Art 108 Ancient to Medieval

1. Roman Architecture: Introduction

2. Kings need palaces and priests need temples -- but democracy needs large
gathering places

3. Like the Greek agora, the Roman Forum was the center of religious, political, and
economic life

4. The best preserved Forum is at Pompeii, and dates from the Imperial period

5. The forum was a large rectangular public square enclosed by a colonnade
FORUM

6. This is an artist’s reconstruction of the forum at Pompeii

7. Aerial view of the Forum at Pompeii
And in this aerial view of the actual site you can still see some of the columns of the
colonnade still standing

8. Surrounding the forum were a variety of buildings, including temples and government
buildings
Temple of
Jupiter,
Juno, and
Minerva
Temple
of Apollo
Magistrates
buildings

9. There was also a covered market and public toilets!
Market

10. Roman toilets were long stone benches with “key holes” cut into them, offering little in
the way of privacy

11. The toilets were hooked up to a sewer system fed by aqueducts that would carry
away waste

12. Instead of toilet paper, Romans used a sponge stick to clean themselves – which was
shared with the next person in line!

13. Yeah, its kinda gross – but hey, they had toilets and plumbing!!!

14. An important municipal building on the forum was the basilica
Basilica

15. It served as a law court and could accommodate large crowds of people
Basilica

16. The basilica had walls on the outside, and columns on the inside

17. It was like a Greek temple turned inside out

18. Reconstruction of the Basilica Ulpia: http://student-kmt.hku.nl/~joost1/forumtrajani/NE%20Basilica.html
This is a reconstruction of the interior of a Roman basilica

19. Reconstruction of the Basilica Ulpia: http://student-kmt.hku.nl/~joost1/forumtrajani/NE%20Basilica.html
The roof is held up by columns, and the interior is lit by clerestory windows

20. Photograph showing the ruins of the basilica at Pompeii
You can see the remains of the basilica at Pompeii in this aerial photograph

21. Photograph showing the ruins of the basilica at Pompeii
And some of the original columns are still standing

22. You need to know something about the Roman basilica because it will later become
the model for the Early Christian church

23. Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Portuna), Rome, c. 75 BCE
Roman temples drew on Greek and Etruscan sources

24. Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Portuna), Rome, c. 75 BCE
Greek influences include the Ionic columns and triangular pediment

25. The high podium and deep porch comes from Etruscan temples

26. The widened cella with engaged columns (columns that are flush against the wall)
are also a departure from Greek temple design

27. In Greek temples the columns go all the way around the building, so there is a
“porch” on all four sides

28. Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Portuna), Rome, c. 75 BCE
In Roman temples the porch is only on the front, and the walls are widened so they
are flush with the columns

29. Temple of Portunus, back side
Wikimedia
These are called “engaged columns” – they are decorative, rather than functional,
since they don’t hold the roof up (the walls are doing that)

30. Temple of “Fortuna Virilis” (Portuna), Rome, c. 75 BCE
Roman temples are generally small; their main function was to house the cult statue

31. Marcus Aurelius and Imperial family offer
sacrifice in gratitude for success against
Germanic tribes in front of the Temple of
Jupiter, relief from the Arch of Marcus
Aurelius, Capitoline Museum
Like in Greece, all ritual took place at an outdoor altar, so the building didn’t have to
accommodate large crowds

32. The greatest innovations in Roman architecture took place in the form of practical
architecture during the Imperial period

33. Roman emperors had to attend to the practical needs of a vast empire, and their
architects were called upon to solve practical problems of engineering and design
that led to spectacular innovations

34. One of the most important discoveries was the use of concrete as a building material

35. An exterior shell was formed using brick or stone, then filled in with concrete

36. Stone architecture required highly skilled workers who could precisely the blocks of
stones required, but buildings made of concrete could employ un-skilled laborers
making it much cheaper to build

37. Lightweight, inexpensive, and durable, concrete made it possible to build on a much
larger scale than was previously possible

38. But a new building principle was also necessary to bring the use of concrete to its full
potential

39. The post and lintel system was limited in terms of the size of the space it could span

40. The Romans turned instead to the arch, which was critical to the development of
Imperial architecture

41. The arch has very special properties: it is virtually self-supporting once the keystone
is put in place

42. http://www.supertool.com/arch19.jpg
In this photograph we can see a stone arch being built; the stones are cut at an
angle, and placed around a wooden form. Once the keystone is put in place, the
wooden form can be removed, and the stones will support one another

43. The arch became the basis of a new kind of vaulted architecture that enabled Roman
architects to enclose space in entirely new ways

44. Barrel Vault Groin Vault
There are a variety of different types of vaults; a barrel vault is a long tunnel in the
shape of a barrel; a groin vault is when two barrel vaults intersect

45. Dome
A hemispherical dome is another type of vault

46. Combined with the new material of concrete, vaulted architecture allowed Roman
architects to literally “think outside the box” by molding interior space in new flexible
designs, and on a scale that would have been impossible using the old post and lintel
system

47. Thanks for listening!

48. Roman Imperial Architecture:
Aqueducts, Theaters, and Baths

49. Roman Imperial Architecture served two main functions
1. Practical: cities needed roads, bridges, sewers, and aqueducts in order to
function
2. Ideological: Roman emperors sponsored building projects that served as
reminders of Imperial grandeur and power, and of the benefits of being a citizen of
the Roman Empire

50. The new Tappan Zee Bridge can provide an appropriate analogy

51. Governor Andrew Cuomo has staked his political career on this project, and its
completion will earn him considerable political capital and popular support

52. The bridge is practical: it will get cars, trucks and buses over the Hudson River, but it
is also intended to be beautiful (it will become a tourist destination with its viewing
deck), and symbolic of the regions economic renewal

53. Roman Emperors, too, understood that public architecture served a critical purpose in
shaping public opinion, and maintaining political stability

54. Aquaduct of Segovia, Spain
An important form of public architecture was aqueducts

55. Roman aqueducts carried water over great distances to cities and towns throughout
the Empire

56. With nothing but gravity to keep the water flowing, these structures were considerable
feats of engineering

57. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BCE
The Pont du Gard is an aqueduct that was erected in Nimes, France, under the
Emperor Augustus

58. The structure was made with concrete (with an outer casing of masonry), and
exemplifies the benefits of the Roman arch

59. A structure of this scale simply could not be accomplished with the old post and lintel
system

60. Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BCE
The Pont du Gard exemplifies the dual function of Imperial architecture

61. Imperial Architecture
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BCE
On the one hand, it was practical: as an aqueduct it carried water to the Roman city
of Nimes from reservoirs thirty miles away

62. Imperial Architecture
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, c. 16 BCE
But its magnificent scale and beautiful design also served as a reminder of the
grandeur of the Empire, and of the benefits of Romanization

63. The Romans built bridges and roads throughout the Empire

64. Many of them are still standing, and some are still in use
Roman bridge: Pont da Villa Formosa, Portugal

65. Apollodorus of Damascus, Trajan’s Market, c. 100-112 BCE
The Emperor Trajan built a multi-level market near his forum that helped relieve traffic
congestion in the city

66. The first indoor shopping mall, Trajan’s markets provided traffic-free access to shops

67. In this photograph we can see the groin vaulted ceilings, made with concrete
encased with masonry

68. Roman architects engineered a city sewage system and public toilets

69. Greek architecture was renowned for its aesthetic beauty and refinement of
proportions

70. Roman architecture was renowned for its practicality and brilliant engineering

71. Mosaic from Dar Buc Ammera villa
(Zliten) and now in Jamahiriya
Museum of Tripoli, Libya, depicts
some of the entertainments that would
have been offered at the games.
Wikipedia
In addition to practical architecture, Roman Emperors also built places of public
entertainment

72. The Colliseum was built by the Flavian Emperor Vespasian

73. It was used for a wide range spectacles, including
Gladiatorial spectacles, mock battles, and later, the persecution of Christians

74. Seating capacity for 50,000 spectators
Opening performances lasted 100 days
20,000 gladiators were killed

75. Vaulted arcades run the circumference of the building, allowing an easy flow of traffic

76. Concrete and the use of vaults made the design possible

77. The arena was covered by a wooden floor and sand (to soak up the blood)

78. Beneath it was a complex maze of passageways and tunnels for transporting
gladiators and animals

79. Ancient accounts say that it could be flooded with water for mock naval battles

80. This is how the Coliseum looks today – the floor no longer exists, so we can see into
the vast network of underground tunnels and chambers

81. An awning system provided shelter in case of rain

82. On the façade, the concrete was faced with stone and engaged columns that retained
the “look” of post and lintel architecture

83. Although the columns do not “support” the architecture, they were associated with
beautiful buildings, and so were used as decoration

84. The architect used three different orders for the three levels – a style that was much
repeated throughout history

85. The ground floor is the Tuscan order (a variation of the Doric order), the second floor
is Ionic, and the third floor is Corinthian

86. Like stadiums and amphitheaters, Imperial baths provided comfort, leisure, and
entertainment to a large and potentially restive population

87. Portrait head of Emperor Marcus
Aurelius Antoninus (called Caracalla),
ca. 217-230 CE
Metropolitan Museum
The most impressive baths were built by the Roman Emperor Caracalla

88. Baths of Caracalla, Rome 212-216 CE
Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BathsOfCaracalla.jpg
The Baths today are in ruins, but they were once a marvel of architectural beaut
engineering

89. The bath complex covered 6 acres and could accommodate 1600 bathers

90. In addition to hot and cold baths, there was a sauna, gymnasium, dressing rooms, a
lounge, as well as a library, restaurant, and shops

91. Roman Baths were like like our modern sports gyms and spas, only more luxurious

92. The Baths of Caracalla brought Roman vaulting and the use of concrete architecture to
a new level of aesthetic refinement

93. The building was lavishly decorated with stone columns, and the walls were sheathed
in stone (the real stuff – not the faux-marbling we saw in Roman houses)

94. And they were decorated with sculptures – this reconstruction shows a Roman copy of
a Late Classical statue of Hercules, now in the Metropolitan Museum

95. We can get a taste of just how lavish the decorations were by going inside Santa Maria
degli Angeli in Rome, which was built inside the ruins of the Baths of Diocletian, a later
Roman Emperor

96. Here we get a sense of the spectacular scale, and extravagant use of expensive stone
columns and sheathing for the walls

97. This is what the Romans excelled at: the grand interior space that literally takes your
breath away

98. While Greek architects focused on achieving harmonious perfection on the exterior of
their buildings, Roman architects used concrete and vaulted architecture to mold
interior space on a grand scale

99. Here is an interesting tidbit: the original design for New York City’s Penn Station was
based on the Baths of Caracalla

100. The waiting room had 150 foot tall ceilings, with massive stone columns

101. Penn Station, New York City
In the 1960s the building was destroyed to make way for Madison Square Garden

102. But if you have ever visited Grand Central station, you know what it is like to
experience a Roman-scaled building first hand

103. As you step into the space, and gasp at its sheer size and grandeur, you are
experiencing the effect that Imperial architecture was designed to induce!

104. Thanks for listening

105. The Roman Pantheon

106. The Pantheon, 118-125 CE
The building that brought concrete vaulted architecture to its highest level of aesthetic
refinement was the Roman Pantheon

107. Marble Bust of the Emperor Hadrian
British Museum
It was built by the Emperor Hadrian and was dedicated to the Pantheon of Roman
gods

108. The building has a traditional temple façade, but he rest of the building is anything but
traditional

109. Behind the Greek temple front is a circular building

110. The building is in the shape of a drum topped by a hemispherical dome

111. It enjoys the honor of being the largest domed structure in antiquity

112. The diameter of the drum is 142’ wide, and it is 142’ from the floor to the top of the
dome

113. So the interior is based on the shape of a sphere – the orb of the earth, topped by the
vault of heaven

114. The temple front is massive in scale, with huge granite columns that were imported
from Egypt

115. The interior space is vast, spectacular -- and completely unexpected, since it is circular
rather than rectangular!

116. In fact, it is so large it is impossible to get a photograph that fully encompasses the
expanse of the space

117. Giovanni Panini, Interior
of the Pantheon, 1747
This 18th century painting gives some sense of the full effect of the interior

118. The dome is decorated with coffers – sunken panels that held gilded bronze rosettes in
the center, evoking a starry sky

119. The coffers are both decorative and functional: they help to lighten the weight of the
dome

120. In the center of the dome is an oculus – a 30’ wide opening that allowed light to flood
the interior

121. As the sun moves across the sky, it moves around the building like a sun dial,
spotlighting the statues of the planetary gods in the niches

122. So Greek and Roman approaches to architecture were fundamentally different

123. So Greek and Roman approaches to architecture were fundamentally different
Greek Architecture
Roman Architecture

124. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
Post and lintel construction
Built with stone (marble, limestone)
Preoccupation with the exterior of the building
Emphasis on harmony of proportions

125. ROMAN ARCHIECTURE
Vaulted construction
Built with concrete (less expensive; more “elastic” and moldable”)
Preoccupation with molding interior space (“spatial envelopes”)
Emphasis on grand scale

126. Thanks for listening