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[object Object],[object Object],Psychology of Thinking & Language
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Aims of the lecture
[object Object],[object Object],Review: categorical perception perceiving things that lie along a continuum as belonging to  one distinct category or another. VOT 5   ms VOT 15   ms VOT 35   ms VOT 25   ms VOT 45   ms VOT 55   ms d o  VOT 0   ms t o  VOT 60   ms ‘ perceptual boundary’ of 30ms all sound voiced all sound voiceless
categorical perception ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],VOT 0 ms VOT 10   ms VOT 25   ms VOT 35   ms VOT 50   ms VOT 60   ms same different same crosses category threshold (30ms)
categorical perception   found that small differences between sounds  within a category can still be perceived Pisoni & Nash (1974): same same …  the category boundary still exists! VOT 0 ms VOT 10   ms VOT 10   ms VOT 10   ms FASTER VOT 5 VOT 15 VOT 35 VOT 25 VOT 45 VOT 55 d o  VOT 0 t o  VOT 60 all sound voiced all sound voiceless Nonetheless…
[object Object],[object Object],Understanding words ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],‘ cat’ [kæt] noun
Lexical access ,[object Object],[object Object],HOUSE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],‘ house’ [haws] noun ‘ toast’ [towst] noun
Random organisation? cloth snooker marathon chair hillside telephone chop monkey horse cheese ballroom cake rain cliff floor slide bomb concert cleaner pullover television piano
[object Object],word organisation ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],lexical decision task HOUSE NOIK SLEEP NURSE BRUKE (400 msec) (450 msec) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],what affects lexical access time? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],what affects lexical access time? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
what affects lexical access time? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],what affects lexical access time? b)  Semantic Priming   (Meyer & Schvandeveldt, 1971) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],priming : when language processing (eg. reading  nurse ) is ‘facilitated’ (speeded up) by prior context (e.g., reading  doctor ) SLOW FAST
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],spreading activation model
canary bird animal ostrich mammal Spreading Activation Model yellow doctor dentist fever green baby cradle bed hospital sun rain heat grass nurse delirium
canary bird animal ostrich mammal Spreading Activation Model yellow doctor dentist fever green baby cradle bed hospital sun rain heat grass nurse delirium
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],what affects lexical access time? …   because  chute  is already ‘warmed up’ by having just activated  shoot ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SLOW FAST
canary bird animal ostrich mammal Semantic Network yellow doctor dentist fever green baby cradle bed hospital sun rain heat grass nurse delirium
poor pour shorn prawn pawn Phonological Network shin shoot chute shore sharp door dirt shirt short chin ship gin harp sure court
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],what affects lexical access time? priming : when language processing is facilitated by prior context ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
what affects lexical access time? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
lexical ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
lexical ambiguity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effect of context on meaning ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
3 models of context effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Understanding ambiguous words ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cross-modal lexical decision  (Swinney, 1979)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],AMBIGUOUS CONDITION Slow FAST FAST
Cross-modal lexical decision ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],UNAMBIGUOUS CONDITION Slow FAST SLOW
Cross-modal lexical decision ,[object Object],[object Object],AMBIGUOUS CONDITION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],baseline FAST SLOW
[object Object],Cross-modal lexical decision ,[object Object],[object Object],UNAMBIGUOUS CONDITION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SLOW FAST SLOW
Discussion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Understanding ambiguous words
biased vs. balanced words ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],BIASED BALANCED more common less common  roughly balanced
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Understanding ambiguous words ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effect of context:  Rayner & Duffy (1986); Duffy et al. (1988) ,[object Object],[object Object],Eye-movements in reading: -difficulty of lexical access can be measured from   “ gaze duration” (time spent first fixating a word   before moving to another word). To their surprise, the bark was unusual  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Effect of bias:  Basic finding (Rayner & Duffy; 1986) ,[object Object],[object Object],slower gaze duration than control same as control  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],control:   howl control:   soup ,[object Object]
Effect of context:  Duffy et al. (1988) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Because they heard it from so far away , the  bark/howl  was difficult to identify Unfortunately, the  bark/howl  was difficult to identify,  because they heard it from so far away .
Effect of context:  Duffy et al. (1988) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Because they heard it from so far away , the  bark/howl  was difficult to identify Even though it had a strange flavour , the  port/soup  was a  great success. ,[object Object],[object Object]
Duffy et al gaze duration results:  CONTEXT BEFORE CONTEXT AFTER
Summary of Duffy et al ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This pattern of results is called the subordinate bias effect
The re-ordered access model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Subordinate bias effect ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],‘ Autonomous/ ordered access’
[object Object],[object Object],Subordinate bias effect slow-down ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dopkins et al (1992) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Results of Dopkins et al Dopkins et al measured time taken to finish reading the  final disambiguating region  marched off to bed.
Summary of Dopkins et al ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Summary of Lecture ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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L2 Thinking

  • 1.
  • 2.
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  • 5. categorical perception found that small differences between sounds within a category can still be perceived Pisoni & Nash (1974): same same … the category boundary still exists! VOT 0 ms VOT 10 ms VOT 10 ms VOT 10 ms FASTER VOT 5 VOT 15 VOT 35 VOT 25 VOT 45 VOT 55 d o VOT 0 t o VOT 60 all sound voiced all sound voiceless Nonetheless…
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8. Random organisation? cloth snooker marathon chair hillside telephone chop monkey horse cheese ballroom cake rain cliff floor slide bomb concert cleaner pullover television piano
  • 9.
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  • 13.
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  • 15.
  • 16. canary bird animal ostrich mammal Spreading Activation Model yellow doctor dentist fever green baby cradle bed hospital sun rain heat grass nurse delirium
  • 17. canary bird animal ostrich mammal Spreading Activation Model yellow doctor dentist fever green baby cradle bed hospital sun rain heat grass nurse delirium
  • 18.
  • 19. canary bird animal ostrich mammal Semantic Network yellow doctor dentist fever green baby cradle bed hospital sun rain heat grass nurse delirium
  • 20. poor pour shorn prawn pawn Phonological Network shin shoot chute shore sharp door dirt shirt short chin ship gin harp sure court
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
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  • 36.
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