r_ukd avsmenf;ap&efjzpfonf? oifwef;wuf awG@b0ESifheD;pyfaom aqG;aEG;csufrsm; jzpfay:vmapEdkif
h
rnfh olrsm;tm;vH;k wln&efrmrjzpfEiyg/ od@k aomf oifwef; onf?
D S dk f
wGif;&Sd oifwef;om;rsm;. tawG;tac: jrifhrm;r_a&csdef
uGm[csufenf;avav oifwef;atmifjrifr_ ydkrsm;av
avjzpfonf? oifwef;yd@k csotaejzifh oifwef;om;rsm;.
l
a&csdefudk xdef;!‡day;Edkifrnfqdkygu oifwef;om;.yg0ifr_
22 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 22 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
23. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
4? ae&m/ tcsd e f ul n D r nf h o l rsm;udk óudwifod&SdrSom xdk&&SdaomtcsdefESifh udkufnDpGm
(Place, Time, Assistance) oifcef;pmrsm;udk jyifqifEdkifvdrfhrnf?
aemufxyfqufvuf+yD; jyifqif&rnfht&mrSm xdk@jyif xdkoifwef;tqifajyajyatmifjrifpGm
oifwef;yd@k csrnfae&m/ tcseEihf oifwef;twGi;f rdrvtyf
h dfS d kd +yD;qHk;oGm;&eftwGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnDaqmif&Gufay;rnfh
onfrsm;tm; ulnDay;rnfholrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;yifjzpf olrsm;udk owfowfrSwfrSwfa&G;cs,fI wm0efay;&efvJ
onf? rdrdvkyfrnfhoifwef;ae&mudk rdrdt&ifqHk;=unfh vdktyfonf? rdrdoifwef;om;rsm;. aea&;pm;a&;udk
Ediygu taumif;qH;k jzpfonf? xdo@kd =unfjh cif;jzifh rdrjd yif
kf k ulnDay;rnfh xrif;[if;csufolrsm;/ um;armif;ydk@ay;rnfh
qifrnfoifcef;pmrsm;udk xdae&mtus,t0ef;ESihf tcef;
h k f olrsm;/ oifwef;twGi;f rSwwrf;wifay;rnforsm;/ rdrEihf
f h l dS
wnfae&mtvdkuf udkufnDtqifajyrnfh v_yf&Sm;r_enf; yl;wJGI oifwef;ydk@csrnfholrsm;/ oifwef;twGif;vdktyf
vrf;rsm;xJrS a&G;cs,fpOf;pm;Edkifrnf? rdrdzdwf=um;rnfh rnfht&mrsm;udk 0,f,lay;rnfholrsm;udk óudwif&SmazG
oifwef;om;rsm; avhvmv_yf&Sm;Edkif&eftwGuf tcef;. aqG;aEG;xm;&efvonf? tu,fI bmomjyefrnfvl vdk
kd h
taetxm;onf vHavmufaomtus,t0ef;/ av0if
k f tyfygu xdkolonf bmompum;ajymwwf±Hkoufouf
avxGu/f tvif;a&mif&&Sr_ aumif;rGevavmufr&r&Sukd
d f kH _ dS d omru rdrdaqG;aEG;rnfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;
óudwif=unhf&_ avhvmoifhonf? oifwef;ðyvkyfrnfhae u|rf;0ifjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk pDppfavhvm&efvdkonf? trsm;pk
&monf oifwef;om;rsm;. ±kyfykdif;qdkif&moufawmifh arhavsmavh&aomolwOD;rSm tu,fI rdroifwef;om;
h dS d
oufomjzpfruomru pdwyi;f qdi&m oufawmifh ouf
_ kd f kd k f rsm;xJwGif uav;i,frsm;&Sdaom rdcifrsm;ygvmygu xdk
omjzpf apatmifvnf; jznfhqnf;ay;Ekifaom ae&mjzpf d uav;rsm;udk xde;f ausmif;ay;rnfh uav;xde;f rsm;yifjzpf
oifonf? vHòk cHa&;ESihf ywf0ef;usif aESmuf,urw@kd uvJ
h S f _ kd onf? rdrd&ifaoG;udk pdwfcspGmxm;EdkifrS xdkrdcifrsm;onf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf? xdkae&modk@ oifwef;om;rsm; oifwef;tay: pdwf0ifpm;Edkifrnfjzpfojzifh pdwfcs&aom
vma&muf&ef tcuftcJ&r&Sqonfh tcsurmvJ xnfh
dS d kd f S uav;xde;f . tcef;u¾rSmvJ tvGeta&;}uD;ygonf?
f
oGif;pOf;pm;oifhaom tcsufyifjzpfonf?
aemufxyftcsufrSm oifwef;vkyfrnfhtcsdefjzpf 5? oif c ef ; pmacgif ; pOf r sm;a&G ; cs,f r _ /
onf? xdktcsdefonf rdrdtwGufomru oifwef;wuf (Lesson plan content)
rnfh olrsm;tm;vHk; tqifajyEdkifrnfhtcsdefudk a&G;cs,f
aemuf x yf j yif q if & rnf h t csuf r S m oif w ef ;
wwf&efvonf? txl;ojzifh rdroifwef;om;rsm;xJwif
kd d G
twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;aom oifcef;pmjyifqifr_jzpf
tdrfaxmifwm0efudk rjzpfraexrf;aqmifae&aom tdrf
onf? ,cifu rdrdavhvmxm;aom oifwef;ðyvkyf&
axmifpD;yGm;a&;twGuf jyifyxGufI pdkufysKd;a&;vkyf&ol
onfh&nf&G,fcsufudktajccHI ,ckoifwef;twGif; rnf
rsm;/ puf±tvkyvy&olrsm; wufa&mufEirnhf tcsersK;d
Hk f kf kd f df
onfhta=umif;t&macgif;pOfrsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;
jzpf r S o m atmif j rif a omoif w ef ; jzpf r nf ? xd k @ tjyif
udk xnfoi;f aqG;aEG;rnfjzpfa=umif; a&G;cs,q;kH jzwfonfh
h G f
oifwef;om;rsm;rS ay;Edkifrnhftcsdefumv b,favmuf
tqifhjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfh ta=umif;t&m
vJqonfh tcsuuvxnfoi;f pOf;pm;&rnf? wae@v#if
kd f kd J h G
rSm tvGefus,fjyef@vSojzifh xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;xJrS
b,fem&DoifrvJ/ b,fESpf&ufoifrvJqdkaom tcsuf
rnfonfhta=umif;t&monf oifwef;om;rsm;vdktyf
onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonfua&G;cs,&rnf? xdo@kd
kd f k
a&G ; cs,f & mwG i f oif w ef ; om;rsm; avh v mvd k o nf h
ta=umif;t&momru rdrdzGifhvSpf&onfh oifwef;.
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udkyg [efcsufnDnD xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&
rnf? rdry@kd csrnfoifcef;pmrsm;onf rdr&nf&,xm;aom
d h d G f
oifwef;wckv;kH . &nf&,csuEihf udun&rnfjzpfonf?
G f f S k f D
rdrdoifcsifonfht&m/ rdrdu|rf;usifonfhacgif;pOfudkom
oifIr&yg?
oifwef;umvtwGi;f rnfonfacgi;f pOfEihf rnf
h S
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 23
hre pack.pmd 23 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
24. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
onfhta=umif;t&mrsm;yg0ifatmif aqG;aEG;aprnf[k 7? &effykHaiG(Fund)
a&G;cs,owfrw+f yD;rSom aemufxyftao;pdwf tqifukd
f S h txufygtcsufrsm; jynfhpkHaomfvnf;
qufvufjyifqifEdkifayrnf? oifwef;ydk@cs&ef ukefusrnfht&mrsm;twGuf &efykHaiG
6?oif = um;r_ e nf ; vrf ; rsm;ES i f h v k d t yf a omypP n f ; rsm; r&SduvkyfaqmifEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@twGuf ukefusrnfh
(Module planning and materials) p&dwfrsm;udk rnfoluwm0ef,lrvJ/ rnfonhfenf;jzifh
oifwef;umvtwGi;f rnfonfacgi;f pOfEihf rnf &efyaiG&mrvJ/ ukeusrrsm; tenf;qH;k jzpfatmifb,fvkd
h S kH S f _
onhfta=umif;rsm;yg0ifatmif aqG;aEG;aprnf[ka&G;cs,f jyifqifrvJ ponf wdk@udkjyifqif&ayrnf?
owfrSwf+yD;v#if aemufxyfjyifqif&rnfh tcsufrsm;rSm
xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ydk@cs
rvJqdkaomtcsufyifjzpfonf? rdrdxnfhoGif; aqG;aEG;ap
rnfhta=umif;t&macgif;pOfwckcsif;tay: rnfonfhenf;
vrf;rsm;oHk;rvJ/ rnfonfhaemufqufwJGar;cGef;rsm;udk
quf p yf a r;rvJ / rnf o nf h A [k o k w rsm;xnh f a y;rvJ /
vufawG@b0eJ@ b,fvqufpyfrvJponfh (ADIDS) enf;
kd
vrf;rsm;udk jyifqif&rnfhtcsdefjzpfonf? wcsdefxJrSmyif
xd k o if = um;r_ e nf ; vrf ; rsm;twG u f vd k t yf r nf h ± k y f y H k /
jyZmwfZmwfvrf;/ oDcsif;/ ADG'D,dk/ avhvmp&mtjzpf
tysuf Zmwfvrf;ponfwdk@udkvJ jyifqifxm;&awmhrnf
jzpfonf? xdkvdktyfaomypPnf;rsm;udk pOf;pm;a&G;cs,f&m
wGif rdrdoifwef;om;rsm;.touft¶G,f/ &ifhusufr_/
,Ofaus;r_ponfwdk@ESifhudkufnDaom taxmuftulðy 8? tuJjzwffjcif;(Evaluation)
ypPnf;rsm;jzpf&rnf? oif w ef ; . atmif j rif t oH k ; 0if r _ u d k w d k i f ; wm
Edkif&eftwGuf tuJjzwfjcif;onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom
tcsufjzpfonf? rlvucsrSwfxm;aom oifwef;vkyf
aqmif&onfh &nf&,csursm;ud&&Sd jynfrr&r&Sukd wdi;f
G f f k h DS _ dS d k
wmEdi&eftwGuf tuJjzwfjcif;udk rjzpfrae vkyaqmif&
kf f
onf ? rd r d c srS w f x m;aom SMART &nf & G , f c suf r sm;
twdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifcJhjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk tuJjzwf&mwGif
rdrdwOD;xJomr[kwfbJ oifwef;wufa&mufolrsm;ESihf
oifwef;udkpDpOfolrsm; tm;vHk;tuJjzwfEdkifrSom buf
aygif;pHkuoHk;oyfaom tuJjzwfr_rsm; xGufay:vmay
vdrfhrnf?
xdkodk@jyifqifonfh tao;pdwfjyifqifr_rsm;tm; tuJjzwf&mwGif enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh vkyf
vH;k onf xdta=umif;t&mwckcsi;f udk xnfoi;f aqG;aEG; aqmifEiaomfvJ wlnonf&nf&,csurm rdrcsrwxm;
k h G kd f D h G f fS d S f
aponfh &nf&G,fcsufESifh udkufnD&rnfhtjyif oifwef;ðy aom &nf&,csursm;udk twdi;f twmb,favmuftxdG f f k
vkyf&aom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhvJ udkufnD&efvdktyfonf? &&Sconfuqef;ppfjcif;ESihf tu,fIaemufxyf oifwef;
d hJ kd
oif=um;r_enf;vrf;ESihfywfoufI oif=um;r_ tpDtpOfrsm;qufvufvkyfaqmifygu rnfonfht&m
enf;vrf;erlemrsm;udavhvmEdi&ef Tpmtkywif azmfjy
k kf f G rsm;udk ,ckxufyrw;kd wufatmif vkyaqmif&ef vdtyf
kd kd f k
xm;ygonf? xdenf;vrf;trsm;pkonf(ADIDS)enf;vrf;
k aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifEdkifap&ef
udk tajccHIa&;qJGxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? twGufjzpfonf? trsm;qHk;xnfhoGif;I tuJjzwfavh&Sd
aomt&mrsm;rSm oifwef;wGif aqG;aEG;aomta=umif;
t&mrsm;.toH k ; 0if r _ / oif w ef ; yd k @ csol . u|rf ; usif r _ /
24 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 24 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
25. vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
h hf kf
oifwef;pDpOfolrsm;tm;vHk;qHkawG@Iwae@wm oifwef;
tay:oHk;oyfcsufrsm;vkyfaqmifyg? wae@wmtwGif;
tm;aumif;csufrsm;/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh oifwef;om;
rsm;.tajctaeudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfI aemufae@oifcef;
pmrsm;udk vdktyfovdkjyifqifajymif;vJ jznfhpGufEdkifonf?
wae@wmoifwef;+yD;ygu xdkwae@wmaqG;aEG;
csursm;tay:oifwef;om;rsm; b,fvcpm;,lqa=umif;
f kd H
od&SdEdkif&eftwGuf tkyfpkvdkuf0dkif;I wOD;csif;cHpm;&csuf/
t,ltqrsm;udk xkwazmfapaomyHpukd usio;kH Edionf?
f kH hf k f
odk@r[kwfygu oifwef;om;rsm;tm; tcsdefay;+yD; wae@
wmESiywfoufI rdrcpm;csursm;udk vGwvwvyfvyf
hf dH f f G f
a&;Edkifaomtusifhudkwnfaqmufay;Edkifonf? oifwef;
umvtwGif; oifwef;om;rsm;. t}uHOm%frsm;/ cHpm;
csufrsm;/ owday;csufrsm;/ vdktyfcsufrsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;
aemufxyfavhvmvdkaom ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ tpm; vif;a&;Edirnfh pm&Gu}f uD;w&Guukd oifwef; cef;rtwGi;f
kf f
taomuftaetxdkifESifh aemufxyfoifwef;ydk@csrnfqdk uyfxm;yg? xdkpm&Gufay:wGif wyg;oltm;epfemapaom
ygu rnfonfhtcsufrsm;udk wdk;wufatmifvkyfaqmif tcsurvI rdrt,ltqrsm;udk vGwvwvyfvyfa&;&ef
f S GJ d f G f
oifha=umif; taxGaxGt}uHðycsufwdk@jzpfonf? tm;ay;yg? xda&;om;csursm;udk ae@pOfzwf±I vdtyfonf
k f _ k
tuJjzwf&mwGif wae@wmjyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;/ rsm;udk jyifqifEi&efowday;yg?
kd f
tywfpOftuJjzwfjcif;/ oifwef;t+yD;wGifjyefvnftuJ rSwwrf;wifrnfo&ygu xdrwwrf;rsm;udk jyefvnf
f h l dS kS f
jzwfjcif;/ oifwef;aemufydkif;wGifjyefvnftuJ jzwfjcif; zwf&Ivdtyfonfh tcsursm;ruseatmif vrf;!$eay;Edif
_ k f f f k
ponfjh zifh trsK;d rsK;d vkyaqmifEionf? wae@wmtuJjzwf
f kd f onf? oifwef;umvtwGi;f oifwef;yd@k csrnfoonf rdrd h l
&mwGif oifwef;tcset+yD; oifwef;om;rsm;tm; wae@
d f ud,rr&ivef;wufºuuse;f rmap&ef*±kpuyg? tem;,lyg?
k fdd$f G kd f
wmoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk twdkcsKyfwa,mufcsif;ajymjyap oifcef;pmrsm;udk óudwifjyifqifxm;aomfvnf; oifwef;
jcif;rsKd;vkyfEdkifonf? tywfpOfESifh oifwef;aemufqHk;ae@ om;rsm;tajcaet&ajymif;vJ&efvtyfygu ajymif;vJz@kd rawG
kd
wGif óudwifjyifqifxm;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;tm;ajzqdapjcif;
k a0ygEi/hf xdo@kd ajymif;vJr_&SdrSom rdru,wivt+rw;kd wuf
S k d kd f kd f J J
udkvnf;vkyfEdkifonf? oifwef;+yD;qkH;+yD; aemufydkif;wGif aernf[k oifwef;yd@k csorsm; vufcxm;oifonf?
l H h
wufa&mufcJhaom oifwef;om;rsm;.tzJG@rsm;/ ae&m
rsm;odk@oGm;a&mufI wOD;csif;tm;ar;jref;jcif;odk@r[kwf
aemufqufwGJ tuJjzwfar;cGe;f rsm; ay;yd@k Iajzcdi;f jcif;wd@k
k
udk vkyfaqmifEdkifonf?
oif w ef ; ðyvk y f a ecsd e f t wG i f ; owd ð y&ef
yxrOD;qH;k ae@wif oifwef;om;rsm;. oifwef;
G
wufvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&efjyif
qifyg? xGuay:vmonfh &nf&,csursm;udk aoaocsm
f G f f
csmodr;f qnf;I oifwef;umvtcsef wcsecsef od@k r[kwf
d df d
oifwef;aemufq;kH tcsewif jyefvnfcseuuI &nf&,f
d f G d f kd f G
csufrsm;&r&ppfaq;yg? xdk&nf&G,fcsufrsm; a&;xm;onfh
pm&Gufudk oifwef;cef;rwGifuyfxm;+yD; ae@pOfcsdefudkuf
tuJjzwfEdkifonf?
ae@pOfoifwef;+y;D ygu yd@k csorsm;tm;vH;k od@k r[kwf
l
o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7 25
hre pack.pmd 25 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
26. h hf
vltcGita&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdii)H
kf
26 o if w ef ; e nf ; jy v rf ; ñT ef 2 0 0 7
hre pack.pmd 26 11/28/2007, 5:13 HREIB
