The document discusses gastrointestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP that enhance food-induced insulin secretion. GLP-1 is the most important incretin hormone, secreted by L cells in the ileum and colon from proglucagon. It stimulates insulin release, improves hepatic insulin resistance, increases beta cell mass, and stimulates beta cell production. GIP is called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and is released from K cells in the duodenum and proximal jejunum in response to food.

1. Gastrointestinal hormones that enhance food-
induced insulin secretion
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2. Most important incretin
GLP-1
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3. GLP-1
Secreted by the L cells of the intestine
 Predominantly in the ileum and colon
 Secrete proglucagon from which GLP-1 is derived
Stimulus
 Ingestion of food
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4. GIP
 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic
polypeptide
 Released into the bloodstream from K cells
 Duodenum and proximal jejunum
 Stimulus
 Food
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5. K cells and L cells
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6. Actions of GLP
 Slows gastric emptying
 Release insulin
 Improves hepatic insulin resistance
 Increase beta cell mass
 Stimulate the production of new beta cells from
stem cells in the pancreatic duct
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Diabetes Mellitus
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