The document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the locations and functions of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, and thymus gland. The endocrine system regulates important bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream from these glands.

1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:-
By- Proff. Mansi Singh.

2. Endocrine system- Introduction
The endocrine system comprises of all the endocrine
glands of the body like-
Pituitary gland gonads( testis and ovary)
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
pancreas gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Endocrine system consist of gland secreting hormones
essential for manitenance of homeostasis throughout
the body.
HORMONES-
These are the chemical messengers that act to control
and coordinate different functions of tissue and organs.
Various body activities like growth and development and
metabolism are also regulated by hormones.
Endocrine glands are ductless glands, thus they release their product directly into the bloodstream, and are carried to their
target cells.
Exocrine glands are duct gland they secrete their product into the duct, which are then transported to the bloodstream.
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3. Positions of endocrine
glands in human body
These glands work in conjugation
with the nervous system and
therefore this complex of two
system is referred as the
neuroendocrine system
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4. 1. Classification of hormones
a) lipid- soluble hormone b) water- soluble hormone
steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide amine, peptides, protein and eicosanoid hormones

5. Mechanism of action of hormones-
✔ Action of lipid soluble
hormones-
Free hormone
Reaches to the target cell
Binds to the receptors
Alteration in gene expression
New messenger RNA
Synthesis of new protein
Changes the cell activity
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6. Mechanism of action of hormones-
✔ Action of water soluble
hormone-
Free hormone
Bind to Receptor (first messenger)
Activation of G- protein
Activation of adenylate cyclase
Convert ATP into CAMP
Activated protein kinase
Activated protein kinase phosphorylate cellular proteins
Physiological response
Phosphodiesterase inactivates CAMP 6

7. Hypothalamus-
✔ Hypothalamus is the part of brain, placed inferiorly to the thalamus.
✔ It is almond sized in human.
✔ It comprises of several groups of neuroscretory cells called nuclei, which produce hormone.
✔ Hypothalamus serves a very important role as it connects the nervous system to the endocrie
system by means of the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
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8. Hypothalamus-
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Structure
Anterior posterior
Involved in memory ,
learning, pupil
dilation, release ADH
Control B.P, heart
rate, release growth
hormone
middle
Thermoregulations,
anti-diuretics,
control sleep-wake
cycle,gonadotropins-
releasing hormone

9. Releasing hormone-
Stimulate pituitary gland to
secrete hormone.
Eg. Gonadotropins releasing
hormone, stimulate production and
secreation of gonadotropins.
Hypothalamus- (hormone)
Inhibiting hormone-
Inhibit the secretion of pituitary
hormone.
Eg- somatostatin inhibit the
release of growth hormone.
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10. Functions-
✔Control autonomic functions.
✔Control endocrine function
✔Control motor functions
✔Maintain homeostasis
✔Regulate food and water intake
✔Regulate sleep-wake cycle
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11. “Pituitary gland- (Master gland )
An endocrine gland, pituitary
(hyophysis) lies within the pituitary
fossa, located in the sphenoid bone.
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12. Pituitary gland-
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13. Pituitary gland- structure
✔ Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Pars distalis pars tuberalis pars intermedia
a) somatotrops-
Secrete G.H hormone MSH located between pars
b) lactotrophs distalis and tuberalis
Secrete Prolectin melanocyte stimulating
Formation of milk hormone
c) Corticotrophs
Secrete ACTH (glucocorticoids and steriod hormone)
d) Thyrotrophs- secrete TSH
e) gonadotrophs- LH and FSH
✔ Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Pars nervosa infendibulam
Supraoptic nucleus pars ventricular nucleus
ADH oxytosin
Mainly act on kidney stimulate uterin contraction
Reabsorption of water and milk ejection
Reduces loss of water through urine
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14. Functions-
✔ Water reabsorption in kidney
✔ Change in skin color
✔ Uterine contraction and milk ejection
✔ Growth of tissues
✔ Production of hormone from adrenal
cortex
✔ Production of thyroid hormones
✔ Production of primary and secondary
sexual hormones 14

15. Pineal gland-
Location-
Pineal gland located in
dorsal side of forebrain
And it is known as-
biological clock
Hormone
Melatonin-
Regulate 24 hours
diurnal rhythms of body
Sleep- wake cycle and
body temperature
Functions-
It play an important role
In sleep-wake cycle,
menstrual cycle and
defense capability
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16. Thyroid gland
✔ Location-
✔ Largest endocrine gland
✔ Located both side of
trachea
✔ Bilobed gland, thin flap
like tissue called
isthumus and calcitonin
✔ Hormone-
✔ It release T3 and T4
(thyroxine- iodine
contaning amine) and
calcitonin hormone
✔ Function-
✔ Regulate BMR
✔ Control urine output
by regulating the
working of renal
tubules
✔ Increase action of
adrenaline and nor-
adrenaline hormone 16

17. “✔ Calcitonin
Lower the level of calcium in
blood..
deposition of calcium ion
in bone
excretion of calcium ion
in urine
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18. Parathyroid gland-
✔ Location-
✔ These are 4 in
number
✔ Located back side of
thyroid gland
✔ Also known as
collip’s hormone
✔ hormone
parathyroid hormone
or collip’s hormone
✔ Functions-
level of calcium in
blood, metabolism
of calcium ion and
other minerals in
blood plasma
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19. Adrenal gland-
✔ Location-
✔ On anterior portion of
kidneys.
✔ Structure-
✔ Adrenal cortex-
✔ Adrenal medulla-
✔ Hormones-
✔ Adrenal cortex – (three
layers)
✔ Zona glomerular secrete-
mineralocorticoids
✔ Zona facicularis secrete-
glucocorticoids
✔ Zona reticularis- androgen
✔ Adrenal medulla- adrenaline
and nor-adrenaline
✔ Functions-
✔ Secrete hormone
during stress
(fight/flight
conditions)
✔ Maintain B.P
✔ Promote growth
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20. Pancreas-
✔ Location-
✔ Pancreas is largest
gland located near the
duodenum and stomach,
it lies on the posterior
abdominal wall
Hormones-
Alpha cells ( A cells ) secrete
glucagon.
• Beta cells ( B cells ) secrete insulin
• Glucagon accelerates
glycogenolysis in the liver
• Glycogen Glucose in liver
• Increase blood glucose
• Insulin decreases blood
glucose levels.
✔ Functions-
✔ Digestion of proteins
✔ Digestion of fats
✔ Control blood glucose
level
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21. Thymus-
✔ Location-
Small, pinkish-grey,
Lobular structure
Located in the
mediastinum of
thoracic cavity.
✔ Hormone-
thymosins
✔ Functions-
✔ Produce and process
T- cells
✔ Promote maturation
of T- cell and
immune system.
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