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UNIT 7:HUMAN POPULATION                      nations and the biorich countries.
AND THE ENVIRONMENT                          Degradation of ecosystems will
                                             lead to extinction of thousands of
POPULATION GROWTH,                           species, destabilizing natural ecosystems
VARIATION                                    of great value.
AMONG NATIONS                                These are only some of the
Our global human population, 6 billion       environmental problems related to an
at                                           increasing human population and more
present, will cross the 7 billion mark by    intensive use of resources that
2015.                                        we are likely to face in future. These
The needs of this huge number of human       effects can be averted by creating a mass
beings cannot be supported by the            environmental awareness movement that
Earth’s natural                              will bring about a change in people’s
resources, without degrading the quality     way of life.
of human life.                               Increase in production per capita of
In the near future, fossil fuel from oil     agricultural produce at a global level
fields will                                  ceased during the 1980’s. In some
run dry. It will be impossible to meet the   countries, food shortage has become a
demands for food from existing agro          permanent feature. Two of every
systems. Pastures will be overgrazed by      three children in South Africa are
domestic animals                             underweight.
and industrial growth will create ever-      In other regions famines due to drought
greater                                      have become more frequent. Present
problems due to pollution of soil, water     development strategies have not been
and air.                                     able to successfully address these
Seas will not have enough fish. Larger       problems related to hunger and
ozone                                        malnutrition. On the other hand, only
holes will develop due to the discharge      15% of the world’s population in the
of industrial chemicals into the             developed world is earning 79% of
atmosphere, which will affect human          income! Thus the disparity in the extent
health. Global warming due                   of per capita resources that are used
to industrial gases will lead to a rise in   by people who live in a ‘developed’
sea levels                                   country as against those who live in a
and flood all low-lying areas,               ‘developing’ country is extremely large.
submerging coastal                           Similarly, the disparity between the rich
agriculture as well as towns and cities.     and the poor in India is also
Water                                        growing. The increasing pressures on
‘famines’ due to the depletion of fresh      resources place great demands on the in-
water,                                       built buffering action of nature that has a
will create unrest and eventually make       certain ability to maintain a balance in
countries go to war. The control over        our environment. However, current
regional biological diversity, which is      development strategies that essentially
vital for producing new                      lead to short-term gains have led to a
medicinal and industrial products, will      breakdown of our Earth’s ability to
lead to grave economic conflicts             replenish the resources on
between biotechnologically advanced          which we depend.
Global population growth                      Though population growth shows a
The world population is growing by            general global decline, there are
more than                                     variations in the rate of decline in
90 million per year, of which 93% is in       different countries. By the 1990s the
developing countries. This will               growth rate was decreasing in most
essentially prevent their                     countries such as China and India. The
further economic ‘development’. In the        decline in the 90s was greatest in India.
past,                                         However, fertility continues to remain
population growth was a gradual               high in sub Saharan African countries.
phenomenon
and the Earth’s ability to replenish          There are cultural, economic, political
resources was                                 and demographic reasons that explain
capable of adjusting to this increase. In     the differences in the rate of population
the recent past, the escalation in growth     control in different countries. It also
of human                                      varies in different parts of certain
numbers has become a major cause of           countries and is linked with community
our environmental problems.                   and/or religious thinking. Lack of
Present projections show that if our          Government initiatives for Family
population                                    Welfare Program and a limited access to
growth is controlled, it will still grow to   a full range of contraceptive
7.27                                          measures are serious impediments to
billion by 2015. However, if no action is     limitingpopulation growth in several
taken it                                      countries.
will become a staggering 7.92 billion.
Human population growth increased             ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN
from:                                         HEALTH
1 to 2 billion, in 123 years.
2 to 3 billion, in 33 years.                  Environment related issues that affect
3 to 4 billion, in 14 years.                  our health
4 to 5 billion, in 13 years.                  have been one of the most important
5 to 6 billion, in 11 years.                  triggers
                                              that have led to creating an increasing
It is not the census figures alone that       awareness of the need for better
need to be stressed, but an appreciation      environmental management. Changes in
of the impact on natural resources of the     our environment induced
rapid escalation in the rate of increase of   by human activities in nearly every
human population in the recent past. The      sphere of life
extent of this depletion is further           have had an influence on the pattern of
increased by affluent societies that          our
consume per capita more energy and            health. The assumption that human
resources, that less fortunate people.        progress is
This is of great relevance for                through economic growth is not
developing a new ethic for a more             necessarily true.
equitable distribution of resources.
We expect urbanization and                  A better health status of society will
industrialization to                        bring about Environmental health, as
bring in prosperity, but on the down        defined by
side, it leads                              WHO, compr i ses those aspec t s of
to diseases related to overcrowding and     human
an inadequate quality of drinking water,    health, including quality of life, that are
resulting in                                determined by physical, chemical,
an increase in waterborne diseases such     biological, social,
as infective diarrhoea and air borne        and psychosocial factors in the
bacterial diseases                          environment.
such as tuberculosis. High-density city     It also refers to the theory and practice of
traffic                                     assessing, correcting, controlling, and
leads to an increase in respiratory         preventing
diseases like                               those factors in the environment that
asthma. Agricultural pesticides that        adversely
enhanced                                    affect the health of present and future
food supplies during the green              generations.
revolution have                             Our environment affects health in a
affected both the farm worker and all of    variety of
us who                                      ways. Climate and weather affect human
consume the produce. Modern medicine        health.
promised to solve many health problems,     Public health depends on sufficient
especially                                  amounts of
associated with infectious diseases         good quality food, safe drinking water,
through antibiotics, but bacteria found     and adequate shelter. Natural disasters
ways to develop resistant strains,          such as storms,
frequently even changing their              hurricanes, and floods still kill many
behaviour in the process, making it         people every year. Unprecedented
necessary                                   rainfall trigger epidemics of malaria and
to keep on creating newer antibiotics.      water borne diseases.
Many                                        Global climate change has serious health
drugs have been found to have serious       implications. Many countries will have
side effects. At times the cure is as       to adapt to
damaging as the                             uncertain climatic conditions due to
disease process itself.                     global
Thus development has created several        warming. As our climate is changing, we
long-term                                   may
health problems. While better health care   no longer know what to expect. There
has                                         are increasing storms in some countries,
led to longer life spans, coupled with a    drought in
lowered                                     others, and a temperature rise throughout
infant mortality, it has also led to an     the
unprecedented growth in our population      world.
which has
negative implications on environmental
quality.
Development strategies that do not            • Millions of people, mainly children,
incorporate ecological safeguards often       have poor health due to parasitic
lead to ill health.                           infections, such as amoebiasis and
Industrial development without pollution      worms. This occurs from eating infected
control and traffic congestion affect the     food, or using poor quality water for
level of air pollution in many cities. On     cooking food. It is estimated that
the other hand, development strategies        36% of children in low-income countries
that can promote health invariably also       and 12% in middle income countries are
protect the environment. Thus                 malnourished. In India, about half the
environmental health and human health         children under the age of four are
are closely interlinked. An improvement       malnourished and 30% of newborns are
in health is central to sound                 significantly underweight.
environmental management.                     • Hundreds of millions of people suffer
However this is rarely given sufficient       serious respiratory diseases, including
importance in planning development            lung cancer and tuberculosis, from
strategies.                                   crowded homes and public places. Motor
Examples of the linkages:                     vehicle exhaust fumes, industrial fumes,
                                              tobacco smoke and cooking food on
• Millions of children die every year due     improper ‘chulas’, contribute to
to diarrhoea from contaminated water or       respiratory diseases.
food. An estimated 2000 million people        • Millions of people are exposed to
are affected by these diseases and more       hazardous chemicals in their workplace
than 3 million children die each year         or homes that lead to ill health due to
from waterborne diseases across the           industrial products where controls are
world. In India, it is estimated that every   not adhered to.
fifth child under the age of 5 dies due to    • Tens of thousands of people in the
diarrhoea. This is a result of inadequate     world die due to traffic accidents due to
environmental management and is               inadequate management of traffic
mainly due to inadequate purification of      conditions.
drinking water. Wastewater and/or             Poor management at the accident site,
sewage entering water sources without         and inability to reach a hospital within
being treated leads to continuous             an hour causes a large number of deaths,
gastrointestinal diseases in the              especially from head injuries.
community and even sporadic large             • Basic environmental needs such as
epidemics. Large numbers of people in         clean water, clean air and adequate
tropical countries die of malaria every       nutrition which are all related to
year and millions are infected.               environmental goods and services do not
An inadequate environmental                   reach over 1000 million people living in
management of stagnant water, which           abject poverty.
forms breeding sites of Anopheles             • Several million people live in
mosquitoes is the most important factor       inadequate shelters or have no roof over
in the spread of malaria.                     their heads especially in urban settings.
The resurgence of malaria in India is         This is related to high inequalities in the
leading to cerebral malaria that affects      distribution of wealth and living space.
the brain and has a high mortality.           • Population growth and the way
                                              resources are being exploited and
wasted, threatens environmental            do not use or release toxic chemicals that
integrity and directly affects             affect the health of workers and people
health of nearly every individual.         living in the vicinity of industries can
• Health is an outcome of the              improve
interactions between people and their      health and environment.
environment.                               • There is a need to change from using
Better health can only come from a more    conventional energy from thermal power
sustainable management of the              that
environment.                               pollutes air and nuclear power that can
Important strategic concerns               cause serious nuclear disasters to cleaner
• The world must address people’s          and safer sources such as solar, wind and
health care                                ocean power, that do not affect human
needs and sustainable use of natural       health. Providing clean energy is an
resources, which are closely linked to     important factor that can lead to better
each                                       health.
other.                                     The key factors are to control human
• Strategies to provide cl                 population and consume less
ean pottable                               environmental
water and nutrition to all people is an    goods and services which could lead to
important part of a healthy living         ‘health for all’. Unsustainable use of
environment.                               resources by an ever growing population
• Providing clean energy sources that do   leads
not                                        to unhealthy lives. Activities that go on
affect health is a key to reducing         wasting environmental goods and
respiratory diseases.                      destroying its services by producing
• Reducing environmental consequences      large quantities of non degradable
of                                         wastes, leads to
industrial and other pollutants such as    health hazards.
transport emissions can improve the        • Poverty is closely related to health and
status of                                  is
health.                                    itself a consequence of improper
• Changing patterns of agriculture away    environmental management. An
from                                       inequitable sharing of natural resources
harmful pesticides, herbicides and         and environmental
insecticides which are injurious to the    goods and services, is linked to poor
health of                                  health.
farmers and consumers by using             The world’s consumption of non-
alternatives                               renewable resources is concentrated in
such as Integrated Pest Management and     the developed countries. Rich countries
non-toxic biopesticides can improve        consume 50 times more per
health                                     capita than people in less developed
of agricultural communities, as well as    countries.
food                                       This means that developed countries also
consumers.                                 generate proportionately high quantities
• Changing industrial systems into those   of waste material, which has serious
that                                       health concerns.
Definition of Health Impact Assessment       diseases are more vulnerable. Heat
(HIA) by WHO: Health impact                  waves in India in 1998 were associated
assessment is a combination of               with many deaths.
procedures, methods and tools                Climate plays an important role in
by which a policy, program or project        vector-borne diseases transmitted by
may be judged as to its potential effects    insects such as mosquitoes. These
on the health of a population, and the       disease transmitters are sensitive to
distribution of those effects within the     direct effects of climate such as
population.                                  temperature,rainfall patterns and wind.
Climate and health                           Climate affects their distribution and
Human civilizations have adapted             abundance through its effects
mankind to live in a wide variety of         on host plants and animals.
climates. From the hot tropics to the cold   Malaria transmission is particularly
arctic, in deserts, marshlands               sensitive to weather and climate.
and in the high mountains. Both climate      Unusual weather conditions, for example
and weather have a powerful impact on        a heavy downpour, can greatly increase
human life and health issues.                the mosquito population and trigger an
Natural disasters created by extremes of     epidemic. In the desert and at highland
weather (heavy rains, floods, hurricanes)    fringes of malarious areas, malaria
which occur over a short period of time,     transmission is unstable and the human
can severely affect health                   population lacks inherent protective
of a community. Poor people are more         immunity. Thus, when weather
vulnerable to the health impacts of          conditions (rainfall and temperature)
climate variability than the rich. Of        favour transmission, serious epidemics
approximately 80,000 deaths                  occur in such areas.
which occur world-wide each year as a
result of natural disasters about 95% are    HUMAN RIGHTS
in poor countries. In weather-triggered      Several environmental issues are closely
disasters hundreds of people and animals     linked to human rights. These include
die, homes are destroyed,crops and other     the equitable distribution of
resources are lost. Public health            environmental resources, the
infrastructure, such as sewage disposal      utilisation of resources and Intellectual
systems,waste management, hospitals          Property Rights (IPRs), conflicts
and roads are damaged. The cyclone in        between people and wildlife especially
Orissa in 1999 caused 10,000 deaths.         around PAs, resettlement issues
The total number of people affected was      around development projects such as
estimated at 10 to 15 million!               dams and mines, and access to health to
Human physiology can adapt to changes        prevent environment related diseases.
in weather, within certain limits.
However, marked short-term                   Equity
fluctuations in weather lead to serious      One of the primary concerns in
health issues. Heat waves cause heat-        environmental issues is how wealth,
related illness and death (e.g. heat         resources and energy must be distributed
stroke). The elderly and persons with        in a community. We can think of
existing heart or respiratory                the global community, regional
                                             community issues, national concerns and
those related to a family or at the           in the amount of resources available to
individual level. While economic              different sectors of society. People who
disparities remain a fact of life, we as      live in wilderness communities are
citizens of a community must appreciate       referred to as ecosystem
that a widening gap between the rich and      people. They collect food, fuelwood, and
the poor, between men and women, or           nonwood products, fish in aquatic
between the present and future                ecosystems, or
generations must be minimised if social       hunt for food in forests and grasslands.
justice is to be achieved. Today the          When
difference between the economically           landuse patterns change from natural
developed world and the developing            ecosystems to more intensively used
countries is unacceptably high.               farmland and
The access to a better lifestyle for men      pastureland the rights of these
as against women is inherent in many          indigenous
cultures. Last but not the least, we in the   people are usually sacrificed. Take the
present generation cannot greedily use        case of
up all our resources leaving future           subsidies given to the pulp and paper
generations increasingly impoverished.        industry
Rights to land, water, food, housing are      for bamboo whi ch makes i t several
all a part of our environment that we all     t imes
share. However, while some live               cheaper for the industry than for a rural
unsustainable lifestyles with                 individual who uses it to build his home.
consumption patterns that the resource        This infringes on the human right to
base cannot support, many others live         collect resources
well below the poverty line. Even in a        they have traditionally used free of cost.
developing country such as ours, there        Another issue is the rights of small
are enormous economic inequalities.           traditional fishermen who have to
This requires an ethic in which an            contend against mechanised
equitable                                     trawlers that impoverish their catch and
distribution becomes a part of                overharvest fish in the marine
everyone’s thinking. The people who           environment. These
live in the countries of the                  people’s right to a livelihood conflicts
North and the rich from the countries in      with the
the South will have to take steps to          powerful economic interests of large-
reduce their resource use and the waste       scale
they generate. Both the better off sectors    organised fisheries.
of society and the less fortunate need to     There are serious conflicts between the
develop their own strategies of               rights
sustainable living and communities at         of rural communities for even basic
each level must bring about more              resources
equitable patterns of wealth.                 such as water, and industrial
The right to the use of natural resources     development which
that                                          requires large amounts of water for
the environment holds is an essential         sustaining
component of human rights. It is related      its productivity. The right to land or
to disparities                                common
property resources of tribal people is        is needed to appreciate and support
infringed                                     millions of people left behind in the 20th
upon by large development projects such       century’s health revolution.
as dams, mining and Protected Areas.          We mu s t e n s u r e t h a t o u r e n
Movements to protect the rights of            v i r o nme n t a l values and our vision
indigenous peoples are growing                are linked to human rights and create
worldwide. Reversing actions that have        laws to support those that need a
already been taken decades ago is a           better environment, better health and a
complex problem that has no simple            better lifestyle.
solutions. In many cases a just tradeoff is
at best achieved through careful and          Health and sustainable human
sensitively managed negotiations.             development are equity issues. In our
This needs a deep appreciation of local       globalized 21st century,equity must
environmental concerns as well as a           begin at the bottom, hand in hand
sensitivity to the rights of local people.    with a healthy environment, improved
                                              nutrition,and sustainable lifestyles.
Nutrition, health and human right             Putting first things first,we must also
                                              realize that resources allocated to
There are links between environment,          preventing and eliminating disease will
nutrition and health which must be seen       be effective only if the underlying causes
from a humanrights perspective. Proper        such as malnutrition and environmental
nutrition and health are fundamental          concerns, as well as their consequences,
human rights. The right to life               are successfully addressed.
is a Fundamental Right in our
constitution. As a deteriorating              Intellectual Property Rights and
environment shortens life spans,              Community Biodiversity Register
this in effect has an impact on our
fundamental constitutional right.             Traditional people, especially tribals
Nutrition affects and defines the health      living in forests, have used local plants
status of all people, rich and poor. It is    and animals for generations. This
linked to the way we grow, develop,           storehouse of knowledge leads to
work, play, resist infection and reach our    many new ‘discoveries’ for modern
aspirations as individuals, communities       pharmaceutical products. The revenue
and societies. Malnutrition makes             generated from such ‘finds’ goes to the
people more vulnerable to disease and         pharmaceutical industry that has done
premature death. Poverty is a major           the research and patented the product.
cause as well as a consequence of ill-        This leaves the original tribal user with
health. Poverty, hunger, malnutrition and     nothing while the industry could earn
poorly managed environments together          billions of rupees. To protect the rights
affect health and weaken the                  of indigenous people who have used
socioeconomic development of a                these products, a possible tool is to
country. Nearly 30% of humanity,              create a Community Biodiversity
especially those in developing countries      Register of local products and their uses
– infants, children, adolescents,             so that its exploitation by the
adults, and older persons are affected by     pharmaceutical industry would have to
this problem. A human rights approach         pay a royalty to the local community.
This however has still not been generally   In addition to patient safety issues, there
accepted. Mechanisms have to be             is the risk that a growing herbal market
worked out so that the local traditional    and its great commercial benefit poses a
users rights are protected.                 threat to biodiversity through the over
Traditional Medicine: Traditional           harvesting of the raw material for herbal
medicine refers to health practices,        medicines and other natural health care
approaches, knowledge and beliefs that      products. This has been observed in the
incorporate plant, animal and mineral       case of several Himalayan plants. If
based medicines, frequently of local or     extraction from the wild is not
regional origin. It may be linked to        controlled, this can lead to the extinction
spiritual therapies, manual techniques      of endangered plant species and the
and exercises.                              destruction of natural habitats of several
These may be used singly or in              species.
combination to treat, diagnose and          Another related issue is that at present,
prevent illnesses or maintain well-being.   the requirements for protection provided
Traditional medicine is often               under international standards for patent
handed down through the generations or      law and by most national conventional
may be known to a special caste or tribal   patent laws are inadequate to protect
group.                                      traditional knowledge and biodiversity.
Traditional medicine has maintained its     There are tried and tested scientific
popularity in all regions of the            methods and products that have their
developing world and                        origins in different traditional medicinal
its use is rapidly spreading in             methods. Twenty-five percent
industrialized countries. In India, some    of modern medicines are made from
of our primary health care                  plants first
needs are taken care of entirely by         used traditionally. Yoga is known to
traditional medicine, while in Africa, up   reduce asthma attacks. Traditional
to 80% of the population uses it for        Medicine has been found to be effective
primary health care. In industrialized      against several infectious diseases.
countries, adaptations of traditional       to our destruction of our environment.
medicine are termed “Complementary“         The problems that are created by
or “Alternative” Medicine (CAM).            technology and economic growth are a
While there are advantages to traditional   result of our improper thinking on what
medicine as it is cheap and locally         ‘development’ means. Since we still put
available, there are diseases which it      a high value only on economic
cannot treat effectively.                   growth, we have no concern for aspects
This is a risk, as patients who use these   such as sustainability or equitable use of
alternative medicinal practices may rely    resources.
on an ineffective measure. The              This mindset must change before
consequences could be a serious delay in    concepts such as sustainable
diagnosis and effective treatment of a      development can be acted upon.
treatable condition. There is a need        Unsustainable development is a part of
to carefully research the claims of         economic growth of the powerful while
traditional practices to ensure that they   it makes the poor poorer. Consumerism
are effective.                              is one aspect of this process favoured by
                                            the rich. As consumption of resources
has till recently been an index of           countries lack access to essential
development, consumerism has thrived.        allopathic medicines. The provision of
It is only recently that the world has       safe and effective TM/
come to realize that there are other more    CAM therapies could become a tool to
important environmental values that are      increase access to health care.
essential to bring about a better way of
life.                                        VALUE EDUCATION
Values in environment education must         Value education in the context of our
bring in several new concepts. Why and       environment is expected to bring about a
how can we use less resources and            new sustainable way of life. Education
energy? Why do we need to keep our           both through formal and non-formal
surroundings clean? Why should               processes must thus address
we use less fertilisers and pesticides in    understanding environmental values,
farms?                                       valuing nature and cultures, social
Why is it important for us to save water     justice, human heritage,equitable use of
and keep our water sources clean? Or         resources, managing common property
separate our garbage into degradable and     resources and appreciating the cause
non-degradable types before disposal?        of ecological degradation.
All these issues are linked to the quality   Essentially, environmental values cannot
of human life and go beyond simple           be taught. They are inculcated through a
economic growth. They deal with a love       complex process of appreciating our
and respect for nature. These are the        environmental assets and experiencing
values that will bring about a better        the problems caused due to our
humanity, one in which we can live           destruction of our environment. The
healthy, productive and happy lives          problems that are created by technology
in harmony with nature.                      and economic growth are a result of our
What are values?                             improper
Values deal with ones own principles         thinking on what ‘development’ means.
and standards from which we judge what       Since
is right and wrong behaviour.                we still put a high value only on
                                             economic
CASE STUDY                                   growth, we have no concern for aspects
A US company was granted a patent for        such
discovering extracts of arhar (pigeon pea    as sustainability or equitable use of
or Cajanus cajan) in the treatment of        resources.
diabetes,hypoglycemia, obesity and           This mindset must change before
blockage of arteries. The use of pigeon      concepts such
pea extracts in India is well known.         as sustainable development can be acted
CSIR has challenged this patent as it        upon.
infringes on India’s traditional             Unsustainable development is a part of
knowledge, although challenging the          economic growth of the powerful while
patent is difficult, as India’s scientific   it makes
documentation of its traditional             the poor poorer. Consumerism is one
knowledge is quite poor.                     aspect of
Over one-third of the population in
developing
this process favoured by the rich. As          historical monument or place of worship.
consumption of resources has till              These
recently been an index                         are all part of human heritage.
of development, consumerism has                Heritage preservation is now a growing
thrived. It is only recently that the world    environmental concern because much of
has come to realisethat there are other        this heritage has been undervalued
more important environmental values            during the last
that are essential to bring about              several decades and is vanishing at an
a better way of life.                          astonishing pace. While we admire and
Values in environment education must           value the Ajanta
bring inseveral new concepts. Why and          and Ellora Caves, the temples of the 10th
how can weuse less resources and               to
energy? Why do we needto keep our              15th centuries that led to different and
surroundings clean? Why should                 diverse
we use less fertilisers and pesticides in      styles of architecture and sculpture, the
farms?                                         Moghul
Why is it important for us to save water       styles that led to structures such as the
andkeep our water sources clean? Or            Taj
separate our garbage into degradable and       Mahal, or the unique environmentally-
non-degradable types before disposal?          friendly
All these issues are linked to the quality     Colonial buildings, we have done little
of human life and go beyond simple             to actively preserve them. As
economic growth. They deal with a love         environmentally conscious individuals
and respect for nature. These are the          we need to lobby for the
values that will bring about a better          protection of the wilderness and our
humanity, one in which we can live             glorious
healthy, productive and happy lives            architectural heritage.
in harmony with nature.                        7.5.6 Equitable use of resources
What are values?                               An unfair distribution of wealth and
Values deal with ones own principles           resources,
and standards from which we judge what         based on a world that is essentially only
is right and wrong behaviour.                  for the
                                               rich, will bring about a disaster of
Human heritage                                 unprecedented
                                               proportions. Equitable use of resources
The earth itself is a heritage left to us by   is now
our                                            seen as an essential aspect of human
ancestors for not only our own use but         well being and must become a shared
for the                                        point of view
generations to come. There is much that        among all socially and environmentally
is beautiful on our Earth - the                conscious
undisturbed wilderness,                        individuals. This includes an
a traditional rural landscape, the             appreciation of the
architecture of                                fact that economically advanced
a traditional village or town, and the         countries and
value of a
the rich in even poor nations consume       use as a community. The water that
resources                                   nature recycles, the air that we all
at much greater levels than the much        breathe, the forests
larger                                      and grasslands which maintain our
poorer sectors of humanity in the           climate and
developing                                  soil, are all common property resources.
world. In spite of the great number of      When
people in                                   Government took over the control of
the more populous developing countries,     community forests in British times, the
the                                         local people who
smaller number of people in developed       until then had controlled their use
countries use more resources and energy     through a
than those                                  set of norms that were based on
in the developing world. This is equally    equitable use,
true of                                     began to overexploit resources on which
the small number of rich people in poor     they
countries whose per capita use of energy    now had no personal stake. Bringing
and resources, and the generation of        back such
waste based on                              traditional management systems is
the one time use of disposable products,    extremely
leads                                       difficult. However, in the recent past
to great pressures on the environment.      managing
The poor                                    local forests through village level forest
while polluting the environment have no     protection committees has shown that if
way                                         people know
to prevent it. The rich damage the          that they can benefit from the forests,
environment                                 they will
through a carelessness that proves only     begin to protect them. This essentially
that they                                   means
have no appreciation for environmental      sharing the power to control forests
safety.                                     between
As we begin to appreciate that we need      the Forest Department and local people.
more                                        7.5.8 Ecological degradation
sustainable lifestyles we also begin to     In many situations valuable ecological
realize that                                assets are
this cannot be brought about without a      turned into serious environmental
more                                        problems. This
equitable use of resources.                 is because we as a society do not
7.5.7 Common Property Resources             strongly resist forces that bring about
Our environment has a major component       ecological degradation.
that                                        These consist of sectors of society that
does not belong to individuals. There are   use a
several commonly owned resources that       ‘get-rich-quick’ approach to
all of us                                   development. While
                                            ecological degradation has frequently
                                            been
blamed on the needs of fuelwood and        closely linked to the welfare of women
fodder                                     and children. Each year, close to eleven
of growing numbers of rural people, the    million children worldwide are estimated
rich,                                      to have died from the effects of disease
urbanized, industrial sector is            and inadequate nutrition. Most of these
responsible for                            deaths are in the developing world. In
greater ecological damage. Changes in      some countries, more than one in five
landuse                                    children die before they are 5 years old.
from natural ecosystems to more            Seven out of 10 of childhood deaths in
intensive utilization such as turning      developing countries can
forests into monoculture                   be attributed to five main causes, or a
forestry plantations, or tea and coffee    combination of them. These are
estates,                                   pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles, malaria
or marginal lands into intensive           and malnutrition. Around the world,
agricultural patterns such as sugarcane    three out of every four children suffer
fields or changes into                     from at least one of these conditions.
urban or industrial land carry an
ecological price.                          The diagnosis of common childhood
Wetlands, for example, provide usable      disease conditions
resources                                  Presenting complaint       Possible cause or
                                                                      associated condition
and a variety of services not easily       Cough and/or               Pneumonia
valued in economic terms, and when         fast breathing             Severe anaemia
destroyed to provide                                                  P. falciparum malaria
                                           Lethargy or                Cerebral malaria
additional farmland, in many cases         unconsciousness            Meningitis
produce                                                               Severe dehydration
lower returns. A natural forest provides                              Very severe pneumonia
                                           Measles rash                Pneumonia
valuable non-wood forest products                                     Diarrhoea
whose economic                                                        Ear infection
returns far outweigh that provided by      “Very sick” young infant   Pneumonia
                                                                      Meningitis
felling the                                                           Sepsis
forest for timber. These values must
form a part                                ROLE OF INFORMATION
of a new conservation ethic. We cannot     TECHNOLOGY
permit                                     IN ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN
unsustainable development to run           HEALTH
onwards at                                 The understanding of environmental
a pace in which our lives will be          concerns and issues related to human
overtaken by a                             health has explodedduring the last few
development strategy that must             years due to the sudden growth of
eventually fail                            Information Technology. The computer
as Earth’s resources are consumed and      age has turned the world around due to
ecosystems rendered irreparable.           the incredible rapidity with which IT
                                           spreads knowledge. IT can do several
WOMAN AND CHILD WELFARE                    tasks extremely rapidly, accurately and
There are several environmental factors    spread the information through the
that are
world’s networks of millions of omputer    increasingly efficient. They will be
systems. A few examples of the use of      faster, have greater memories and even
computer technology that aid               perhaps begin to think for themselves.
environmental studies include software
such as using Geographical Information
Systems (GIS). GIS is a tool to map
landuse patterns and document change
by studying digitized toposheets and/or
satellite imagery. Once this is done, an
expert can ask a variety of questions
which the software can answer by
producing maps which helps in
landuse planning.

CASE STUDY
Karnataka’s GIS scheme, Bhoomi,
has revolutionized the way farmers
access their land records. Farmers can
now get a copy of the records of
rights, tenancy and crops from a
computerized information kiosk
without harassment and bribes.
Karnataka has computerized 20
million records of land ownership
of 6.7 million farmers in the State.

The Internet with its thousands of
websites has made it extremely simple to
get the appropriate environmental
information for any study or
environmental management planning.
This not only assists scientists and
students but is a powerful tool to help
increase public awareness about
environmental issues.Specialised
software can analyse data for
epidemiological studies, population
dynamics and a variety of key
environmental concerns.The relationship
between the environment and health has
been established due to the growing
utilisation of computer technology. This
looks at infection rates, morbidity or
mortality and the etiology (causative
factors) of a disease. As knowledge
expands, computers will become

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Ee2fbunit 7

  • 1. UNIT 7:HUMAN POPULATION nations and the biorich countries. AND THE ENVIRONMENT Degradation of ecosystems will lead to extinction of thousands of POPULATION GROWTH, species, destabilizing natural ecosystems VARIATION of great value. AMONG NATIONS These are only some of the Our global human population, 6 billion environmental problems related to an at increasing human population and more present, will cross the 7 billion mark by intensive use of resources that 2015. we are likely to face in future. These The needs of this huge number of human effects can be averted by creating a mass beings cannot be supported by the environmental awareness movement that Earth’s natural will bring about a change in people’s resources, without degrading the quality way of life. of human life. Increase in production per capita of In the near future, fossil fuel from oil agricultural produce at a global level fields will ceased during the 1980’s. In some run dry. It will be impossible to meet the countries, food shortage has become a demands for food from existing agro permanent feature. Two of every systems. Pastures will be overgrazed by three children in South Africa are domestic animals underweight. and industrial growth will create ever- In other regions famines due to drought greater have become more frequent. Present problems due to pollution of soil, water development strategies have not been and air. able to successfully address these Seas will not have enough fish. Larger problems related to hunger and ozone malnutrition. On the other hand, only holes will develop due to the discharge 15% of the world’s population in the of industrial chemicals into the developed world is earning 79% of atmosphere, which will affect human income! Thus the disparity in the extent health. Global warming due of per capita resources that are used to industrial gases will lead to a rise in by people who live in a ‘developed’ sea levels country as against those who live in a and flood all low-lying areas, ‘developing’ country is extremely large. submerging coastal Similarly, the disparity between the rich agriculture as well as towns and cities. and the poor in India is also Water growing. The increasing pressures on ‘famines’ due to the depletion of fresh resources place great demands on the in- water, built buffering action of nature that has a will create unrest and eventually make certain ability to maintain a balance in countries go to war. The control over our environment. However, current regional biological diversity, which is development strategies that essentially vital for producing new lead to short-term gains have led to a medicinal and industrial products, will breakdown of our Earth’s ability to lead to grave economic conflicts replenish the resources on between biotechnologically advanced which we depend.
  • 2. Global population growth Though population growth shows a The world population is growing by general global decline, there are more than variations in the rate of decline in 90 million per year, of which 93% is in different countries. By the 1990s the developing countries. This will growth rate was decreasing in most essentially prevent their countries such as China and India. The further economic ‘development’. In the decline in the 90s was greatest in India. past, However, fertility continues to remain population growth was a gradual high in sub Saharan African countries. phenomenon and the Earth’s ability to replenish There are cultural, economic, political resources was and demographic reasons that explain capable of adjusting to this increase. In the differences in the rate of population the recent past, the escalation in growth control in different countries. It also of human varies in different parts of certain numbers has become a major cause of countries and is linked with community our environmental problems. and/or religious thinking. Lack of Present projections show that if our Government initiatives for Family population Welfare Program and a limited access to growth is controlled, it will still grow to a full range of contraceptive 7.27 measures are serious impediments to billion by 2015. However, if no action is limitingpopulation growth in several taken it countries. will become a staggering 7.92 billion. Human population growth increased ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN from: HEALTH 1 to 2 billion, in 123 years. 2 to 3 billion, in 33 years. Environment related issues that affect 3 to 4 billion, in 14 years. our health 4 to 5 billion, in 13 years. have been one of the most important 5 to 6 billion, in 11 years. triggers that have led to creating an increasing It is not the census figures alone that awareness of the need for better need to be stressed, but an appreciation environmental management. Changes in of the impact on natural resources of the our environment induced rapid escalation in the rate of increase of by human activities in nearly every human population in the recent past. The sphere of life extent of this depletion is further have had an influence on the pattern of increased by affluent societies that our consume per capita more energy and health. The assumption that human resources, that less fortunate people. progress is This is of great relevance for through economic growth is not developing a new ethic for a more necessarily true. equitable distribution of resources.
  • 3. We expect urbanization and A better health status of society will industrialization to bring about Environmental health, as bring in prosperity, but on the down defined by side, it leads WHO, compr i ses those aspec t s of to diseases related to overcrowding and human an inadequate quality of drinking water, health, including quality of life, that are resulting in determined by physical, chemical, an increase in waterborne diseases such biological, social, as infective diarrhoea and air borne and psychosocial factors in the bacterial diseases environment. such as tuberculosis. High-density city It also refers to the theory and practice of traffic assessing, correcting, controlling, and leads to an increase in respiratory preventing diseases like those factors in the environment that asthma. Agricultural pesticides that adversely enhanced affect the health of present and future food supplies during the green generations. revolution have Our environment affects health in a affected both the farm worker and all of variety of us who ways. Climate and weather affect human consume the produce. Modern medicine health. promised to solve many health problems, Public health depends on sufficient especially amounts of associated with infectious diseases good quality food, safe drinking water, through antibiotics, but bacteria found and adequate shelter. Natural disasters ways to develop resistant strains, such as storms, frequently even changing their hurricanes, and floods still kill many behaviour in the process, making it people every year. Unprecedented necessary rainfall trigger epidemics of malaria and to keep on creating newer antibiotics. water borne diseases. Many Global climate change has serious health drugs have been found to have serious implications. Many countries will have side effects. At times the cure is as to adapt to damaging as the uncertain climatic conditions due to disease process itself. global Thus development has created several warming. As our climate is changing, we long-term may health problems. While better health care no longer know what to expect. There has are increasing storms in some countries, led to longer life spans, coupled with a drought in lowered others, and a temperature rise throughout infant mortality, it has also led to an the unprecedented growth in our population world. which has negative implications on environmental quality.
  • 4. Development strategies that do not • Millions of people, mainly children, incorporate ecological safeguards often have poor health due to parasitic lead to ill health. infections, such as amoebiasis and Industrial development without pollution worms. This occurs from eating infected control and traffic congestion affect the food, or using poor quality water for level of air pollution in many cities. On cooking food. It is estimated that the other hand, development strategies 36% of children in low-income countries that can promote health invariably also and 12% in middle income countries are protect the environment. Thus malnourished. In India, about half the environmental health and human health children under the age of four are are closely interlinked. An improvement malnourished and 30% of newborns are in health is central to sound significantly underweight. environmental management. • Hundreds of millions of people suffer However this is rarely given sufficient serious respiratory diseases, including importance in planning development lung cancer and tuberculosis, from strategies. crowded homes and public places. Motor Examples of the linkages: vehicle exhaust fumes, industrial fumes, tobacco smoke and cooking food on • Millions of children die every year due improper ‘chulas’, contribute to to diarrhoea from contaminated water or respiratory diseases. food. An estimated 2000 million people • Millions of people are exposed to are affected by these diseases and more hazardous chemicals in their workplace than 3 million children die each year or homes that lead to ill health due to from waterborne diseases across the industrial products where controls are world. In India, it is estimated that every not adhered to. fifth child under the age of 5 dies due to • Tens of thousands of people in the diarrhoea. This is a result of inadequate world die due to traffic accidents due to environmental management and is inadequate management of traffic mainly due to inadequate purification of conditions. drinking water. Wastewater and/or Poor management at the accident site, sewage entering water sources without and inability to reach a hospital within being treated leads to continuous an hour causes a large number of deaths, gastrointestinal diseases in the especially from head injuries. community and even sporadic large • Basic environmental needs such as epidemics. Large numbers of people in clean water, clean air and adequate tropical countries die of malaria every nutrition which are all related to year and millions are infected. environmental goods and services do not An inadequate environmental reach over 1000 million people living in management of stagnant water, which abject poverty. forms breeding sites of Anopheles • Several million people live in mosquitoes is the most important factor inadequate shelters or have no roof over in the spread of malaria. their heads especially in urban settings. The resurgence of malaria in India is This is related to high inequalities in the leading to cerebral malaria that affects distribution of wealth and living space. the brain and has a high mortality. • Population growth and the way resources are being exploited and
  • 5. wasted, threatens environmental do not use or release toxic chemicals that integrity and directly affects affect the health of workers and people health of nearly every individual. living in the vicinity of industries can • Health is an outcome of the improve interactions between people and their health and environment. environment. • There is a need to change from using Better health can only come from a more conventional energy from thermal power sustainable management of the that environment. pollutes air and nuclear power that can Important strategic concerns cause serious nuclear disasters to cleaner • The world must address people’s and safer sources such as solar, wind and health care ocean power, that do not affect human needs and sustainable use of natural health. Providing clean energy is an resources, which are closely linked to important factor that can lead to better each health. other. The key factors are to control human • Strategies to provide cl population and consume less ean pottable environmental water and nutrition to all people is an goods and services which could lead to important part of a healthy living ‘health for all’. Unsustainable use of environment. resources by an ever growing population • Providing clean energy sources that do leads not to unhealthy lives. Activities that go on affect health is a key to reducing wasting environmental goods and respiratory diseases. destroying its services by producing • Reducing environmental consequences large quantities of non degradable of wastes, leads to industrial and other pollutants such as health hazards. transport emissions can improve the • Poverty is closely related to health and status of is health. itself a consequence of improper • Changing patterns of agriculture away environmental management. An from inequitable sharing of natural resources harmful pesticides, herbicides and and environmental insecticides which are injurious to the goods and services, is linked to poor health of health. farmers and consumers by using The world’s consumption of non- alternatives renewable resources is concentrated in such as Integrated Pest Management and the developed countries. Rich countries non-toxic biopesticides can improve consume 50 times more per health capita than people in less developed of agricultural communities, as well as countries. food This means that developed countries also consumers. generate proportionately high quantities • Changing industrial systems into those of waste material, which has serious that health concerns.
  • 6. Definition of Health Impact Assessment diseases are more vulnerable. Heat (HIA) by WHO: Health impact waves in India in 1998 were associated assessment is a combination of with many deaths. procedures, methods and tools Climate plays an important role in by which a policy, program or project vector-borne diseases transmitted by may be judged as to its potential effects insects such as mosquitoes. These on the health of a population, and the disease transmitters are sensitive to distribution of those effects within the direct effects of climate such as population. temperature,rainfall patterns and wind. Climate and health Climate affects their distribution and Human civilizations have adapted abundance through its effects mankind to live in a wide variety of on host plants and animals. climates. From the hot tropics to the cold Malaria transmission is particularly arctic, in deserts, marshlands sensitive to weather and climate. and in the high mountains. Both climate Unusual weather conditions, for example and weather have a powerful impact on a heavy downpour, can greatly increase human life and health issues. the mosquito population and trigger an Natural disasters created by extremes of epidemic. In the desert and at highland weather (heavy rains, floods, hurricanes) fringes of malarious areas, malaria which occur over a short period of time, transmission is unstable and the human can severely affect health population lacks inherent protective of a community. Poor people are more immunity. Thus, when weather vulnerable to the health impacts of conditions (rainfall and temperature) climate variability than the rich. Of favour transmission, serious epidemics approximately 80,000 deaths occur in such areas. which occur world-wide each year as a result of natural disasters about 95% are HUMAN RIGHTS in poor countries. In weather-triggered Several environmental issues are closely disasters hundreds of people and animals linked to human rights. These include die, homes are destroyed,crops and other the equitable distribution of resources are lost. Public health environmental resources, the infrastructure, such as sewage disposal utilisation of resources and Intellectual systems,waste management, hospitals Property Rights (IPRs), conflicts and roads are damaged. The cyclone in between people and wildlife especially Orissa in 1999 caused 10,000 deaths. around PAs, resettlement issues The total number of people affected was around development projects such as estimated at 10 to 15 million! dams and mines, and access to health to Human physiology can adapt to changes prevent environment related diseases. in weather, within certain limits. However, marked short-term Equity fluctuations in weather lead to serious One of the primary concerns in health issues. Heat waves cause heat- environmental issues is how wealth, related illness and death (e.g. heat resources and energy must be distributed stroke). The elderly and persons with in a community. We can think of existing heart or respiratory the global community, regional community issues, national concerns and
  • 7. those related to a family or at the in the amount of resources available to individual level. While economic different sectors of society. People who disparities remain a fact of life, we as live in wilderness communities are citizens of a community must appreciate referred to as ecosystem that a widening gap between the rich and people. They collect food, fuelwood, and the poor, between men and women, or nonwood products, fish in aquatic between the present and future ecosystems, or generations must be minimised if social hunt for food in forests and grasslands. justice is to be achieved. Today the When difference between the economically landuse patterns change from natural developed world and the developing ecosystems to more intensively used countries is unacceptably high. farmland and The access to a better lifestyle for men pastureland the rights of these as against women is inherent in many indigenous cultures. Last but not the least, we in the people are usually sacrificed. Take the present generation cannot greedily use case of up all our resources leaving future subsidies given to the pulp and paper generations increasingly impoverished. industry Rights to land, water, food, housing are for bamboo whi ch makes i t several all a part of our environment that we all t imes share. However, while some live cheaper for the industry than for a rural unsustainable lifestyles with individual who uses it to build his home. consumption patterns that the resource This infringes on the human right to base cannot support, many others live collect resources well below the poverty line. Even in a they have traditionally used free of cost. developing country such as ours, there Another issue is the rights of small are enormous economic inequalities. traditional fishermen who have to This requires an ethic in which an contend against mechanised equitable trawlers that impoverish their catch and distribution becomes a part of overharvest fish in the marine everyone’s thinking. The people who environment. These live in the countries of the people’s right to a livelihood conflicts North and the rich from the countries in with the the South will have to take steps to powerful economic interests of large- reduce their resource use and the waste scale they generate. Both the better off sectors organised fisheries. of society and the less fortunate need to There are serious conflicts between the develop their own strategies of rights sustainable living and communities at of rural communities for even basic each level must bring about more resources equitable patterns of wealth. such as water, and industrial The right to the use of natural resources development which that requires large amounts of water for the environment holds is an essential sustaining component of human rights. It is related its productivity. The right to land or to disparities common
  • 8. property resources of tribal people is is needed to appreciate and support infringed millions of people left behind in the 20th upon by large development projects such century’s health revolution. as dams, mining and Protected Areas. We mu s t e n s u r e t h a t o u r e n Movements to protect the rights of v i r o nme n t a l values and our vision indigenous peoples are growing are linked to human rights and create worldwide. Reversing actions that have laws to support those that need a already been taken decades ago is a better environment, better health and a complex problem that has no simple better lifestyle. solutions. In many cases a just tradeoff is at best achieved through careful and Health and sustainable human sensitively managed negotiations. development are equity issues. In our This needs a deep appreciation of local globalized 21st century,equity must environmental concerns as well as a begin at the bottom, hand in hand sensitivity to the rights of local people. with a healthy environment, improved nutrition,and sustainable lifestyles. Nutrition, health and human right Putting first things first,we must also realize that resources allocated to There are links between environment, preventing and eliminating disease will nutrition and health which must be seen be effective only if the underlying causes from a humanrights perspective. Proper such as malnutrition and environmental nutrition and health are fundamental concerns, as well as their consequences, human rights. The right to life are successfully addressed. is a Fundamental Right in our constitution. As a deteriorating Intellectual Property Rights and environment shortens life spans, Community Biodiversity Register this in effect has an impact on our fundamental constitutional right. Traditional people, especially tribals Nutrition affects and defines the health living in forests, have used local plants status of all people, rich and poor. It is and animals for generations. This linked to the way we grow, develop, storehouse of knowledge leads to work, play, resist infection and reach our many new ‘discoveries’ for modern aspirations as individuals, communities pharmaceutical products. The revenue and societies. Malnutrition makes generated from such ‘finds’ goes to the people more vulnerable to disease and pharmaceutical industry that has done premature death. Poverty is a major the research and patented the product. cause as well as a consequence of ill- This leaves the original tribal user with health. Poverty, hunger, malnutrition and nothing while the industry could earn poorly managed environments together billions of rupees. To protect the rights affect health and weaken the of indigenous people who have used socioeconomic development of a these products, a possible tool is to country. Nearly 30% of humanity, create a Community Biodiversity especially those in developing countries Register of local products and their uses – infants, children, adolescents, so that its exploitation by the adults, and older persons are affected by pharmaceutical industry would have to this problem. A human rights approach pay a royalty to the local community.
  • 9. This however has still not been generally In addition to patient safety issues, there accepted. Mechanisms have to be is the risk that a growing herbal market worked out so that the local traditional and its great commercial benefit poses a users rights are protected. threat to biodiversity through the over Traditional Medicine: Traditional harvesting of the raw material for herbal medicine refers to health practices, medicines and other natural health care approaches, knowledge and beliefs that products. This has been observed in the incorporate plant, animal and mineral case of several Himalayan plants. If based medicines, frequently of local or extraction from the wild is not regional origin. It may be linked to controlled, this can lead to the extinction spiritual therapies, manual techniques of endangered plant species and the and exercises. destruction of natural habitats of several These may be used singly or in species. combination to treat, diagnose and Another related issue is that at present, prevent illnesses or maintain well-being. the requirements for protection provided Traditional medicine is often under international standards for patent handed down through the generations or law and by most national conventional may be known to a special caste or tribal patent laws are inadequate to protect group. traditional knowledge and biodiversity. Traditional medicine has maintained its There are tried and tested scientific popularity in all regions of the methods and products that have their developing world and origins in different traditional medicinal its use is rapidly spreading in methods. Twenty-five percent industrialized countries. In India, some of modern medicines are made from of our primary health care plants first needs are taken care of entirely by used traditionally. Yoga is known to traditional medicine, while in Africa, up reduce asthma attacks. Traditional to 80% of the population uses it for Medicine has been found to be effective primary health care. In industrialized against several infectious diseases. countries, adaptations of traditional to our destruction of our environment. medicine are termed “Complementary“ The problems that are created by or “Alternative” Medicine (CAM). technology and economic growth are a While there are advantages to traditional result of our improper thinking on what medicine as it is cheap and locally ‘development’ means. Since we still put available, there are diseases which it a high value only on economic cannot treat effectively. growth, we have no concern for aspects This is a risk, as patients who use these such as sustainability or equitable use of alternative medicinal practices may rely resources. on an ineffective measure. The This mindset must change before consequences could be a serious delay in concepts such as sustainable diagnosis and effective treatment of a development can be acted upon. treatable condition. There is a need Unsustainable development is a part of to carefully research the claims of economic growth of the powerful while traditional practices to ensure that they it makes the poor poorer. Consumerism are effective. is one aspect of this process favoured by the rich. As consumption of resources
  • 10. has till recently been an index of countries lack access to essential development, consumerism has thrived. allopathic medicines. The provision of It is only recently that the world has safe and effective TM/ come to realize that there are other more CAM therapies could become a tool to important environmental values that are increase access to health care. essential to bring about a better way of life. VALUE EDUCATION Values in environment education must Value education in the context of our bring in several new concepts. Why and environment is expected to bring about a how can we use less resources and new sustainable way of life. Education energy? Why do we need to keep our both through formal and non-formal surroundings clean? Why should processes must thus address we use less fertilisers and pesticides in understanding environmental values, farms? valuing nature and cultures, social Why is it important for us to save water justice, human heritage,equitable use of and keep our water sources clean? Or resources, managing common property separate our garbage into degradable and resources and appreciating the cause non-degradable types before disposal? of ecological degradation. All these issues are linked to the quality Essentially, environmental values cannot of human life and go beyond simple be taught. They are inculcated through a economic growth. They deal with a love complex process of appreciating our and respect for nature. These are the environmental assets and experiencing values that will bring about a better the problems caused due to our humanity, one in which we can live destruction of our environment. The healthy, productive and happy lives problems that are created by technology in harmony with nature. and economic growth are a result of our What are values? improper Values deal with ones own principles thinking on what ‘development’ means. and standards from which we judge what Since is right and wrong behaviour. we still put a high value only on economic CASE STUDY growth, we have no concern for aspects A US company was granted a patent for such discovering extracts of arhar (pigeon pea as sustainability or equitable use of or Cajanus cajan) in the treatment of resources. diabetes,hypoglycemia, obesity and This mindset must change before blockage of arteries. The use of pigeon concepts such pea extracts in India is well known. as sustainable development can be acted CSIR has challenged this patent as it upon. infringes on India’s traditional Unsustainable development is a part of knowledge, although challenging the economic growth of the powerful while patent is difficult, as India’s scientific it makes documentation of its traditional the poor poorer. Consumerism is one knowledge is quite poor. aspect of Over one-third of the population in developing
  • 11. this process favoured by the rich. As historical monument or place of worship. consumption of resources has till These recently been an index are all part of human heritage. of development, consumerism has Heritage preservation is now a growing thrived. It is only recently that the world environmental concern because much of has come to realisethat there are other this heritage has been undervalued more important environmental values during the last that are essential to bring about several decades and is vanishing at an a better way of life. astonishing pace. While we admire and Values in environment education must value the Ajanta bring inseveral new concepts. Why and and Ellora Caves, the temples of the 10th how can weuse less resources and to energy? Why do we needto keep our 15th centuries that led to different and surroundings clean? Why should diverse we use less fertilisers and pesticides in styles of architecture and sculpture, the farms? Moghul Why is it important for us to save water styles that led to structures such as the andkeep our water sources clean? Or Taj separate our garbage into degradable and Mahal, or the unique environmentally- non-degradable types before disposal? friendly All these issues are linked to the quality Colonial buildings, we have done little of human life and go beyond simple to actively preserve them. As economic growth. They deal with a love environmentally conscious individuals and respect for nature. These are the we need to lobby for the values that will bring about a better protection of the wilderness and our humanity, one in which we can live glorious healthy, productive and happy lives architectural heritage. in harmony with nature. 7.5.6 Equitable use of resources What are values? An unfair distribution of wealth and Values deal with ones own principles resources, and standards from which we judge what based on a world that is essentially only is right and wrong behaviour. for the rich, will bring about a disaster of Human heritage unprecedented proportions. Equitable use of resources The earth itself is a heritage left to us by is now our seen as an essential aspect of human ancestors for not only our own use but well being and must become a shared for the point of view generations to come. There is much that among all socially and environmentally is beautiful on our Earth - the conscious undisturbed wilderness, individuals. This includes an a traditional rural landscape, the appreciation of the architecture of fact that economically advanced a traditional village or town, and the countries and value of a
  • 12. the rich in even poor nations consume use as a community. The water that resources nature recycles, the air that we all at much greater levels than the much breathe, the forests larger and grasslands which maintain our poorer sectors of humanity in the climate and developing soil, are all common property resources. world. In spite of the great number of When people in Government took over the control of the more populous developing countries, community forests in British times, the the local people who smaller number of people in developed until then had controlled their use countries use more resources and energy through a than those set of norms that were based on in the developing world. This is equally equitable use, true of began to overexploit resources on which the small number of rich people in poor they countries whose per capita use of energy now had no personal stake. Bringing and resources, and the generation of back such waste based on traditional management systems is the one time use of disposable products, extremely leads difficult. However, in the recent past to great pressures on the environment. managing The poor local forests through village level forest while polluting the environment have no protection committees has shown that if way people know to prevent it. The rich damage the that they can benefit from the forests, environment they will through a carelessness that proves only begin to protect them. This essentially that they means have no appreciation for environmental sharing the power to control forests safety. between As we begin to appreciate that we need the Forest Department and local people. more 7.5.8 Ecological degradation sustainable lifestyles we also begin to In many situations valuable ecological realize that assets are this cannot be brought about without a turned into serious environmental more problems. This equitable use of resources. is because we as a society do not 7.5.7 Common Property Resources strongly resist forces that bring about Our environment has a major component ecological degradation. that These consist of sectors of society that does not belong to individuals. There are use a several commonly owned resources that ‘get-rich-quick’ approach to all of us development. While ecological degradation has frequently been
  • 13. blamed on the needs of fuelwood and closely linked to the welfare of women fodder and children. Each year, close to eleven of growing numbers of rural people, the million children worldwide are estimated rich, to have died from the effects of disease urbanized, industrial sector is and inadequate nutrition. Most of these responsible for deaths are in the developing world. In greater ecological damage. Changes in some countries, more than one in five landuse children die before they are 5 years old. from natural ecosystems to more Seven out of 10 of childhood deaths in intensive utilization such as turning developing countries can forests into monoculture be attributed to five main causes, or a forestry plantations, or tea and coffee combination of them. These are estates, pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles, malaria or marginal lands into intensive and malnutrition. Around the world, agricultural patterns such as sugarcane three out of every four children suffer fields or changes into from at least one of these conditions. urban or industrial land carry an ecological price. The diagnosis of common childhood Wetlands, for example, provide usable disease conditions resources Presenting complaint Possible cause or associated condition and a variety of services not easily Cough and/or Pneumonia valued in economic terms, and when fast breathing Severe anaemia destroyed to provide P. falciparum malaria Lethargy or Cerebral malaria additional farmland, in many cases unconsciousness Meningitis produce Severe dehydration lower returns. A natural forest provides Very severe pneumonia Measles rash Pneumonia valuable non-wood forest products Diarrhoea whose economic Ear infection returns far outweigh that provided by “Very sick” young infant Pneumonia Meningitis felling the Sepsis forest for timber. These values must form a part ROLE OF INFORMATION of a new conservation ethic. We cannot TECHNOLOGY permit IN ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN unsustainable development to run HEALTH onwards at The understanding of environmental a pace in which our lives will be concerns and issues related to human overtaken by a health has explodedduring the last few development strategy that must years due to the sudden growth of eventually fail Information Technology. The computer as Earth’s resources are consumed and age has turned the world around due to ecosystems rendered irreparable. the incredible rapidity with which IT spreads knowledge. IT can do several WOMAN AND CHILD WELFARE tasks extremely rapidly, accurately and There are several environmental factors spread the information through the that are
  • 14. world’s networks of millions of omputer increasingly efficient. They will be systems. A few examples of the use of faster, have greater memories and even computer technology that aid perhaps begin to think for themselves. environmental studies include software such as using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). GIS is a tool to map landuse patterns and document change by studying digitized toposheets and/or satellite imagery. Once this is done, an expert can ask a variety of questions which the software can answer by producing maps which helps in landuse planning. CASE STUDY Karnataka’s GIS scheme, Bhoomi, has revolutionized the way farmers access their land records. Farmers can now get a copy of the records of rights, tenancy and crops from a computerized information kiosk without harassment and bribes. Karnataka has computerized 20 million records of land ownership of 6.7 million farmers in the State. The Internet with its thousands of websites has made it extremely simple to get the appropriate environmental information for any study or environmental management planning. This not only assists scientists and students but is a powerful tool to help increase public awareness about environmental issues.Specialised software can analyse data for epidemiological studies, population dynamics and a variety of key environmental concerns.The relationship between the environment and health has been established due to the growing utilisation of computer technology. This looks at infection rates, morbidity or mortality and the etiology (causative factors) of a disease. As knowledge expands, computers will become