2. A. Understanding democracy
there is no single theory of democracy;
only theories. (Robert Dahl)
historical matters
B. Models of democracy
debates concerning the proper function
and scope of power, equality, freedom,
justice and interests.
scope
3. Demos (people)and kratos (rule, power,
sovereignty) fifth and fourth centuries B.C in
Greek by Pericles and then Aristotles dlm buku
Politics, 1317
government ruled by people, kedaulatan milik
rakyat/ power by the people
Reductive term ?
the Greek vocabulary for regime-types,
the rule of the one, few, and many:
monarchia, oligarchia, and demokratia.
But no Greek regime name pollokratia or
pollarchia.
Classical terminologies
Politea (Athenian Democracy)
4.
5.
–arche-root regime-names answers the
question: “how many rulers?‖
By contrast, the –kratos terminology has a
root meaning of “power” – across the power
spectrum, from ―domination‖ to ―rule‖ to
―capacity to do things‖
So……..?
Demokratia is not just “the power of the
demos” in the sense “the superior or
monopolistic power holders in the state.”
Rather it means, more capaciously, ―but, the
empowered demos” – it is the regime in
which the demos gains a collective capacity
to effect change in the public realm.
Conceptual meaning
6.
Robert A. Dahl (Polyarchy: Participation and
Opposition, 1971) memperkenalkan tiga
dimensi politik yang sifatnya generik dari
demokrasi, yaitu ―kompetisi, partisipasi,
dan kebebasan sipil dan politik‖
there is not a dominant class or a set of
institutionally based elites that has
predominant power.
Just as the market system gives consumers
freedom and sovereignty, so too does the
political system give voters sovereignty
Theorizing democracies: CLASSIC
PLURALIST
7. ‗Whatever the explanation for conflict may be,
‗its existences one of the prime facts of all
community life‘ (Robert Dahl, 1967: 6), as
Seymour Martin Lipset put it, conflict is
‗democracy‘s lifeblood‘ (1960: 83).
Robert Dahl in a chapter of Democracy and Its
Critics entitled ‗Why Polyarchy Developed in
Some Countries and Not Others,‘ produces a list
of conditions that are conducive to successful
polyarchy not hierarkhi (his term for pluralist
democracy).
include: high average levels of wealth and
economic growth, occupational diversity, a large
urban population, numerous interest groups, a
political culture favourable to pluralism, freedom
from antipluralist foreign intervention, and other
such factors (1989: ch. 18).
Classic pluralism
8.
Citizens in democratic capitalist societies
form voluntary groups that try to influence
public opinion, lobby elected officials, and
back sympathetic political candidates in the
electoral process.
Some voluntary groups harden into wellorganized interest groups that are often
based in economic interests (e.g.,
industrialists, bankers, and labor unions), but
also in other interests as well (e.g.,
environmental, consumer, and civil rights
groups).
9. JOSEPH SCHUMPETER
1942 of his Capitalism, Socialism and
Democracy, Joseph Schumpeter
public as a homogenous entity held
together by a shared ‗general will‘
Schumpeter insisted, that they are
governed not by the people or by a majority
taken as a whole but by elected officials
along with nonelected political party and
bureaucratic attendants.
Realist democracy
10. that democracy is only about the
competition of leaders for votes. The
will of the people, usually, is not genuine,
but is manufactured by the leader
Democracy is only a method, of no
intrinsic value, its sole function to select
leaders
lanjut
11. A. Francis Fukuyama maintains that
Western liberal democracy has become
‗the final form of human government‘
(1992: xi).
liberalism primarily with the protection
of individual freedoms and democracy
with equality, which, in agreement with
Tocqueville, he thinks not just political
equality but grows out of and promotes a
measure of social and economic
equality as well
Liberal democracy
12.
LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND
CAPITALISM
A capitalist society, roughly defined in
economic terms, is one with a
predominantly market-driven
competitive economy
free of state interference to dispose of
their holdings or of profits derived from
them as they please
13. Participation
Equality
Freedom and autonomy
The relation between democracy and
liberalism
Sartori :now ‗we confront two futures: a
democracy within liberalism, and a
democracy without liberalism’. (1987: 386–
7).
‗political liberties‘ such as the right to vote,
run for office, or form political parties, which
makes ongoing democracy more secure.
demokrasi liberal, yang paling cocok untuk
liberalisasi perdagangan dunia ?
liberal-democratic
principles
14. the label ―social democrat‖ to differentiate
themselves from other socialists who did not
accept democracy.
represented a full-fledged alternative to both
Marxism and liberalism.
industrial revolution 19 century-> the
age of liberalism
The practical consequences of early
capitalism—especially the dramatic
inequalities, social dislocation—led to a
backlash against liberalism and a search
for alternatives from Marxism and socialism
Social democracy
15.
social democrats realized that appeals to the
“people,” the “community,” and the common
good.
the tension between market economy and
democracy, and the tension between global
businesses and national politics require
intervention.
As democracy and market economy are
mutually dependent, this tension cannot be
abolished but only shaped. The questions, ―What
are the limits of inequality in a society?‖, and
―How to restrict business influence on politics?‖
16.
Social democrats have traditionally accepted
or tolerated the market because of its ability
to provide the material basis upon which the
good life could be built, but have been
unwilling to accept the market’s primacy
in social life
In modern society, social democratic
countries and political parties tend to focus
on human rights issues. Social democratic
countries typically have strict protections for
minority groups
17.
18. the term ‗participatory democracy‘ was
coined by Arnold Kaufman in 1960
(Mansbridge 1995: 5).
participatory democrats consider breaking
down apathy and maximizing active
citizen engagement a main task of
democrats.
Participatory democrats applaud the
forging of solidarity as a principal virtue
of democracy.
Participatory democracy
19.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and in particular his The
Social Contract (published in 1762)
Rousseau focused on the prior act whereby
individuals in the state of nature agree to
submit themselves to any form of political
authority.
There are two freedoms: Natural freedom
happens when people live in a state of nature.
In a state of nature there are no rules or
governments. Social freedom happens when
people sacrifice some natural freedoms so they
can have the freedom that comes with security
and protection
20. On the participatory-democratic
perspective, democracy is control by
citizens of their own affairs, which
sometimes though not always involves ,
instructing governmental bodies to carry
out citizens‘ wishes.
state and civil society are not distinct
entities; there is no line dividing a state
that rules and citizens in civil society who
are ruled.
