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Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell Boundaries,[object Object],Chapter 6,[object Object]
What are boundaries?,[object Object],We have borders surrounding countries,[object Object],We have boundaries on a playing field,[object Object],Why are borders important?,[object Object]
What are the borders of a cell?,[object Object],Cell membrane,[object Object],Thin, flexible barrier,[object Object],Cell wall,[object Object],Plant, algae, fungi, prokaryotes,[object Object],Strong supporting layer,[object Object]
Cell Membrane,[object Object],What does it do for cell?,[object Object],Controls what goes in and out ,[object Object],Regulates molecules moving from one liquid side of the cell to the other liquid side of the cell,[object Object],Protects,[object Object],Supports,[object Object]
Cell Membrane,[object Object],Lipid bilayer,[object Object],What are lipids?,[object Object],What does bi- mean?,[object Object],What’s a layer?,[object Object],A cell membrane is made of two,[object Object], layers of lipid molecules,[object Object]
Cell membrane,[object Object],Phospholipids bilayer,[object Object],Made of a negatively charged phosphate “head”,[object Object],PO43-,[object Object],Attracts water because the phosphate is charged (-),[object Object],Water is a polar , slightly positive ends and slightly negative ends,[object Object],Attached to the phosphate group are 2 fatty acid chains,[object Object],Hydrophobic= don’t like water,[object Object],So the inside of the cell membrane doesn’t let water in but the outside allows cells to be dissolved in aqueous environments,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Other things in the membrane…,[object Object],Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer,[object Object],Carbohydrates attached to proteins,[object Object],So many different molecules in membrane, we call it a “mosaic” of different molecules,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Proteins,[object Object],Proteins help things get across membrane,[object Object],Kinda like a pump,[object Object]
Carbohydrates…,[object Object],Chemical identification cards,[object Object],“ID” card of cell,[object Object],Helps individual cells id each other,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell Walls,[object Object],Outside cell membrane (does NOT replace membrane!!!),[object Object],Plants, algae, fungi, prokaryotes,[object Object],Have pores to allow things in,[object Object],Function: SUPPORT and PROTECT,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell walls made of…,[object Object],Protein and carbs,[object Object],Plant cell walls made up of CELLULOSE,[object Object],This is a tough carbohydrate,[object Object],Wood and paper,[object Object]
A biological membrane,[object Object],Cells exist in liquid environments,[object Object],Things need to get in and out of cell,[object Object],Different ways to do this….,[object Object],The Cell Membrane,[object Object]
Concentration (conc.),[object Object],Solution,[object Object],Mix of 2 or more substances,[object Object],Solutes,[object Object],Substance dissolved in solution,[object Object],Concentration ,[object Object],Molarity (M) is # of Moles of a substance per liter of solution,[object Object],6.02 x 1023 “small things” (molecules, atoms, ions, electrons, ions, etc),[object Object],Moles is a unit for measuring EXTREMELY small things,[object Object],is mass of SOLUTE in a given volume of solution (g/L),[object Object],What is the concentration of 12 grams of salt dissolved in 3 liters of water?,[object Object],12g/3L= 4g/L,[object Object]
Diffusion,[object Object],Particles constantly move,[object Object],Collide randomly,[object Object],Spread out randomly,[object Object],Diffusion is moving from area of HIGH conc. to area of LOW conc.,[object Object],This is what we call the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Equilibrium,[object Object],When the conc. Of a system is the same throughout ,[object Object],(same conc. on both sides),[object Object]
What happens when we reach equilibrium?,[object Object],Particles continue moving across membrane but in both directions!***No more changes in concentration,[object Object]
If things can cross a membrane we call the membrane PERMEABLE,[object Object],If things canNOT cross a membrane we call the membrane IMPERMEABLE,[object Object]
Biological membranes are…,[object Object],SEMI-PERMEABLE,[object Object],A.K.A.,[object Object],Selectively permeable,[object Object],Cell membranes are picky,[object Object]
What’s this have to do with cells?,[object Object],Cell have liquid inside and are found in liquid environment,[object Object],We have substances (solutes) inside and outside cell,[object Object],Unequal concentrations means we get DIFFUSION!!!,[object Object],B/c diffusion depends on random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use energy,[object Object]
What diffuses across the membrane???,[object Object],Small, uncharged (non-polar) molecules,[object Object],Examples: ,[object Object],Carbon dioxide,[object Object],Oxygen,[object Object]
Cells are always trying to Maintain Equilibrium by…3 ways…,[object Object],PASSIVE Transport,[object Object],2 types,[object Object],Requires NO energy,[object Object],Goes with Conc. Gradient,[object Object],types:,[object Object],SIMPLE DIFFUSION-,[object Object],No protein required,[object Object],Small, uncharged particles,[object Object],FACILITATED DIFFUSION-,[object Object],CHANNEL or CARRIER proteins,[object Object],Trans-membrane protein channel,[object Object],Protein with a specific shape; open-close mechanism,[object Object],Ex. Osmosis and ligand-gated channels,[object Object],ACTIVE Transport,[object Object],1 type,[object Object],REQUIRES Energy,[object Object],Goes Against Conc. Gradient,[object Object],ACTIVE TRANSPORT,[object Object],Involves “transporter” membrane protein and ENERGY (ATP),[object Object]
Osmosis,[object Object],Water (H2O) can pass easily through most biological membranes,[object Object],Def: ,[object Object],Diffusion of Water through a semi-permeable membrane,[object Object],Small molecules of water can sometimes diffuse across easily (no protein needed),[object Object],AQUAPORIN:,[object Object],What does “aqua” mean???,[object Object],Protein in cell membrane that allows water through (speeds up diffusion of water across the membrane),[object Object],Type of Facilitated diffusion (more on this later),[object Object]
How Osmosis works…,[object Object],We have water molecules and some other molecules, let’s say sugar,[object Object],If we have more water on one side of the membrane (HIGH conc. of H2O), then the water will diffuse across…,[object Object],Membrane will let water thru but not sugar ,[object Object],Water can move back and forth (not sugar),[object Object]
Water moves from areas of HIGH conc. To areas of LOW conc.,[object Object],Water moves across till equilibrium is reached,[object Object],Isotonic: ,[object Object],when conc. Of both solutions is equal,[object Object],Hypertonic: “above strength”,[object Object],When we begin with more sugar in water,[object Object],More concentrated sugar solution on side A,[object Object],Hypotonic: “below strength”,[object Object],When we end with less sugar ,[object Object],Dilute sugar solution on side A,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Osmotic Pressure,[object Object],Central vacuole fills with water and exerts and out ward pressure on cell membrane and cell wall,[object Object],Cell wall does NOT allow cell to expand past a certain size,[object Object],Osmoregulation,[object Object],[object Object]
means by which cells keep the concentration of cell cytoplasm or blood at a suitable concentration.,[object Object]
Osmotic Pressure,[object Object],Pressure exerted by osmosis on the HYPERTONIC side of a semi-permeable membrane,[object Object],Think about blowing up a balloon…,[object Object],Can cause serious problems for cell,[object Object],Cell is full of sugar, salts, proteins, molecules,[object Object],Inside of cell is Hypertonic,[object Object],Osmotic pressure should make fresh water go…?,[object Object],In or Out?,[object Object],In,[object Object],Cell will become inflated/swollen,[object Object],Too much cell will burst like a balloon,[object Object]
Why don’t all our cells burst?,[object Object],What are our cells (animal) contained in?,[object Object],Fresh water?,[object Object],No…..blood or other fluids, which are ISOTONIC,[object Object],The conc. Of sugars, salts, proteins and molecules in these fluids is the same as the conc. in the cell,[object Object],Bacteria and plant cells,[object Object],They DO come in contact with fresh water…what do they have PROTECTING them?,[object Object],CELL WALL,[object Object],Prevent cells from expanding even when there’s a lot of osmotic pressure,[object Object],But, cell walls are prone to injuries when there is too much osmotic pressure,[object Object]
Which is a RBC in isotonic solution?,[object Object],RBC in hypertonic solution?,[object Object],RBC in hypotonic solution?,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
How do big molecules diffuse across a membrane so quickly if the membrane is selectively permeable?,[object Object]
Problems for diffusion…,[object Object],Things too large (like Glucose!),[object Object],Charged molecules and Polar molecules,[object Object],Positive/negative,[object Object],Opposites attract but likes do not…,[object Object],These all present serious problems for things getting across membranes…,[object Object]
Facilitated Diffusion,[object Object],What does facilitate mean?,[object Object],Proteins are the extra help,[object Object],“escorts” across the membrane,[object Object],We call these membrane proteins…,[object Object],Protein channels,[object Object],Carrier proteins,[object Object],LIGAND receptor proteins,[object Object]
Facilitated Diffusion,[object Object],[object Object],Protein channels,[object Object],Carrier proteins,[object Object],LIGAND receptor proteins,[object Object]
Facilitated Diffusion (continued),[object Object],FAST,[object Object],SPECIFIC,[object Object],Still diffusion so we only see it from high concentration to low,[object Object],Does NOT require energy,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
What about when we want to go against the concentration?,[object Object],(From low concentration to high?),[object Object]
What do we need???,[object Object],ENERGY!!!!,[object Object]
ACTIVE transport,[object Object],Process that moves molecules against the concentration gradient,[object Object],Requires ENERGY,[object Object],A protein pumps small molecules and ions across a cell membrane against the conc. Gradient,[object Object],Direct and Indirect Active transport (see animation),[object Object],Forms of molecular transport proteins are used to pump small molecules and ions across membrane even against the conc. grad.,[object Object],Direct: every 3 Na+ ions pumped across for every 2 K+ ions,[object Object],Indirect: Build up of ions on one side opens up another channel to shuttle in other molecules (Na+/Glucose channel),[object Object],Electrochemical gradient,[object Object],membrane potential (cell membrane is negative),[object Object],Na+ opens build up on the outside of the cell…draws water out of the cell so it doesn’t swell or burst!,[object Object],To pump large molecules and clumps…,[object Object],2 other processes:,[object Object],Exocytosis: exo-means….cyto- means…..-sis means….,[object Object],Endocytosis: endo-means….cyto- means…..-sis means….,[object Object],They can change shape of membrane,[object Object]
Build up of Na+ ions on one side of membrane from Na+/K+ pump ,[object Object],Now Na+ will flow thru another channel that allows one glucose in too!,[object Object],Pretty convenient!,[object Object]
Endocytosis,[object Object],When cells need to take in large material,[object Object],Process of taking material into the cell by process of infolding, or pockets, of the cell membrane,[object Object],Pocket breaks loose from cell membrane and forms a vacuole or vesicle inside the cell,[object Object],Two Types…,[object Object],Phagocytosis,[object Object],Pinocytosis,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Two types of endocytosis:,[object Object],1. Phagocytosis,[object Object],“cell eating”,[object Object],Extensions of cytoplasm surround the particle and package it within a food vesicle,[object Object],Cell then engulfs the package,[object Object],Amoebas,[object Object],2. Pinocytosis,[object Object],“cell drinking”,[object Object],When cell needs to take up liquid,[object Object],Tiny pockets in cell membrane form,[object Object],Fill with liquid or many smaller molecules,[object Object],Then pinch off to form vesicles inside of cell,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Exocytosis,[object Object],Exo- means…,[object Object],Cyto means…,[object Object],Sis means…,[object Object],When cell releases large amounts of material,[object Object],Excretes stuff,[object Object],Membrane of vacuole surrounding particle inside cell fuses with the cell membrane,[object Object],The contents in vacuole are then forced out of the cell,[object Object],We see this in removal of water by contractile vacuoles,[object Object]
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised
Cells are always trying to Maintain Equilibrium by…3 ways…,[object Object],PASSIVE Transport,[object Object],2 types,[object Object],Requires NO energy,[object Object],Goes with Conc. Gradient,[object Object],types:,[object Object],SIMPLE DIFFUSION-,[object Object],No protein required,[object Object],Small, uncharged particles,[object Object],FACILITATED DIFFUSION-,[object Object],CHANNEL or CARRIER proteins,[object Object],Trans-membrane protein channel,[object Object],Protein with a specific shape; open-close mechanism,[object Object],Ex. Osmosis and ligand-gated channels,[object Object],ACTIVE Transport,[object Object],1 type,[object Object],REQUIRES Energy,[object Object],Goes Against Conc. Gradient,[object Object],ACTIVE TRANSPORT,[object Object],Involves “transporter” membrane protein and ENERGY (ATP),[object Object]
MEMBRANE MAMBO!!!,[object Object]
Membrane Mambo,[object Object],10 minutes to plan,[object Object],2 teams/Cells,[object Object],Nucleus for each team,[object Object],Each member must be assigned a molecular role (must be labeled),[object Object],Membrane protein(s),[object Object],Molecule A (ex. Glucose),[object Object],Molecule B (ex. Na+),[object Object],Molecule C  (ex. Water),[object Object], Remember molecules are ALWAYS moving!!!,[object Object],MUST act out the following types of membrane transport:,[object Object],Simple Diffusion,[object Object],Osmosis,[object Object],Facilitated diffusion (channel, carrier and ligand),[object Object],Active transport (direct and indirect),[object Object],Be prepared to determine the concentration on either side of the membrane,[object Object],Your “Nucleus” must turn in a paper with every ones name and roles,[object Object],Summary of how each scenario will be acted out,[object Object]

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Cell membrane powerpoint diffusion and osmosis revised

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