1. 1. Introduction
Few People realize how marveolus the kidneys are. They are actually the complex chemical
factories. Capable of filtering the body entire blood supply twenty five times a day. The
kidney cleaning the body’s toxic wastes while maintaining the proper balance of salt, acid
and water. Chemical wastes and excess water are collected by the kidney and deliver to the
bladder in the form of urine. The kidney also help the body’s environment deed and
manufacture important hormone which regulate blood pressure and aid production of red
blood cells. Although we seldom notice and because they usually work so beautifully, their
work is not trully appreciated until they fail. The failure leads to high blood pressure, anemia
and piled up of waste in the blood; potentially lifethreaning events
Kidney is one of the most important
organ in human body. All vertebretes and
some invertebretes have kidney. Human
being, as well as all members of all
vertebrete species, typically have two
kidneys. Human’s kidneys are dark red in
color and have a shape in which one side
is convex, or rounded, and the other is
concave, or indented. Human’s kidneys
are about 10 to 13 cm long and about 5-
7,5 cm wide. Adult human kidneys are
about the size of a computer mouse.
Kidneys are located beneath the
diaphragm and behind the peritoneum.
they lie against the rear wall of the
abdomen, on either side of the spine.
They are situated below the middle of the
back, beneath the liver on the right and
the spleen on the left.
The most important function of kidneys is the removal of poisonous wastes from the blood.
Most of these wastes are nitrogen-containing compounds urea and uric acid. Kidneys ability
to carry out it’s function in removal wastes, depend on the functional unit of the kidney called
nephrons. Together with the bladder, two ureters, and the single urethra, the kidneys make up
the body’s urinary system.
2. Structure
a. Renal Capsule
Each kidney is encased in a transparent, fibrous membrane called a renal capsule. This
membrane protects the kidney againts trauma and infection. The capsule is composed of
tough fibres, chiefly collagen and elastin (fibrous proteins), that helps to support the kidney
mass and protect the vital tissue from injury. The capsule receives its blood supply ultimately
from the interlobar arteries, small vessels that branch off from the main renal arteries. These
vessels travel through the cortex of the kidney and terminate in the capsule. This membrane
usually 2 to 3 milimeters thick.

2. The capsule surrounds the outer walls and enters into a hollow region of the kidney known as
the sinus. The sinus contains the major ducts that transport urine and the arteries and veins
that supply the tissue with nutriens and oxygen. The capsule connects to these structure
within the sinus and lines sinus wall.
In a normal person, the capsule is light reddish-purple in colour, translucent, smooth, and
glistening. It can usually be easily stripped fro the rest of the kidney’s tissue. A diseased
kidney frequently sends fibrous connections from the main body of tissue to the capsule,
which makes the capsule adhere more strongly. Difficulty in removing the capsule is noted at
autosy as an indication that the kidney was deseased.
b. Renal Cortex
Renal cortex is the outermost layer of the kidney. It is situated between Renal Capsule and
Medulla. Upper part of nephron which is Glomerulus and Henle’s loop are situated in this
layer. Renal cortex is a strong tissue that protect the inner layer of the kidney. The renal
cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. In
the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections (cortical
columns) that extend down between the pyramids. It contains the renal corpuscles and the
renal tubules except for parts of the loop of Henle which descend into the renal medulla. It
also contains blood vessels and cortical collecting ducts. The renal cortex is the part of the
kidney where ultrafiltration occurs.
c. Renal Medulla (Renal Pyramids)
Renal Medulla lies beneath the Cortex. It is an area that contains between 8 and 18 cone-
shaped section known as pyramids, which are formed almost entirely of bundles of
microscopic tubules. The tips of these pyramids point toward the centre of the kidney. These
tubules transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced,
to the calyces, or cup-chaped cavities in which urine collects before it passes through the
ureter to the bladder. Space between the pyramids filled by cortex and forms structures called
renal columns.
The tips of each pyramid, called the papilla, point toward to the calyx at centre of the kidney.
The surface of the papilla has a sievelike appearance because of the many small openings
from which urine droplets pass. Each opening represents a tubule called the duct of Bellini,

3. into which collecting tubules within the pyramid converge. Muscles fibres lead from the
calyx to the papilla. As the muscle fibres of the calyx contract, urine flows through the ducts
of Bellini into the calyx. The urine then flows to the bladder by way of the renal pelvis and
ureter.
d. Renal Pelvis
Renal Pelvis is extend in the center of each kidney as the tube through which urine flows
from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The shape of renal pelvis is like a funnel that is
curved to one side. Renal pelvis is almost completely enclosed in the deep indentation on the
concave side of the kidney, the sinus. The large end of the pelvis has roughly cuplike
extension, called calyces. The calyces’ are cavities in which urine collects before it flows on
the urinary bladder.
Renal pelvis is lined with a moist mucous-membrane layer that is only a few cells thick; the
membrane is attached to a thicker coating of smooth muscle fibres, which, in turn, is
surrounded by a layer of connective tissue. The mucous membrane of the pelvis is somewhat
folded so that there is some room for tissue expansion when urine distends the pelvis. The
muscle fibres are arranged in a longitudinal and a circular layer. Contractions of the muscle
layers occur in periodic waves known as peristaltic movement. This movement push urine
from the pelvis into the ureter and bladder. The lining of the pelvis and of the ureter is
impermeable to the normal substances found in urine; thus, the walls of these structures do
not absorb fluids.
e. Renal Vein and Renal Artery
Two of the body’s crucial blood vessels, renal vein and renal artery. This two vessel are
branch of from the abdominal aorta (the abdominal portion of the major artery leading from
the heart) and enter into each kidney by attach to the concave part of the kidney.
At the inner concavity of each kidney there is an opening, known as the hilum, through which
the renal artery passes. After passing through the hilum, the renal artery divides ordinarily
into two large branches, and each branch divides into a number of smaller arteries, which
bring blood to the nephrons, the functioning units of the kidney. Blood that has been
processed by the nephrons ultimately reaches the renal vein, which carries it back to the
inferior vena cava and to the right side of the heart.
The renal arteries deliver to the kidneys of a normal person at rest 1.2 litres of blood per
minute, a volume equivalent to approximately one-quarter of the heart’s output. Thus, a
volume of blood equal to all that found in the body of an adult human being is processed by
the kidneys once every four to five minutes. Although some physical condition can inhibit
blood flow, there are certain self-regulatory mechanisms inherent to the arteries of the kidney
that allow some adaptation to stress.
When the total body blood pressure rises or drop, sensory receptors of the nervous system
located in the smooth muscle wall of the arteries are affected by the pressure changes, and, to
compensate for the blood pressure variations, the arteries either expand or contract to keep a
constant volume of blood flow.

4. f. Nephron
The most important function of
kidneys is to remove waste substances from the blood. Nephrons are the functional unit of the
kidney in performing this task. Nephrons produce urine in the process of removing waste and
excess substances from the blood. There are about 1.000.000 nephrons in each human kidney.
These remarkable structure extend between the cortex and the medulla. Under magnification,
nephrons look like tangles of tiny vessels or tubules, but each nephron actually has an orderly
arrangement that makes possible filtration of wastes from the blood. Each nephron in the
mammalian kidney is about 30-55 mm long. At one end of nephron is closed, expanded and
folded into a double-walled cuplike structure. This structure, called the corpuscular capsule,
or Bowman’s capsule. This capsule enclose glomerulus, the nephron’s primary structure in
filtering function.
Structure of nephron explained in detail below:
1). Glomerulus
The glomerulus is the main
filter of the nephron and is
located within the Bowman's
capsule. A glomerulus and
its surrounding Bowman's
capsule constitute a renal
corpuscle, the basic filtration
unit of the kidney. From the
Bowman’s Capsule, extends
a narrow vessel, called the
proximal convoluted tubule.
This tubule twists and turns
until it drains into a
collecting tubule that carries
urine toward the renal pelvis.

5. Glomerulus is a network of
extremely thin blood vessels
called capillaries. The
glomerulus resembles a
twisted mass of tiny tubes
through which the blood
passes. The glomerulus is
semipermeable, allowing
water and soluble wastes to
pass through and be excreted
out of the Bowman's capsule
as urine. The filtered blood
passes out of the glomerulus
into the Efferent arteriole to
be returned through the
medullary plexus to the intralobular vein.
A large volume of ultrafiltrate is produced by the glomerulus into the capsule. As this liquid
traverses the proximal convoluted tubule, most of its water and salts are reabsorbed, some of
the solutes completely and others partially.
A glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons. It receives its
blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. Unlike most other capillary
beds, the glomerulus drains into an efferent arteriole rather than a venule. The resistance of
the arterioles results in high pressure in the glomerulus aiding the process of ultrafiltration
where fluids and soluble materials in the blood are forced out of the capillaries and into
Bowman's capsule. The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and thus
the measure of the overall renal function, is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
2) Henle’s Loop

6. Henle’s Loop is part of renal
tubule which become extremely narrow that extending down away from Bowman’s capsule
and then back up again form a U shape. Surrounding loop of Henle and the other parts of the
renal tubule is a network of capillaries, which are formed from a small blood vessel that
branches out from glomerulus.
The liquid entering the loop is the solution of salt, urea, and other substances passed along
from glomerulus by proximal convoluted tubule. In this tubule, most of the dissolved
components needed by the body; particularly glucose, amino acids, and sodium bicarbonate,
is reabsorbed into the blood. The first segment of the loop, the descending limb, is permeable
to water, and the liquid reaching the bend of the loop is much richer than the blood plasma in
salt and urea.
As the liquid returns through the ascending limb, sodium chloride diffuses out of the tubule
into the surrounding tissue, where its concentration is lower. In the third segment of the loop,
the tubule wall can, if necessery, effect further removal of salt, even against the concentration
gradient, in an active-transport process requiring the expenditure of energy. In a healty person
the reabsorption of salt from the urine exactly maintains the bodily requirement: during
periods of low salt intake, none is allowed to escape in the urine, but, in periods of high salt
intake, the excess is excreted.
3) Renal Collecting Tubule
Also called Duct of Bellini, any of the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and
transport urine from the nephrons, to larger ducts that connect with the renal calyces. The
liquid from the loop of Henle get into the Distal Convoluted Tubule in which reabsorbtion of
sodium continues throughout the whole distal tubule. This reabsorbtion extends to the early
part of the Renal Collecting Tubule.
Each collecting tubule is about 20-22 milimetres long and 20-50 microns in diameter. The
walls of the tubule are composed of cell with hairlike projection, flagellae, in the tube’s
channel. Motions of the flagellae help to move secretion through the tubes. As the collecting
tubes become wider in diameter, the cells increase in height so that the wall becomes thicker.
The function of the collecting tubes are transportation of urine and absorbtion of water. It is

7. thought that the tissue of the kidney’s medulla, or inner substance, contains a high
concentration of sodium. As the collecting tubule travel through the medulla, the
concentration of sodium causes water to be extracted through the tubule walls into the
medulla. The water diffuses out between the collecting wall cells until the concentration of
sodium is equal in the tubes and outside them. Removal of water from the solution in the
tubes serves to concentrate the urine content and conserve body water.
3. Functions
1. Urine Production And Blood Filtration
(1) Blood with waste enters the kidney through the renal artery. The artery divides into
smaller and smaller blood vessels, called arterioles, eventually ending in the tiny capillaries
of the glomerulus in each of the Nephrons.
(2) The Blood in kidney get into glomerulus through Affarent Arteriole. In glomerulus, blood
travel through twist and turn capilaries. The capillary walls here are quite thin, and the blood
pressure within the capillaries is high. The result is that water, along with any substances that
may be dissolved in it—typically salts, glucose or sugar, amino acids, and the waste products
urea and uric acid—are pushed out through the thin capillary walls, where they are collected
in Bowman's capsule. Larger particles in the blood, such as red blood cells and protein
molecules, are too bulky to pass through the capillary walls and they remain in the
bloodstream. The blood, which is now filtered, leaves the glomerulus through Everent
Arteriole, which branches into the meshlike network of blood vessels around the renal tubule.
The blood then exits the kidney through the renal vein. Approximately 180 liters (about 50
gallons) of blood moves through the two kidneys every day.
(3) Urine production begins with the substances that the blood leaves behind during its
passage through the kidney—the water, salts, and other substances collected from the
glomerulus in Bowman’s capsule. This liquid, called glomerular filtrate, moves from
Bowman’s capsule through Proximal Convulated Tubule. As the filtrate flows through the
renal tubule, the network of blood vessels surrounding the tubule reabsorbs much of the
water, salt, and virtually all of the nutrients, especially glucose and amino acids, that were
removed in the glomerulus. This important process, called tubular reabsorption, enables the
body to selectively keep the substances it needs while ridding itself of wastes. Eventually,
about 99 percent of the water, salt, and other nutrients is reabsorbed. This process happens in
Henle’s Loop.

8. (4) At the same time that the kidney reabsorbs valuable nutrients from the glomerular filtrate,
it carries out an opposing task, called tubular secretion. In this process, unwanted substances
from the capillaries surrounding the nephron are added to the glomerular filtrate. These
substances include various charged particles called ions, including ammonium, hydrogen, and
potassium ions. The secretion of potassium by the distal tubule is one of the most important
events in the dikney as its control is fundamental to the maintance of overall potassium
balance.
(5) Together, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion produce urine,
which flows into collecting ducts, which guide it into the microtubules of the pyramids. The
urine is then stored in the renal cavity and eventually drained into the ureters, which are long,
narrow tubes leading to the bladder. From the roughly 180 liters (about 50 gallons) of blood
that the kidneys filter each day, about 1.5 liters (1.3 qt) of urine are produced.
2. Body’s Water Volume Regulator
Other kidney’s essential function is to regulate the amount of water contained in the blood.
This process is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, which is
produced in the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that regulates many internal function) and
stored in the nearby pituitary gland. Receptors in the brain monitor the blood’s water
concentration. When the amount of salt and other substance in the blood becomes to high, the
pituitary gland release ADH into the bloodstream.
The blood contained ADH from the brain flow and get into the kidney. In the presence of
ADH the renal tubules and colecting ducts become freely permeable to solute and water. It
cause more water reabsorbed into the bloodstream. On the other hand in the absence of ADH
the collecting ducts are impermeable to solute and water; thus, the fluid in the lumen, from
which some solute has been remove, remains less concentrated than plasma; the urine is
dilute.
3. Blood Pressure Regulator
Regulating blood pressure is linked to the kidneys' ability to excrete enough sodium chloride
(salt) to maintain normal sodium balance, extracellular fluid volume and blood volume.
Kidney disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension (high blood pressure).
Even minor disruptions in kidney function play a role in most (if not all) cases of high blood
pressure and increased injury to the kidneys. This injury can eventually cause malignant
hypertension, stroke or even death.
In normal people, when there's a higher intake of sodium chloride (salt), the body adjusts. It
excretes more sodium without raising arterial pressure. However, many outside influences
can reduce the kidneys' ability to excrete sodium. If the kidneys are less able to excrete salt
with normal or higher salt intake, chronic increases in extracellular fluid volume and blood
volume result. This leads to high blood pressure. When there is an increase in hormones and
neurotransmitters that cause blood vessels to narrow, even small increases in blood volume
are compounded. (This is due to the smaller area of blood vessel through which the blood is
forced to flow.) Although the increases in arterial pressure lead the kidneys to excrete more
sodium (which restores the sodium balance), higher pressure in the arteries may persist. This
shows the important link between kidney disease and high blood pressure.

9. The hormone aldosterone, produced by the adrenal glands, interacts with the kidneys to
regulate the blood’s sodium and potassium content. High amounts of aldosterone cause the
nephrons to reabsorb more sodium ions, more water, and fewer potassium ions; low levels of
aldosterone have the reverse effect. The kidney’s responses to aldosterone help keep the
blood’s salt levels within the narrow range that is best for crucial physiological activities.
Aldosterone also helps regulate blood pressure. When blood pressure starts to fall, the kidney
releases an enzyme (a specialized protein) called renin, which converts a blood protein into
the hormone angiotensin. This hormone causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in a rise in
blood pressure. Angiotensin then induces the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, which
promotes sodium and water to be reabsorbed, further increasing blood volume and blood
pressure.
4. Body’s Acid Base Balance
The kidney also adjusts the body’s acid base balance to prevent such blood disorders as
acidosis and alkalosis, both of which impair the functioning of the central nerveous system. If
the blood is too acidic, meaning that there is an excess of hydrogen ions, the kidney moves
these ions to the urine through the process of tubular secretion.
5. Production of Hormones
1) Erythropoietin
Several hormones are produced in the kidney. One of these, erythropoietin, influences the
production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. When the kidney detects that the number of
red blood cells in the body is declining, it secretes erythropoietin. This hormone travels in the
bloodstream to the bone marrow, stimulating the production and release of more red cells.
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein. It acts on the bone marrow to increase the production of red
blood cells. Stimuli such as bleeding or moving to high altitudes (where oxygen is scarcer)
trigger the release of EPO. People with failing kidneys can be kept alive by dialysis. But
dialysis only cleanses the blood of wastes. Without a source of EPO, these patients suffer
from anemia. Now, thanks to recombinant DNA technology, recombinant human EPO is
available to treat these patients.
Because EPO increases the hematocrit, it enables more oxygen to flow to the skeletal
muscles. Some cyclists (and distance runners) have used recombinant EPO to enhance their
performance. Although recombinant EPO has exactly the same sequence of amino acids as
the natural hormone, the sugars attached by the cells used in the pharmaceutical industry
differ from those attached by the cells of the human kidney. This difference can be detected
by a test of the athlete's urine.
Prolonged exposure to reduced oxygen levels (e.g., living at high altitude) leads to increased
synthesis of EPO. In mice, and perhaps in humans, this effect is mediated by the skin. Mouse
skin cells can detect low levels of oxygen ("hypoxia") and if this persists, blood flow to the
kidneys diminishes leading to increased synthesis of EPO by them.
Recently it has been found that EPO is also synthesized in the brain when oxygen becomes
scarce there (e.g., following a stroke), and helps protect neurons from damage. Perhaps
recombinant human EPO will turn out to be useful for stroke victims as well.
2) Calcitriol

10. Calcitriol is 1,25[OH]2 Vitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D. It is derived from
calciferol (vitamin D3) which is synthesized in skin exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the sun
precursors ("vitamin D") ingested in the diet. Calciferol in the blood is converted into the
active vitamin in two steps:
i. calciferol is converted in the liver into 25[OH] vitamin D3
ii. this is carried to the kidneys (bound to a serum globulin) where it is converted into
calcitriol. This final step is promoted by the parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Calcitriol acts on the cells of the intestine to promote the absorption of calcium from food.
Calcitriol acts also in the bone to mobilize calcium from the bone to the blood Calcitriol
enters cells and, if they contain receptors for it (intestine cells do), it binds to them. The
calcitriol receptors are zinc-finger transcription factors. Insufficient calcitriol prevents normal
deposition of calcium in bone.
In childhood, this produces the deformed bones characteristic of rickets. In adults, it produces
weakened bones causing osteomalacia.The most common causes are inadequate amounts of
the vitamin in the diet or insufficient exposure to the sun.However, some rare inherited cases
turn out to be caused by inheriting two mutant genes for the kidney enzyme that converts
25[OH] vitamin D3 into calcitriol.Other cases of inherited rickets (also very rare) are caused
by inheriting two defective genes for the calcitriol receptor. Mutations that change the amino
acids in one or another of the zinc fingers interfere with binding to the DNA of the response
element.
4. Kidney Desease
1. Pyelonephritis
infection and inflammation of the kidney tissue and the renal pelvis (the cavity formed by the
expansion of the upper end of the ureter, the tube that conveys urine to the bladder). The
infection is usually bacterial. The most common type of renal disorder, pyelonephritis may be
chronic or acute.
Acute pyelonephritis generally affects one specific region of the kidney, leaving the rest of
the kidney structure untouched. In many instances pyelonephritis develops without any
apparent precipitating cause. Any obstruction to the flow of blood or urine, however, may
make the kidneys more susceptible to infection, and fecal soiling of the urethral opening is
thought to increase the incidence of the disease in infants (the urethra is the channel for urine
from the bladder to the outside). Women may suffer injury of the urinary passages during
intercourse or pregnancy, and catheterization (mechanical draining of urine) can cause
infection.
2. Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis, another common kidney disease, is characterized by inflammation of
some of the kidney's glomeruli. This condition may occur when the body’s immune system is
impaired. Antibodies and other substances form large particles in the bloodstream that
become trapped in the glomeruli. This causes inflammation and prevents the glomeruli from
working properly. Symptoms may include blood in the urine, swelling of body tissues, and
the presence of protein in the urine, as determined by laboratory tests. Glomerulonephritis
often clears up without treatment. When treatment is necessary, it may include a special diet,
immunosuppressant drugs, or plasmapheresis, a procedure that removes the portion of the
blood that contains antibodies.

11. Glomerulonephritis is the disorder commonly known as nephritis, or Bright's disease. The
primary impact of the disease is on the vessels of the glomerular tuft. The suffix ―-itis‖
suggests an inflammatory lesion, and glomerulonephritis is indeed associated with infection,
in the limited sense that it may begin soon after a streptococcal infection and may be
aggravated in its later course by infections of various kinds. Nevertheless, there is convincing
evidence that glomerulonephritis does not represent a direct attack on the kidney by an
infective agent; it appears to be, rather, an immunologic disorder, in the sense of the
formation of antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign protein (antigen) elsewhere in
the body; these form antigen–antibody complexes that lodge in the glomerular tuft or, in a
small number of cases, themselves become deposited on the capillary glomerular walls. In
each case the antibody or the antigen–antibody complex reaches the kidney via the
circulation, and the mechanism is usually referred to as circulating complex disease.
3. Kidney Stone
also called Renal Calculus, plural Renal Calculi, concretion of minerals and organic matter
that forms in the kidneys. Such stones may become so large as to impair normal renal
function. Urine contains many salts in solution and if the concentration of mineral salts
becomes excessive, the excess salt precipitates as solid particles called stones. Kidney stones
are classified as primary if they form without apparent cause, such as an infection or
obstruction. They are classified as secondary if they develop after a renal infection or
disorder.
Certain circumstances increase the likelihood of stone formation. Either a reduction in fluid
volume or a surge in mineral concentration can be enough to upset the delicate balance
between the liquid and its solutes. Once a stone starts developing, it generally continues to
grow. A nucleus for precipitation of urinary salts can be a clump of bacteria, degenerated
tissue, sloughed-off cells, or a tiny blood clot. Minerals start collecting around the foreign
particle and encrusting it. As the stone increases in size, the surface area available for
additional mineral deposition is continually increased.
Smaller kidney stones can pass out of the body on their own, although this can be painful.
Larger stones may require surgery, or they may be broken into smaller pieces with sound
waves in a procedure called ultrasonic lithotripsy.
4. Kidney Failure
also called Renal Failure, partial or complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is
classified as acute (when the onset is sudden) or chronic.
Acute kidney failure results in reduced output of urine, abnormally high levels of nitrogenous
substances, potassium, sulfates, and phosphates in the blood, and abnormally low blood
levels of sodium, calcium, and carbon dioxide (see uremia). Ordinarily the affected person
recovers in six weeks or less.
Causes of kidney failure include destruction of the tubules in the kidney by drugs or organic
solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and ethylene glycol; exposure to compounds
of metals such as mercury, lead, and uranium; physical injuries or major surgery causing
much loss of blood or an increase in blood pressure; severe burns; and incompatible blood
transfusions. Renal failure can also result from diseases that destroy the cortex (outer
substance) of the kidney; from severe bacterial infections of the kidney; from diabetes that

12. causes destruction of the medulla (the inner substance) of the kidney; and from
overabundance of calcium salts in the kidneys.
Blockage of the renal arteries, liver diseases, and obstruction of the urinary tract produce
acute failure; on rare occasions, kidney failure can occur without apparent symptoms.
Complications that arise from kidney failure include heart failure, pulmonary edema, and an
overabundance of potassium in the body.
Chronic renal failure is usually the result of prolonged diseases of the kidney. In chronic
failure the blood becomes more acidic than normal and there can be loss of calcium from the
bones. Nerve degeneration can also occur.
5. How Keeping Healthy Kidney
Most people have been told that it is important to drink 8-10 glasses of good water a day.
Urine should be 96% or better of water in order to flush all the sediment out of the kidneys. It
is almost impossible to get good water today. Experts suggest that people only drink water
purified by a reverse osmosis system. Even Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) water needs to be kept
refrigerated. Many people are buying bottled water. When water is stagnant it breeds bacteria
unless it is distilled or chemically treated. Chemicals used to purify the water are linked with
kidney disease, high blood pressure, cancer, and more. Distilled water is unstable
molecularly. The process of distilling encourages Hydrogens to share an oxygen molecule.
Some natural healers say that before anyone has ANY SYMPTOMS of kidney problems they
can have at LEAST 60% KIDNEY DAMAGE, so it's very important to strive to keep them
healthy.
It is still called H2O or Water, but everything in nature tries to stabilize itself including
distilled water. As the unstable water passes through the urinary system, especially the
kidneys it will draw out oxygen which, with prolong use, can weaken the kidneys. I don't
believe that anything not found in that state in nature be considered totally safe.
A high quality spring water, should be a good source as well. Water drawn from pure springs
not refrigerated will breed bacteria no matter how sterile looking the bottle. Some people say
"The top of the water cooler isn't refrigerated but as it comes out it passes a cooling system."
What they are drinking then is cold bacteria. If you had piece of meat out for days or weeks
could you make it safe by refrigerating it right before you eat it?
Many a public water system has been laced with fluoride to strengthen our teeth. This
Fluoride can alter the brain function and can destroy your kidneys. You can buy a new set of
teeth much easier than going through a kidney transplant.
Another important aspect in keeping healthy kidneys is to keep all of the other eliminating
systems functioning properly. The 2.4 million nephrons inside the kidney filter the blood. If
the bowel, liver, or the skin is not functioning properly the blood will be more toxic and will
cause more acid than the kidneys are designed to handle. Many with gout will attest to this
fact.
Probably what causes the most abuse to the kidneys are:
COFFEE, TEA AND SODA. Some people think that it's the caffeine in these drinks
that is hard on the kidneys and joints. Caffeine is not good for you, but it is the tannic

13. acid that damages the kidneys. Another real offender is artificial colored sugar water.
Carbonation is also very hard on the kidneys.
DON'T DRINK COFFEE, TEA, SODA, AND ARTIFICIAL COLORED DRINKS.
CUT OUT ALL MILK PRODUCTS AND LIMIT RED MEATS.
Do drink good water, juices and herbal teas.
Keep your cholesterol level below 5.5
Maintain a healthy body mass index. Obesity poses a significant risk when it comes to
kidney disease.
Do 30 minutes of exercise daily, a moderate intensity walk is adequate for general
well being.
Do not smoke. Smokers have a much greater risk of kidney disease.
Eat a healthy, well balanced diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean
meat. Reduce your consumption of fast food and high fat food.
Keep your blood pressure below 130/90. High blood pressure (known as
hypertension) can cause kidney disease.
Take preventive measures against getting type 2 diabetes or if you have diabetes
manage it well. Diabetes can cause kidney disease.
Avoid taking unnecessary medications-drugs like lithium and cyclosporine in
particular can lead to kidney failure.
Drink at least two liters of fluid each day, preferably water. If you don't drink enough
water to produce adequate urine it can lead to urinary tract infections which can cause
kidney stones to develop.
Consider having your kidney function tested regularly if you feel you are at risk of
kidney disease. Kidney function can be reduced to 80-90% before any physical
symptoms develop.
To maintain a healthy liver and kidneys it is important to eat healthy and drink plenty
of water daily.
Fruits and vegetables is very helpful for remove the waste from the bloodstream. Eat
wide range of fruits and vegetables. The easy way to remember to eat a wide range of
fresh fruits and vegetables is to do the rainbow color of the variety in choosing
something from all the different colors of fruits and vegetables.
Eating a wide range of healthy foods will give you more of the nutritional intake of a
better balanced diet. In addition consider expanding your horizon of new types of
healthy food categories that are on your pyramid diet plan. The antioxidants in the
Rainbow Colored choices to make so you can have some of every color in your
regular diet with the intake of your fruits and vegetables might safe guard you against
certain illnesses and diseases;such as cancer and will keep your immune system
stronger especially during cold and flu season.
Drink 2 liters of a day. Get can be filtered water, distilled or mineral. Just as long as it
is free of chlorine and other chemicals that are in unfiltered tap water.
Eat 5 servers of fruits and vegetables daily.
The bulk of your food intake should consist of whole grain foods and legumes.
The smaller portions should consist of (preferably) low fat diary products, fish once or
twice a week in small portions (as to not get to much heavy metels or mercury in the
diet), skinless poultry and lean meat and nuts.
Count calories. Watch your calorie intake and keep it at or below the standard amount
for your height and weight. Lower calories intake if you are obese.
Obesity increases a persons risk for Liver Disease. In America there are 74% of the
population 25 years and older are overweight. Having an excess of fat on the body
effects the internal organs by making them harder to function properly.

14. Alcohol increases the risk of Liver Disease, Hepatitis by 50% and Cirrhosis by 15 to
30%.
Drugs play a major role in the damage to the liver and kidneys as well as the overall
wellbeing of the individuals life.
Regular exercise helps the organs by stretching them as you workout and thereby
strengthening them. Exercise no less than 3 times a week Walking, running, jogging,
swimming, hiking, aerobics and other forms of fitness training that will keep you in
shape will benefit the internal organs as well as increase years to your life. Choose to
exercise by fitness activities that you enjoy doing or are more out to do. If it is
walking than walk with a friend(s). Join a Fitness Club, YMCA, or a sports activity. It
is never to late to start playing baseball, soccer or jogging a jogging team. Stick to
stuff you like to do and that will increase your success rate of maintaining an active
regular fitness program.