2. Common bacterial infections
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (causes
gonorrhoea or gonococcal
infection)
Chlamydia trachomatis (causes
chlamydial infections)
Treponema pallidum (causes
syphilis)
Haemophilus ducreyi (causes
chancroid)
Klebsiella granulomatis (causes
granuloma inguinale or
donovanosis).
Common Fungal infections
Candida albicans Vulvovaginitis,
penile candidiasis
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/
Common viral infections
HIV (causes AIDS)
HSV 1-2
HPV (causes genital warts and certain
subtypes lead to cervical cancer in
women)
HBV (causes hepatitis and chronic
cases may lead to cancer of the liver)
Commom Parasitic infection
Crab louse, colloquially known as
"crabs" or "pubic lice" (Pthirus pubis)
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei)
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas
vaginalis), colloquially known as
"trich"
1
4. 6 Ways STDs Impact Women Differently from Men
A woman’s anatomy can place her at a unique risk for STD infection,
compared to a man.
Women are less likely to have symptoms of common STDs — such as
chlamydia and gonorrhea — compared to men.
Women are more likely to confuse symptoms of an STD for
something else.
STDs can lead to serious health complications and affect a woman’s
future reproductive plans.
3
5. 6 Ways STDs Impact Women Differently from Men
Women who are pregnant can pass STDs to their babies.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually
transmitted infection in women, and is the main cause of cervical
cancer.
Women typically see their doctor more often than men.
There is a vaccine to prevent HPV; and available treatments for
other STDs can prevent serious health consequences, such as
infertility, if diagnosed and treated early.
3
26. 9
• 100 women during
2009-2010
• HIV-Ab, Chlamydia
trachomatis-IgG and
syphilis infection
Result:
• The overall prevalence of C.trachomatis was 19%.
• No case with syphilis or HIV infection.
27. 358 parent were assessed for knowledge about HPV
73% of parents had no information about HPV
26% had obtained their information via internet
Others from studying medical resources
Average score of mothers information about HPV
infection was higher than that of fathers
Parent knowledge about the hazards of HPV was higher
than their knowledge about modes of transmission
10
Most common sexually
transmitted diseases (STD)
Cervical cancer in women
resulting in 233,000 deaths
per year
HPV infection often clears
over without treatment
HPV types 16 and 18 can be
a hazard to change
precancerous lesions
30. Virulence FactorsCellsurfacecomponents
Capsule – antiphagocytic
Pili
• Composed of repeating peptide subunits of pilin.
• Mediate initial attachment of gonococci to epithelial cells.
• Specific cell receptor unidentified; high specificity of binding for genito-epithelial cells.
OuterMembrane
Proteins
Por (protein I)
• Most abundant outer membrane protein;
• Forms trimers through which some nutrients enter the cell.
• Role in virulence
Opa (protein II)
• When expressed, is a major component of the cell surface.
• Function in virulence
Rmp (protein III) - Reduction–modifiable protein
Tbp1, Tbp2 – two transferrin-binding proteins
Lpb – Lactoferrin-binding protein
LOS (Lipooligosaccharide)
xtracell
lar
roducts
Secretory IgA 1 protease
24
32. • Azithromycin is safe and effective in pregnant women, but
doxycycline is contraindicated.
Treatment
• CDC: patients with uncomplicated genital or rectal infections be
treated with ceftriaxone (250 mg) given intramuscularly as a single
dose or 400 mg of oral cefixime as a single dose.
3
• azithromycin as a single 1-g oral dose or doxycycline 100 mg
orally twice daily for 7 days) is recommended for
administration with ceftriaxone.
33.
34. Pic: Unemo M, Shafer WM. Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: origin, evolution, and lessons learned for the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1230:E19-28
Merbromin
(Mercurochrome)
Gonococcal infections are usually treated with
single-dose therapy with an agent found to cure
>95 per cent of cases.
11
35. Antimicrobial susceptibility
and genetic characteristics Articles
Number of
Articles
Years Number of
Isolates
In Countries Techniques AMR
5 1990-2012 2047 ،بوتان،هند
و پاکستان
کشورهای
اروپایی
MIC
E Test
Nitrocefin
ST (ESC)
NG-MAST
Ciprofloxacin
Tetracycline
Penicillin G
Azithromycin
Ceftriaxone
Cefixime
Spectinomycin
Gentamicin
Ertapenem
12-165 Articles
39. Nitrocefin
Slide Surface Assay
Direct Contact Assay
Broth Suspension Assay
Lysed Cell Assay
Filter Paper Assay
(10.0 mg/mL)
in DMSO
(1.0 mg/mL)
diluted with PBS
25 units of beta-
lactamase
Vortexed mixture
Red color within 20-30 min 17
Detection of all known beta-lactamases Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Moraxella,
Staphylococcus, Haemophilus, Enterococcus spp., and some anaerobic bacteria
for the production of beta-lactamase.
41. ESC resistance determinants
penA (encodes altered forms of PBP2)
ponA (encoding an altered form of PBP1)
penB (encodes mutations in the major outer membrane
porin (PorB1b))
mtrR (MtrR represses expression of the mtrCDE,
The mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump)
12-16
43. NG-MAST
Porin PorB (porB) gene (908 bp)
Subunit B of the transferrin binding protein (tbpB) gene
(110 bp)
(ST 1407, ST 1901, ST 7363) in Europe and Japan is dominant and
relative with the recent reports of recommended third generation
cephalosporins resistance
(ST 225) associated with ciprofloxacin resistance
12-16
44. Therapeutic dose 64 µg/ml (2grX1)
High-level spectinomycin-resistant MIC >1,024 4g/ml
Amino acids 19 to 33 in the N terminus of the ribosomal protein 5S
that form a loop structure (loop 2) which nonspecifically binds to
helix 34 of 16S rRNA and is within 50 nm of the spectinomycin-
binding site. Amino acid alterations at this loop can disrupt the
binding of spectinomycin to the ribosome, which results in
spectinomycin resistance. 19
51. This study highlighted that the CDS disc diffusion technique yielded excellent
category agreement with their analogous Etest minimal inhibitory
concentrations in comparison to CLSI technique.
Applicable microbiological method to detect antimicrobial susceptibilities of
N. gonorrhoeae in resource-poor countries.
This technique will facilitate enhanced antimicrobial resistance surveillance
and direct and meaningful comparison of resistance data generated within
different national and international laboratories.
26
• CFU: 1 x 107
• Annular diameter oc 18mm was selected as the uniform cut-off point.
Calibrated Dichotomous
Sensitivity Test