1. Sorsogon State College
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
Summer 2014
Social Issue: Revolution
Discussant: Marian A. Habla
MAEd - English

2. Revolution
• a fundamental change in the way of thinking
about or visualizing something
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/revolution)
• a radical and pervasive change in society and the
social structure, especially one made suddenly and
often accompanied by violence.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/revolution )

3. Three (3) Phases of Education
Apprenticeship (19th Century)
Universal Schooling (20th Century)
Life Long Learning (21st Century)
- Allan Collins and Richard Halverson

4. The Apprenticeship Era
Education was largely the
responsibility of parents.
Learned the skills they
needed, whether it was
reading and counting or
plowing and sewing, from
their parents or other kin.
Individual children were
taught all they needed to
know by those close to
them.

5. Where people took up other occupations,
such as crafts or midwifery, apprenticeship
was the way they learned these occupations.
Often, they were apprenticed to a friend or
relative of the family, if not to their parents.
They learned by observation, imitation, and
guided practice.
The Apprenticeship Era

6. As Lawrence Cremin states,
” In general the pedagogy of household
education was the pedagogy of
apprenticeship, that is a relentless round of
imitation, explanation, and trial and error.”

7. Universal Schooling
Horace Mann led a
movement toward
Universal Schooling
that shifted the
responsibility of
educating children
from the family to the
state.

8. Universal Schooling
This movement resulted mainly from a chain
of events that included:
a. The invention of the printing press,
b. the Reformation,
c. the American Revolution
d. the Industrial Revolution

9. Universal Schooling
The school structures and institutions that
evolved in the first 100 years of Universal
Schooling solved a set of problems facing a
growing an urbanizing country in very efficient
and effective ways.

10. Main pieces that constructed the interlocking system of
universal schooling and that also solved many of the
educational problems faced in the process of creating
this system.
Compulsory Attendance:
This was the main thrust of the universal
schooling. Its goal was to ensure that the
populace was educated enough to make wise
political decisions since the control of the
government at that period was turned over to
the public.

11. Graded Schools:
This was a response to the problems created
by the huge increase in students brought on
by compulsory attendance. Working with
students of the same age reduced the amount
of curricular knowledge for teachers and
made it easier to control classes.

12. Tests:
Tests were used to sort students into classes
where they have the same ability. They were
used to track the progress of students through
the system so that they would advance to the
next grade based on demonstrating that they
had mastered the material covered in the
current grade.

13. Textbooks:
Textbooks were introduced to solve the
problem of what students should learn. This
was necessary to provide some uniformity in
what students were learning in the different
schools across the country.

14. Comprehensive High Schools:
These allowed schools to offer a diversity of
courses to suit different kinds of students.
They were part of the solution to the problem
of how to meet the learning needs of a wide
variety of students.

15. The system that evolved from all of the
aforementioned features proved to be very
effective in educating a highly diverse
population.
But the society has continued to change, while
these features have been locked in place for
over 100 years. So the pressures are building
for new solutions to the problems of
education.

16. Life Long Learning Era
With the advance of
technology and
telecommunications the
seeds of a new educational
system started to blossom
giving birth to what is now
called Life-Long Learning.

17. These seeds can be seen in
a. the explosive growth of home schooling
b. workplace learning
c. distance education
d. adult education
e. learning centers
f. educational television and videos
g. computer-based learning software
h. technical certifications
i. Internet Cafes

18. Many of these seeds will affect the learning of
children, but many others will affect people of
all ages, as learning becomes a lifelong
enterprise.
The face of education is changing rapidly and
it remains to be seen exactly what form it will
take.

19. Difference between the three (3) eras of
education
a. Who was responsible for
children’s education?
b. What was the purpose and
the content of their
education?
c. How were they to be
taught and assessed?
d. What did we expect them
to learn?

20. Factors Apprenticeship
Era
Universal
Schooling
Life-Long Era
Responsibility parents the state individuals and
parents
Expectations social
reproduction
success for all individual choice
Content practical skills disciplinary
knowledge
learning how to
learn
Pedagogy apprenticeship didacticism interaction
Assessment observation testing embedded
assessment
Location home school anywhere
Culture adult culture peer culture mixed-age culture
Relationships personal bonds authority figures Computer-mediated
interaction

21. Thank you
For
Listening!