This document outlines the course Bio 319: Antibiotics, including the course topics, lecture schedule, assessment breakdown, and course instructor Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh. The course covers the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times to modern developments. It will address bacterial classification, antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance, and applications in human health, agriculture, and livestock production. Lectures and labs will explore antibiotic production, testing, and selection as well as emerging issues like bioterrorism.

1. Bio 319: Antibiotics
Lecture one
Topics
•Course outline
•History of Antibiotics and Classification of Bacteria
Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh
Website: http://MAIYOH.1faculty.com
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2. BIO 319: Antibiotics
Course Outline
Lecturer: Dr. Kattam Maiyoh
E-mail: maiyoh07@yahoo.com
Phone: 0713-592879
___________________________________________________
Labs
This class will include the following practical sessions.
•Sensitivity Testing
•Susceptibility testing
Textbooks/ Lecture Notes
Any textbook of Microbiology (Microbiology by Michael J.P., General
microbiology by Roger et al)
Lecture notes and other materials will be provided after class
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3. Examination
CAT 1 – 15%
CAT 2- 15%
Assignments – 5%
Practicals – 10%
Final Exam – 70%
Exams will mostly be based on the material presented during classes.
It is in your best interest to attend all Lectures, Practical session,
CATs and Exams.
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4. Course outline
Introduction to history of antibiotics
Classification of bacteria
Characteristics of antibiotics (why they are chemotherapeutic agents)
Classification of antibiotics
Antibiotics production
•Procedure for production
•Commercial production
•Polyketide biosynthesis
•Biotechnology
•Peptide antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance and quality control
•Causes
•Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
•How to overcome antibiotic resistance
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5. Outline
Application of antibiotics - use
•Human disease
•Agriculture
•Livestock production
Mode of action of antibiotics
Principles of antibiotic selection
Bioterrorism and antibiotics stockpiling
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6. Overview
• If bacteria make it past our immune system
and start reproducing inside our bodies, they
cause disease.
• Certain bacteria produce chemicals that
damage or disable parts of our bodies.
• Antibiotics work to kill bacteria.
• Antibiotics are specific to certain bacteria and
disrupt their function.
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7. Importance of Microbes
• Life is microbial! (to the first
approximation)
– Micro-organisms colonise every
environment on earth
– >80% of life’s history was bacterial
– You have more bacterial cells than
human cells
– Microbes play a key role in the
biosphere
– Pathogenic microbes globally are
the most important cause of human
disease and death
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8. Importance of Infection
• Has played a decisive role in history
• Still major cause of death and misery worldwide
• Examples of public anxieties
– Meningitis, Food poisoning
– Mad cow disease
– Cholera
– Emerging infections e.g. Ebola, swine flu
• Hospital Infection (Nosocomial infections)
– Antibiotic-Resistant Superbugs
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9. History of Antibiotics
• (anti, "against"; bios, "life") An antibiotic is a
chemical substance produced by one organism that
is destructive to another.
• The word antibiotic came from the word antibiosis
a term coined in 1889 by Louis Pasteur's pupil
Paul Vuillemin which means a process by which
life could be used to destroy life.
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10. What is an Antibiotic?
• An antibiotic is a selective poison.
• It is chosen so that it kills the desired bacteria only, but
not the cells in your body.
• Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria
in different ways.
• For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacteria's ability
to turn glucose into energy, or the bacteria's ability to
construct its cell wall.
• Therefore the bacteria dies instead of reproducing.
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11. Ancient History
• The ancient Egyptians, the Chinese, and
Indians of central America all used molds to
treat infected wounds.
• However, they did not understand the
connection of the antibacterial properties of
mold and the treatment of diseases.
Mould
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12. Late 1800s
• The search for antibiotics began in the late
1800s, with the growing acceptance of the
germ theory of disease, a theory which
linked bacteria and other microbes to the
causation of a variety of ailments.
• As a result, scientists began to devote time
to searching for drugs that would kill these
disease-causing bacteria.
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13. 1871
• The surgeon Joseph Lister, began researching the
phenomenon that urine contaminated with mold would not
allow the successful growth of bacteria.
1890s
• German doctors, Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low were
the first to make an effective medication that they called
pyocyanase from microbes.
• It was the first antibiotic to be used in hospitals. However,
the drug often did not work
• Learning check – why do you think the drug did not work
some of the time?
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14. 1928: Fleming and Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming observed that colonies of the bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus could be destroyed by the mold
Penicillium notatum, demonstrating antibacterial properties.
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15. (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915)
•German scientist in the fields of
hematology, immunology,
and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate.
•He is noted for curing syphilis and
Paul Ehrlich research in autoimmunity,
•called it "horror autotoxicus".
•He coined the term "chemotherapy" and
popularized the concept of a "magic
bullet".
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16. 1935- the first sulfa drug discovered
•German pathologist and bacteriologist
Credited with the discovery of
Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730) – the
first commercially available antibacterial
antibiotic (marketed under the brand
name Prontosil)
Gerhard Domagk
(1895–1964). •1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology/
Medicine
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17. 1942
•Invented manufacturing process for
Penicillin G Procaine.
•Penicillin could now be sold as a
drug.
Howard Florey •Fleming, Florey, and Chain shared
(1898–1968) the 1945 Nobel Prize for medicine
for their work on penicillin.
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18. Penicillin
• Penicillin was isolated in 1939.
• Concerted effort by a number of scientists;
• Originally noticed by a French medical student,
Ernest Duchesne, in 1896
• Re-discovered by bacteriologist Alexander
Fleming – Published investigations in 1929
• Dorothy discoved the molecular layout of
penicillin – used x-rays
• 1939 Dr. Howard Florey demonstrate
penicillin's ability to kill infectious bacteria.
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19. 1943
•American microbiologist
made the drug streptomycin
from soil bacteria, the first of
a new class of drugs called
aminoglycosides.
•Streptomycin could treat
diseases like tuberculosis,
however;
•The side effects were
often too severe.
Selman Waksman (1888–1973)
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20. 1955
Tetracycline was patented by Lloyd Conover,
which became the most prescribed broad
spectrum antibiotic in the United States.
1957
•Nystatin was patented and used to cure
many disfiguring and disabling fungal
infections.
•Invented by Elizabeth Lee Hazen and
Rachel Fuller Brown
•Researchers for the New York Department
of Health
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21. 1981
•SmithKline Beecham patented
Amoxicillin or moxicillin/clavulanate
potassium tablets.
•First sold the antibiotic in 1998
under the trade names of Amoxicillin,
Amoxil, and Trimox.
•Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic
antibiotic.
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