1. Sustainable City Planning
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Need & Methods.
By Mariyam Shaji, HIAOEBC023, IES College of Architecture.
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“Maintaining a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing severe ecological imbalance, or being sustained
of economic development, energy sources etc”.
SUSTAINABLE -
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- CITY PLANNING -
“A technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and
the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks”.
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SUSTAINABLE CITY PLANNING
Sustainable city planning, urban sustainability planning, or eco-city planning is a city designed with consideration for social, economic,
environmental impact, and resilient habitat for existing populations, without compromising the ability of future generations to experience the
same. These cities are inhabited by people whom are dedicated towards minimization of required inputs of energy, water, food, waste, output
of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution.
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ADVANTAGES NEEDS TO DEFINING TOWARDS THE GOAL OF SUSTAINANBLE CITY PLANNING:
1. Humans are social creatures and thrive in urban spaces that foster social connections. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist, focuses
on the social impact of sustainable cities and states that cities need to be more than a competitive business climate; they need to be a
great people climate that appeals to individuals and families of all types.
2. Because of this, a shift to more dense, urban living would provide an outlet for social interaction and conditions under which humans
can prosper. These types of urban areas would also promote the use of public transit, walkability and biking which would benefit
citizens health wise but also be environmentally beneficial.
3. Contrary to common belief, urban systems can be more environmentally sustainable than rural or suburban living.
4. With people and resource located so close to one another it is possible to save energy for transportation and mass transit systems, and
resources such as food.
5. Cities benefit the economy by locating human capital in one relatively small geographic area where ideas can be generated. Having a
more dense, urban space would also increase people's efficiency since they wouldn't have to spend as much time commuting to places
if resources are located close together, which in turn would benefit the economy since people can use this extra time on other matters;
like work.
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SUSTAINABLITY IN CITY PALNNING – Sustainable Urban Planning Wheel
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METHODS OF ACHIVING SUSTAINABLITY IN CITY PALNNING:
- Different agricultural systems such as agricultural plots within the city (suburbs or centre). This reduces the distance food has to travel from field to
fork. Practical work out of this may be done by either small scale/private farming plots or through larger scale agriculture (e.g. farmscrapers).
- Renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar panels, or bio-gas created from sewage. Cities provide economies of scale that make
such energy sources viable.
- Various methods to reduce the need for air conditioning (a massive energy demand), such as planting trees and lightening surface colors, natural
ventilation systems, an increase in water features, and green spaces equaling at least 20% of the city's surface. These measures counter the "heat island
effect" caused by an abundance of tarmac and asphalt, which can make urban areas several degrees warmer than surrounding rural areas—as much as
six degrees Celsius during the evening.
- Improved public transport and an increase in pedestrianization to reduce car emissions. This requires a radically different approach to city planning,
with integrated business, industrial, and residential zones.
- Optimal building density to make public transport viable but avoid the creation of urban heat islands.
- Green roofs alter the surface energy balance and can help mitigate the urban heat island effect. Incorporating eco roofs or green roofs in your design
will help with air quality, climate and water runoff.
- Xeriscaping - garden and landscape design for water conservation.
- Sustainable transport, incorporates five elements: fuel economy, occupancy, electrification, pedal power, and urbanization.
- Educating residents of cities about the positive impacts of living in a more sustainable city and why it is important would increase the initiative to have
sustainable developments and push people to live in a more sustainable way.
- Urban farming is the process of growing and distributing food, as well as raising animals, in and around a city or in urban area, "it is integrated into the
urban economic and ecological system: urban agriculture is embedded in -and interacting with- the urban ecosystem. Such linkages include the use of
urban residents as labourers, use of typical urban resources (like organic waste as compost and urban wastewater for irrigation), direct links with urban
consumers, direct impacts on urban ecology (positive and negative), being part of the urban food system, competing for land with other urban functions,
being influenced by urban policies and plans, etc."
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METHODS OF ACHIVING SUSTAINABLITY IN CITY PALNNING:
- Walkable urbanism is a development strategy in opposition to suburban sprawl. It advocates housing for a diverse population, a full mix of uses, walkable
streets, positive public space, integrated civic and commercial centres, transit orientation and accessible open space. It also advocates for density and accessibility
of commercial and government activity.
- Emphasis on proximity created by eco friendly urban planning, the concept of urban proximity is an essential element of current and future sustainable
transportation systems. This requires that cities be built and added onto with appropriate population and landmark density so that destinations are reached
with reduced time in transit. This reduced time in transit allows for reduced fuel expenditure and also opens the door to alternative means of transportation such as
bike riding and walking.
- Zero-energy building zero net energy (ZNE) building net-zero energy building (NZEB) net zero building or zero-carbon building is a building with zero
net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable
energy created on the site, or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere. These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to
the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce
energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount.
- A sustainable drainage system (SuDs) is designed to reduce the potential impact of new and existing developments with respect to surface water drainage
discharges.
- Architecture of buildings provide the infrastructure for a functioning city and allow for many opportunities to demonstrate a commitment to
sustainability. A commitment to sustainable architecture encompasses all phases of building including the planning, building, and restructuring. Sustainable Site
Initiatives is used by landscape architects, designers, engineers, architects, developers, policy-makers and others to align land development and
management with innovative sustainable design.
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SUSTAINABLITY IN CITY PALNNING – Sustainable Urban Planning Wheel
- Transportation Modes - Sustainability
10. Angioletta Voghera is Associate Professor of Urban and Regional Planning
(Theory)
Urban planning and design for sustainable development is the process of shaping the physical setting for life to deal with the three-dimensional spaces in cities, towns
and villages which concerns the environ-mental, social and economical factors. In contemporary context many cities and urban residents will be directly affected by
many of the impacts:
i. Environmental changes, Increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, heat waves, flooding from sea-level rise, water shortages and other effects.
ii. In the big cities of Europe, migration is increasing greatly for the need of work, study purpose, treatment facility and the result is economical crisis, urban sprawl,
high density, transport problem, increase energy use and pollution. The sustainable debate was not only dominated by environ-mental issues and economic
concerns, but also included the social issues.
Social sustainability refers to the personal and societal assets, rules and processes, physical boundaries of places etc. For concern of these themes, the argument
of the paper is 'what are planners methods in the urban planning and design for sustainable development ?
objectives are:
Analysis of the sustainable changes in urban areas. Analysis of the methods for urban planning and design in the context of these changes.
Firstly we analyse sustainable changes from urban planning and designing view-points. Secondly, we analyse different phases of urban development such as data
analysis, site survey, initial concept develop, design development and constructions phase. After analysing different phases of urban developments, we propose
methods that will guide to develop urban projects, concerns with current urban changes, the environment-economic-social structure of an area.
This method would set within a theoretical framework. If we did not concern about urban planning and design for these sustainable development then planners
practice doesn't relate to the practical situations. For achieving a successful urban planning and design, we have to emphasis on the sustainable development of well–
functioning environments.
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11. Reference
i. Urban planning and design methods for sustainable development:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265922689_Urban_planning_and_design_methods_for_sustainable_development
ii. Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_city
iii. Themes:
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Sustainable+city+planing&rlz=1C1GGRV_enIN751IN752&oq=Sustainable+city+planing&aqs=chrome..69i57j0j35
i39j69i59j0l2.7254j1j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
iv. Science Direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705816316186
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