Suffolk University
College of Arts and Sciences
Physics Department
SCI-L101-HYB Physical Science Lab I
LAB 02. MOTION
(Laboratory Report)
Based on virtual apparatus designed in Kentucky Educational Television
(http://virtuallabs.ket.org/physics/)
Instructors
Oleg Kreydin
Igor Kreydin
Student
�
�
�
Student ID
�
�
�
Date
�
�
�
Common Calculation
#�
Quantity�
Reference�
Value�
�
01
�
The cart width in meters�
Equation (1)�
l= (m)�
�
02
�
Mass of the Hanger in kilograms�
Equation (2)�
MH= (kg)�
�
03
�
Mass of the Cart in kilograms�
Equation (2)�
MC= (kg)�
�
04
�
Mass of the brass mass B1 kilograms�
Equation (2)�
B1= (kg)�
�
05
�
Mass of the brass mass B2 kilograms�
Equation (2)�
B2= (kg)�
�
06
�
Mass of the brass mass B3 kilograms�
Equation (2)�
B3= (kg)�
�
Setup A
1. Make Setup A (S=20cm, x1=120cm, x1=170cm, M1=MH, M2=MC+B1+B2+B3)
2. Perform experiment with Setup A, as it is described in Sample Setup section
3. Record the Experimental Data and Calculations in Table A
#�
Quantity�
Reference�
Value�
�
01�
Photogate 1 reading (dT1)�
Experimental
Data�
dT1= (s)�
�
02�
Photogate 2 reading (dT2)�
Experimental
Data�
dT2= (s)�
�
03�
Hanging mass
�
M1= MH�
M1= (kg)�
�
04�
Cart mass
�
M2=MC+B1+B2+B3�
M2= (kg)�
�
05�
Position of the Photogate 1 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x1= (m)�
�
06�
Position of the Photogate 2 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x2= (m)�
�
07�
Distance between the Photogate 1 and Photogate 2�
Equation (3)�
d= (m)�
�
08
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 1 is blocked�
t1=dT1�
t1= (s)�
�
09
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 2 is blocked�
t2=dT2�
t2= (s)�
�
10
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 1�
Equation (4)
(3 significant figures)�
v1= (m/s)�
�
11
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 2�
Equation (5)
(3 significant figures)�
v2= (m/s)�
�
12
�
Acceleration of the cart�
Equation (6)
(3 significant figures)�
a= (m/s2)�
�
Table A
...
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Suffolk UniversityCollege of Arts and SciencesPhysics Department.docx
1. Suffolk University
College of Arts and Sciences
Physics Department
SCI-L101-HYB Physical Science Lab I
LAB 02. MOTION
(Laboratory Report)
Based on virtual apparatus designed in Kentucky Educational
Television
(http://virtuallabs.ket.org/physics/)
Instructors
Oleg Kreydin
Igor Kreydin
Student
�
�
�
Student ID
3. MH= (kg)�
�
03
�
Mass of the Cart in kilograms�
Equation (2)�
MC= (kg)�
�
04
�
Mass of the brass mass B1 kilograms�
Equation (2)�
B1= (kg)�
�
05
�
Mass of the brass mass B2 kilograms�
Equation (2)�
B2= (kg)�
�
06
�
Mass of the brass mass B3 kilograms�
Equation (2)�
4. B3= (kg)�
�
Setup A
1. Make Setup A (S=20cm, x1=120cm, x1=170cm, M1=MH,
M2=MC+B1+B2+B3)
2. Perform experiment with Setup A, as it is described in
Sample Setup section
3. Record the Experimental Data and Calculations in Table A
#�
Quantity�
Reference�
Value�
�
01�
Photogate 1 reading (dT1)�
Experimental
Data�
5. dT1= (s)�
�
02�
Photogate 2 reading (dT2)�
Experimental
Data�
dT2= (s)�
�
03�
Hanging mass
�
M1= MH�
M1= (kg)�
�
04�
Cart mass
�
M2=MC+B1+B2+B3�
M2= (kg)�
�
05�
Position of the Photogate 1 in meters�
Equation (1)�
6. x1= (m)�
�
06�
Position of the Photogate 2 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x2= (m)�
�
07�
Distance between the Photogate 1 and Photogate 2�
Equation (3)�
d= (m)�
�
08
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 1 is blocked�
t1=dT1�
t1= (s)�
�
09
�
Time interval during which
7. the Photogate 2 is blocked�
t2=dT2�
t2= (s)�
�
10
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 1�
Equation (4)
(3 significant figures)�
v1= (m/s)�
�
11
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 2�
Equation (5)
(3 significant figures)�
v2= (m/s)�
�
12
�
Acceleration of the cart�
Equation (6)
8. (3 significant figures)�
a= (m/s2)�
�
Table A
Setup B
1. Make Setup B (S=20cm, x1=100cm, x1=160cm, M1=MH+B3,
M2=MC+B1+B2)
2. Perform experiment with Setup B, as it is described in
Sample Setup section
3. Record the Experimental Data and Calculations in Table B
#�
Quantity�
Reference�
Value�
10. M2= (kg)�
�
05�
Position of the Photogate 1 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x1= (m)�
�
06�
Position of the Photogate 2 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x2= (m)�
�
07�
Distance between the Photogate 1 and Photogate 2�
Equation (3)�
d= (m)�
�
08
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 1 is blocked�
t1=dT1�
t1= (s)�
11. �
09
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 2 is blocked�
t2=dT2�
t2= (s)�
�
10
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 1�
Equation (4)
(3 significant figures)�
v1= (m/s)�
�
11
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 2�
Equation (5)
(3 significant figures)�
12. v2= (m/s)�
�
12
�
Acceleration of the cart�
Equation (6)
(3 significant figures)�
a= (m/s2)�
�
Table B
Setup C
1. Make Setup C (S=20cm, x1=80cm, x1=150cm,
M1=MH+B3+B2, M2=MC+B1)
2. Perform experiment with Setup C, as it is described in
Sample Setup section
3. Record the Experimental Data and Calculations in Table C
14. 04�
Cart mass
�
M2=MC+B1�
M2= (kg)�
�
05�
Position of the Photogate 1 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x1= (m)�
�
06�
Position of the Photogate 2 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x2= (m)�
�
07�
Distance between the Photogate 1 and Photogate 2�
Equation (3)�
d= (m)�
�
08
�
Time interval during which
15. the Photogate 1 is blocked�
t1=dT1�
t1= (s)�
�
09
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 2 is blocked�
t2=dT2�
t2= (s)�
�
10
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 1�
Equation (4)
(3 significant figures)�
v1= (m/s)�
�
11
16. �
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 2�
Equation (5)
(3 significant figures)�
v2= (m/s)�
�
12
�
Acceleration of the cart�
Equation (6)
(3 significant figures)�
a= (m/s2)�
�
Table C
Setup D
1. Make Setup D (S=20cm, x1=60cm, x1=140cm,
M1=MH+B3+B2+B1, M2=MC)
17. 2. Perform experiment with Setup D, as it is described in
Sample Setup section
3. Record the Experimental Data and Calculations in Table D
#�
Quantity�
Reference�
Value�
�
01�
Photogate 1 reading (dT1)�
Experimental
Data�
dT1= (s)�
�
02�
Photogate 2 reading (dT2)�
Experimental
Data�
dT2= (s)�
�
03�
Hanging mass
18. �
M1= MH+B1+B2+B3�
M1= (kg)�
�
04�
Cart mass
�
M2=MC�
M2= (kg)�
�
05�
Position of the Photogate 1 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x1= (m)�
�
06�
Position of the Photogate 2 in meters�
Equation (1)�
x2= (m)�
�
07�
Distance between the Photogate 1 and Photogate 2�
Equation (3)�
19. d= (m)�
�
08
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 1 is blocked�
t1=dT1�
t1= (s)�
�
09
�
Time interval during which
the Photogate 2 is blocked�
t2=dT2�
t2= (s)�
�
10
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 1�
Equation (4)
20. (3 significant figures)�
v1= (m/s)�
�
11
�
Instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 2�
Equation (5)
(3 significant figures)�
v2= (m/s)�
�
12
�
Acceleration of the cart�
Equation (6)
(3 significant figures)�
a= (m/s2)�
�
Table D
21. Suffolk University
College of Arts and Sciences
Physics Department
SCI-L101-HYB Physical Science Lab I
Lab 02. Motion
Based on virtual apparatus designed in Kentucky Educational
Television
(http://virtuallabs.ket.org/physics/)
Instructors
Oleg Kreydin
Igor Kreydin
Introduction
Velocity is vector. It has both magnitude and direction.
The magnitude of the velocity is speed.
Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of a body changes
with time. The SI unit of acceleration is the meter per second
squared (m/s2).
Acceleration is vector. It has both magnitude and direction.
Acceleration may result from a change in speed. While the body
is in straight line motion its speed can increase or decrease.
Acceleration may result from a change in direction. While car
for example makes turn, it changes the direction of the velocity.
22. If object is moving in straight line under influence of constant
force the acceleration of the object is constant. Acceleration
may be in the same direction as the velocity or the acceleration
may be in the opposite direction from the velocity. If the
velocity vector has the same direction as the acceleration vector
the object speeds up and the velocity increases. If the velocity
vector has the opposite direction as acceleration vector the
object slows down and the velocity decreases. In this case
acceleration sometimes called deceleration.
In this experiment you will examine the motion of a cart in
straight line under influence of a constant force when velocity
and acceleration vectors are in the same direction. The force
will be supplied by the weight of a hanging mass (M1) that will
be used to pull the cart (M2). By varying the mass of the
hanging weight and the cart (see Figure 1) you can change the
speed of the cart and measure the acceleration of the cart
[
]
[
]
100
cm
A
m
A
=
APPARATUS
This is virtual experiment. The original appearance of the lab
setup is shown on Figure.2
23. The cart and track. A cart with frictionless wheels rolls along a
2-m-long track. Card width (l=10cm)
Changing the Cart’s Mass. Brass masses can be added to the
cart to adjust its mass and weight. The mass of the cart can be
increase by dragging brass masses and releasing them onto the
spindle at the center of the cart. The mouse pointer needs to be
near the spindle when you release the mass. The Remove All
and Remove Masses buttons remove all masses from the cart.
Adding Hanging Masses. To add mass to a hanger, drag a brass
mass and release it when it’s over the silver shaft of the hanger.
To remove all masses, click Remove Masses. To remove the
strings and hangers too, click Remove All.
The Brake. The brake will stop the cart instantly and hold it
against any force. You can drag the cart with the brake on.
Click the red brake sign to turn on the brake. It turns green.
Clicking again turns off the brake and resets it to red.
The Ruler. Clicking ruler icon turns the ruler on and off. You
can drag it up and down the screen as needed. It’s very useful in
measuring the position of the cart mast.
Photogates. The photogates in this virtual lab represented on the
screen as red dots.
In the figure above the cart is shown passing a gate at the 20-cm
point. The flag reads eT=2.136 and dT=0.996. The dT=0.996 is
time interval during which the gate is blocked.
Mass of the cart. The mass of the cart MC=250g.
Mass of the hunger. The mass of the hunger MH=50g.
Brass Masses. Brass masses are located at the bottom of the
screen. In this lab we use three brass masses: B1=200g,
B2=100g, and B3=50g.
24. Sample Setup
Make Setup (S=20cm, x1=50cm, x2=160cm, M1=MH+B3,
M2=MC+B1+B2)
Where:
S-starting position of the cart;
x1- position of the Photogate 1;
x2- position of the Photogate 2;
M1- hanging mass;
M2- cart mass;
MH- mass of the hunger;
MC- mass of the cart;
B1, B2, B3- brass masses
1. Click photogate option and select 2 photogates (Figure 3)
2. Click ruler icon and click the brake (Figure 4)
3. Use mouse to move cart to position 20cm. Use mouse to
move photogates to positions
50cm and 160cm (Figure 5)
4. Click ruler icon to turns the ruler off. Click on the red spool
(a) of string and drag and release it near the ring on the right (or
25. left) end of the cart. The spool will disappear and a short
segment of string will appear (b) between the ring and the hand
cursor. Move the cursor horizontally until it passes the pulley
on the right end of the track. The string will follow. (c) Move
down a bit and scissors will appear. (d) Click and the scissors
will disappear and the small loop will appear at the end of the
string. (e) Now drag the silver hooked mass hanger (above the
spool) and release it when its hook is above the loop. It will fall
and catch the loop. (f). (Figure 6 and Figure 7)
5. Add masses B1 and B2 to the cart. It can be done by dragging
brass masses and releasing them onto the spindle at the center
of the cart. The mouse pointer needs to be near the spindle when
you release the mass. Add mass B3 to the hunger. It can be done
by
draging a brass mass and release it when it’s over the silver
shaft of the hanger.
The Remove All and Remove Masses buttons remove all masses
from the cart. (Figure 8)
6. Click Take Gate Data control and click Brake control to
release the cart. The screen after this experiment should looks
like shown in Figure 9.
7. Click Stop Gate Data, Clear Data Gate, and Remove All
controls. You are ready for new setup
Data Processing
26. 1. To convert a value from centimeters to meters you can use
equation
(1)
Where:
A[m]- value in meters;
A[cm]- value in centimeters
2. To convert a value from grams to kilograms you can use
equation
[
]
[
]
1000
g
A
kg
A
=
(2)
Where:
A[kg]- value in kilograms;
A[g]- value in grams
27. 3. The distance between the Photogate 1 and Photogate 2
(Figure 1) can be found as
1
2
x
x
d
-
=
(3)
Where:
x1[m]- position of the Photogate 1 (Figure 1);
x2[m]- position of the Photogate 2 (Figure 1)
4. The instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 1 can be
found from experimental data as
1
1
t
l
v
=
(4)
28. Where:
l[m]- cart length (Figure 1);
t1[s]-time interval during which the Photogate 1 is blocked
5. The instantaneous speed of the cart at the Photogate 2 can be
found from experimental data as
2
2
t
l
v
=
(5)
Where:
t2[s]-time interval during which the Photogate 2 is blocked (s)
6. Because the cart is moving in straight line under influence of
constant force the constant acceleration of the cart can be found
as
(
)
d
v
v