2. objectives
Developmental dysplasia of the hip..(DDH)
Transient synovitis
Septic arthritis
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)
3. Developmental dysplasia of
The abnormal formation of the hip joint in which the
the femoral head is not stable within the acetabulum.
Epidemiology:
The incidence ranges from as low as 1 per 1,000 to
as high as 34 per 1,000.
Common among girls (1:600) compared to boys
(1:4,000)
the hip (DDH)
4. Spectrum of DDH
Acetabular
dysplasia:
• Mildest form
• Femoral
head
remains in
acetabulum
Subluxation:
• Most
common
form
• Femoral
head
partially
displaced
Dislocation:
• Femoral
head not in
contact with
acetabulum
• Displaced
posteriorly
and
superiorly
5. Clinical features of DDH
Birth to 3 months of age
Hip instability (demonstrated by positive Ortolani or Barlow
tests
Asymmetric leg creases (inguinal, gluteal, thigh, or
popliteal)
Apparent shortening of femur (Galeazzi, )
3 to 12 months of age
Limitation of hip abduction
Apparent shortening of the femur (Galeazzi)
Laterally rotated posture in prone position
Marked asymmetry of leg creases (inguinal, gluteal, thigh,
or popliteal)
Klisic test
8. Physical examination
Ortolani test: From an
adducted position the
hip is gently abducted
while lifting the
trochanter anteriorly
Barlow’s test: The thigh
is grasped loosely with
the examiner's index
and middle finger along
the greater trochanter
and the thumb on the
inner thigh.
The hip is gently
adducted and a
posteriorly directed
pressure applied.
16. Managments
Method depends on Age
Birth to 6 months :
Double napkins , Pavlik harness or hip spica cast
6 months – 12 months :
Closed reduction and hip spica casts
12 months – 18 months :
Possible closed / possible open reduction
Above 18 months :
Open reduction and Acetabuloplasty
Above 2 years :
Open reduction, acetabulplasty, and femoral
osteotomy.
18. Transient Synovitis
Transient synovitis (TS) is the most common cause
of acute hip pain in children aged 3-10 years
affects boys twice as often as girls.
Clinical features
Limping
Pain on thigh or knee
Low grade fever
Refusing to walk if pain severe
Night crying in younger children
Infant: unusual crawling
Examination:
mild restriction of motion,
especially to abduction
and internal rotation
Tender hip with
movement.
tender to palpation.
Log roll!!
19.
investigation
CBC: WBC may be slightly elevated.
Elevated ESR, CRP
Treatments:
Bed rest 7-10 days
Heat and message
If severe pain.. Admission…. Skin traction of the hip to
reduce intracapsular pressure
ibuprofen may shorten the duration of symptoms
20. Slipped capital femoral
epiphysis (SCFE)
Displacement of the capital femoral epiphysis from
the femoral neck through the physeal plate
Boys affected more than girls
Occur during puberty usually 14-15 years old
Risk factors:
Obesity
Very tall
Endocrine problems :hypothyroidism,
panhypopituitarism, hypogonadism,, growth hormone
abnormalities
23. Stable vs unstable
Stable" SCFEs allow the patient to ambulate with or
without crutches.
"Unstable" SCFEs do not allow the patient to
ambulate at all; these cases
24. Clinical presentation
Sudden, severe pain, limping.
Pain in groin and in anterior thigh or knee
Leg is externally rotated
Leg 1-2cm short
Limitation of abduction and internal rotation
25. complications
Avascular necrosis
Coxa vara: if not reduced>>>> abnormal fusion>>>
limping
another SCFE on the other leg
26. Treatment
treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis
(SCFE) is emergent; therefore, early and accurate
diagnosis is a must
Surgical Intervention
immediate internal fixation with screws
Prophylactic fixation of the unaffected hip in unilateral
SCFE… in high risk people
27. Legg-calve- Perthes
disease
Coxa plana
is avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral head
resulting from compromised blood supply to this
area.
Occurs in children between the ages of 4 and 10
years.
The male-to-female ratio is 4:1
Pathogenesis: blood supply mostly from lateral
epiphyseal vessels which are susceptible to
stretching or any pressure from an effusion
28. Clinical presentation
Painless onset of limping.
Pain in groin, thigh & knee.
Pain in movements
Decreased ROM, especially abduction and internal
rotation
Trendelenburg test often positive
29. Treatments
Mild cases
Skin traction
minimal weight bearing
Severe cases:
Containment: keeping the femoral head well seated
within the acetabulum to retain its normal shape
How: by holding hips widely abducted with a splint
Surgical : osteotomy
30. thanks
Reference
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007186-
overview#showall
www.uptodate .com
Apley’s system of orthopedics
The most sensitive test for transient synovitis is the log roll, in which the patient lies supine and the examiner gently rolls the involved limb from side to side. This may detect involuntary muscle guarding of one side when compared to the other side.
Causes
No definitive cause of transient synovitis is known, although the following have been suggested:
Patients with transient synovitis often have histories of trauma, which may be a cause or predisposing factor.
One study found an increase in viral antibody titers in 67 of 80 patients with transient synovitis.
Postvaccine or drug-mediated reactions and an allergic disposition have been cited as possible causes.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1007186-overview#showall