1. ETHICS in RESEARCH
• When most people think of ethics (or morals) they think of rules for distinguishing between right
and wrong.
• Most commonly “ethics” are: norms of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behavior.
• The term comes from the Greek word ethos, which means "character".
• ethics : an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior.
1. Ethics in research are important you are young to conduct and experiment. It
should be applied on all stages of research such as in planning ,conducting and
evaluating a researc
Ethical Principles Guiding Research
 Respect for human dignity
 Respect for free and informed consent
 Respect for vulnerable persons
 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
 Balancing harms and benefits
 Minimizing harm
 Maximizing benefit
Language
The language you use is very, very important. What may be clear to you may not be clear to
the reader. The reader, who is your prospective participant, is in a different world than you –
don’t expect the reader to read your mind, to know your intentions….
Four basic tenants
– HONESTY — conveying information truthfully and honoring commitments,
– ACCURACY — reporting findings precisely and taking care to avoid errors,
– EFFICIENCY — using resources wisely and avoiding waste,
– OBJECTIVITY — letting the facts speak for themselves and avoiding improper
bias.

2. 1. Literature Search A literature search is a systematic and thorough search
of all types of published literature in order to identify a breadth of good quality
references relevant to a specific topic.
A literature search is an important part of the research process, summarising current
knowledge and informing future research. It should identify the amount and quality of work
that has already been carried out in the topic area. The search can either be general:
identifying any relevant work, or it can be more specific which requires a systematic and
comprehensive search of the literature to identify what area have already been
investigated, highlight new ways of investigating the problem and provide a theoretical basis
of the research question, as well as ensuring the proposed research is based on hypotheses
supported by sufficient evidence. Whilst a time consuming process a properly constructed
literature search will ultimately save time, helping the researcher avoid design errors,
identify validated instruments that could be used and highlight data analysis methods.
The Stages of the Literature Search
A good literature search involves the following steps which should be worked
through systematically:
1. Background reading and preparation
2. Working with your title: identify search terms
3. Identify the resources to search
4. Search using search techniques
5. Collate your results
Why carry out a literature search?
There are several aims of this kind of search:
findings
There are four key stages which contribute an effective subject search – These are:
ywords

3. .