CSA B44 & NFPA 101
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This presentation by David Sylvester of the Mircom Group of Companies discusses CSA-B44 and NFPA 101 - the Canadian and American elevator recall codes. Learn how they relate to life safety and fire protection.
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CSA B44 & NFPA 101
- 1. B44 Elevator Standards & AHJ’s Interpretations Regarding Fire Alarm installations
- 2. B-44 Top Ten 1-History of Elevator use during fire scenarios and evacuation techniques 2- Demystifying CSA-B44, NFPA 101 & National Building Code 3-Detector locations and recall requirements 4-Intelligent building application for occupant safety in elevators 5-Leveraging elevator smoke management technology
- 3. B-44 Top Ten 6-AHJ’s perspective towards elevator evacuations 7-Mobility impaired evacuation and the use of elevators 8-Real life examples of elevators for evacuation 9-Video of exterior emergency elevator 10-Summary & Questions
- 4. 1-History of elevator use during fire scenarios and evacuation techniques 1993-2001 1904 Initiate discussion in The Great regards to “Elevators Toronto Fire For Safe Evacuation” that initiated in & Defend-in-place elevator shaft 1854 Elisha Graves 1973 Otis Code - Not to Eliminated use elevator’s THE one of the for evacuation due to deaths 2001 major limits in elevator WORLD TRADE to building CENTER height shafts ATTACT
- 5. 2- Demystifying CSA-B44, NFPA 101 & National Building Code NFPA 101 Life Safety Code USA APPLICATIONS Part 9 9.4.3 Fire Emergency Operations 9.4.3.1 All new elevators shall conform to thenot 9.6.3.2.1 Initiated Elevator detection does Fire Fighters’ Emergency Operations requirements of have to trigger building evacuation if constantly ASME A 17.1/CSA B44, Safety code for Elevators monitored and Escalators 9.6.3.2.1 Elevator lobby, hoistway, and associated machine room smoke detectors used solely for elevator recall, and heat detectors used solely for elevator power shutdown shall not be required to activate the building evacuation alarm if the power supply and installation wiring to such detectors are monitored by the building fire alarm system, and if the activation of such detectors initiates a supervisory signal at a constantly attended location 5
- 6. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 USA application ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 USA APPLICATIONS Fire alarm initiating devices are to be provided in 2.27.3.2.1 (a) at each floor served by the elevator (LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR) (b) in the associated elevator machine room, control space, or control room (MACHINE RM. SMOKE DETECTOR) (c) in the elevator hoistway, when sprinklers are located in those hoistway (PIT HEAT AND TOP OF SHAFT SMOKE DETECTORS) 6
- 7. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 Canadian application National Building Code of Canada CANADIAN APPLICATIONS Part 3 3.2.4.15 Elevator Emergency Return 1) Except as permitted by Sentence (3), in a building having elevators that serve a storey and that are equipped with an automatic emergency recall feature, smoke detectors shall be installed in the elevator lobbies on the recall level so that when these smoke detectors are actuated, the elevators will automatically return directly to an alternate floor level. 7
- 8. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 Canadian application ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 CANADIAN APPLICATIONS Fire alarm initiating devices are to be provided in 2.27.3.2.2 In jurisdictions enforcing the NBCC, smoke detectors, or, if applicable, the building fire alarm system (fire alarm initiating devices), used to initiate Phase I Emergency Recall Operation, shall be installed in conformance with the requirements of the NBCC, and shall be located in: (a)Elevator lobby (LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR) (b) Machine room (MACHINE ROOM SMOKE DETECTOR) 2.27.3.2.3 (c) In the hoist way (PIT HEAT & TOP OF SHAFT SMOKE DETECTOR) 8
- 9. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 Ontario Amendment CANADAIAN JURISDICTIONAL AMMENDMENTS TO B44 DESPITE (PRESCRIPTION NBCC DIV. B 3.2.4.11 – NO FIRE DETECTORS REQUIRED IF AREA IS SPRINKLERED ) B44 STATES THAT DETECTORS ARE REQUIRED EVEN IF THE AREA IS SPRINKLERED SPECIFICALLY AT ELEVATOR LOBBIES FOR PHASE I RECALL
- 10. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 May 1, 2012 Ontario Amendment
- 11. 3-Detector locations and recall requirements PHASE I- EMERGENCY RECALL OPERATION NORMAL ELEVATOR OPERATION Fire Begins Smoke travels beyond Smoke reaches elevator lobby room of origin alarm Phase I operation initiates General alarm Elevators recalled to lobby level
- 12. Simplified hydraulic elevator system Heat Detector Smoke Detector Sprinkler 2 Detector Operation ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 2.27.3.2.4 2 1 Recall to Alternate Level Alternate 2 2 Recall to Designated Level Level 4 1 3 Recall to Designated Level (Warning) 3 Designated 1 4 Power Disconnect (Shunt Trip) Level
- 13. Devices that are required to initiate elevator recall Devices that are required to initiate Heat Detector Smoke Detector elevator recall Sprinkler ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 2.27.3.2 Smoke detector in mechanical room(s) and/or A. Smoke detector in each elevator lobbies and/or B. Smoke or heat detector in the hoistway or pit and or C. Water flow switch on sprinkler in A,B, location
- 14. Devices that are not permitted to initiate elevator recall Devices that are not permitted to initiate elevator recall CSA B-44 Amendments 2.27.3.2.2 A. Manual station not permitted to initiate recall B. Sprinkler flow in other areas such as underground parking space C. Smoke/Heat detector in other areas
- 15. Elevator recall annunciation & zoning Smoke Detector Initiated in elevator machine room Smoke Detector Initiated at Top of Elevator Shaft Fire Detector Initiated at Elevator Pit Elevator Recalled to Designated Level from elevator lobby or building FA system Elevator Recalled to Alternate Level via smoke detector only
- 16. Elevator recall annunciation & zoning A red fire hat symbol on the main floor level entrance door jamb identifies an Elevator for Use by Firefighters Flashing fire hat- Steady illumination - firefighters in operation “Shunt Trip”- fire hat- illuminate intermittently
- 17. Pre-action sprinkler and shunt trip Pre-Action sprinkler and shunt trip “shunt trip”- ASME 17.1require the heat detectors used for shunt trip to initiate phases I and delay the removal of power and the release of water to allow the completion of recall. If the elevator is in phase II, the recall operation will not occur but shutdown and water release will still be delayed Heat Phase I Removal of Solenoid Sprinkler Water Flow Detected Elevator power to Activates in elevator Recalls elevator shaft initiated
- 18. Elevators & Sprinklers Sprinkler Clarification Shaft Detector Clarification • No Code requirement to • No specific NFPA 101 code sprinkler an elevator shaft requirement for smoke unless the shaft or the detection in a shaft unless it elevator car fails to meet has sprinklers at the top. the non-combustibility • This detector is needed to requirements recall and safely park the • NFPA 13 exception elevator. re- combustible hydraulic fluid
- 19. Elevators & Sprinklers Machine Room Clarification Machine Room Heat Detector or Flow Switch • Where the machine room is • Where the machine room is sprinklered, smoke sprinklered a flow switch detection or heat detection without any time delay to is required (NFPA 101). shunt power is required. • This detector is needed to • Instantly shut off the power recall and safely park the to the elevator before water elevator. is discharged.
- 20. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 detector placement & recall sequences ELEVATOR RECALL ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 Section 1.3 Phase I: Emergency Recall Operation: the operation of an elevator where it is automatically or manually recalled to the recall level and removed from normal service because of activation of firefighters' emergency operation.
- 21. ASME A17.1/CSA-B44 detector placement & recall sequences ELEVATOR RECALL ASME A17.1-2007/CSA B44-07 Section 1.3 Phase II: Emergency In-Car Operation: the operation of an elevator by firefighters where the elevator is under their control.
- 22. 4 - Intelligent building applications for occupant safety in elevators
- 23. Air sampling detection of elevator machine room VESDA 88 LaserPLUS Inside machine room Provide very early warning, constant real-time detection of elevator Equipment Learn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes Pre-alarms can integrate with pre-action sprinkler or equipment protection
- 24. Air sampling detection of elevator hoist way VESDA 88 LaserPLUS Inside shaft Provide very early warning, constant real-time detection of elevator shaft Learn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in dirty applications such as elevator pits
- 25. Air sampling detection of elevator lobby VESDA 88 LaserPLUS At Elevator Entrance Provide very early warning, constant real-time detection of each floor’s lobby area Combined with shaft detection and smoke management to enable safe evacuation
- 26. TYPICALLY ALL THIS INFORMATION DISPARATE BUILDING SYSTEMS & IS BOTTLED UP IN THE BUILDING PROCESSLEVERAGED FOR EMERGENCY RESPONDERS NOT AND STORE A LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA THAT IS POTENTIALLY USEFUL TO EMERGENCY RESPONDERS BY INTEGRATING ALL OF THESE SYSTEMS WE CAN IMPROVE BUILDING VISUALIZATION ENABLING ELEVATORS FOR MOBILITY IMPAIRED EVACUATION
- 27. 5 - Leveraging elevator smoke management technology Unprotected elevators can provide a significant path for vertical smoke movement from fire through building Pressurize Pressurize Exhausting Tight-Fitting
- 28. Smoke management for “Safe Elevator Lobbies” D7 Closed D2 & D3 Closed D1 Open D4 Closed
- 29. Smoke management for “Safe Elevator Lobbies”
- 30. Smoke management for “Safe Elevator Lobbies”
- 31. 6 - AHJ’s perspective towards elevator evacuations A fire safety plan shall include the procedures for use of elevators Combustible materials, other than those for which the location, room or space is designed, shall not be permitted to accumulate in any part of an elevator shaft, ventilation shaft, means of egress, service room or service space. Flammable liquids or combustible liquids shall not be stored in or adjacent to exits, including outdoors, elevators or principal routes that provide access to exits.
- 32. A Fire Code maintenance of fire emergency systems The keys required to recall elevators and to permit independent operation of each elevator shall be kept in the location required by the Building Code The required firefighters’ elevator symbol shall be maintained in identifiable condition
- 33. Mobility impaired evacuation and the use of elevators
- 34. 8-Real life examples of elevators for evacuation Stratosphere Tower in Las Vagas, Nevada Elevators are designed for safe emergency egress
- 35. 9-Video of exterior emergency elevator
- 36. Summary & Questions History of Elevator use during fire scenarios and evacuation techniques Demystifying CSA-B44 NFPA 101 & National Building Code Detector Locations and Recall Requirements Intelligent building application for occupant safety in elevators Leveraging elevator smoke management technology
- 37. Summary & Questions A Fire Code perspective towards elevator evacuations Mobility impaired evacuation and the use of elevators Real life examples of elevators for evacuation Video example of exterior emergency elevator
- 38. B44 Elevator Standards & AHJ’s Interpretations Regarding Fire Alarm installations
Notas del editor
- Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
- Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
- Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
- Slide 30Section 18 – Hazardous locationsLet’s drill down on Section 18 of the CEC:It is important that we understand the language of the codeSo lets look at 18-002 Special terminology In this Section, the following definitions apply:Explosive gas atmosphere – a mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas, vapour, or mist in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture..
- Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
- Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
- Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
- Many fire departments would manually initiate recall of the elevator on their arrival to control access and to ensure that there were no trapped occupantsPhase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.Phase I- Initiation of elevator recall to ground floor unless smoke detected on round floor elevator will recall to alternative floors. Once recalled the doors open, and the elecvator are locked out of service the detection of smoke or heat causes the elevators to be recalled to the ground floor,unless this is where smoke was detected. The doors open, and the elevators are locked out ofservice. in what is called Phase-II operation.
- Many large buildings have building automation systems that manage environmental systems ,security systems, fire protection systems, energy management systems, elevator systems, etc.These systems process and store a large amount of data that is potentially useful to emergency responders. Such data would include floor plans of the building, sensor data from smoke andheat detectors, gas detectors, motion detectors, etc. Other information may include data from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, door and elevator access, roomoccupancy, lights, and cameras. Yet, for the most part, all this information is bottled up in the building even while it could provide tremendous situational awareness to those outside thebuilding.
- Provide early, constant real-time monitoring of many open areas, interstitial spaces or individual rooms.Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in a dirty applications such as elevator pitsLearn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
- Provide early, constant real-time monitoring of many open areas, interstitial spaces or individual rooms.Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in a dirty applications such as elevator pitsLearn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
- Provide early, constant real-time monitoring of many open areas, interstitial spaces or individual rooms.Adjustable sensitivity, can be used in a dirty applications such as elevator pitsLearn the environmental changes and adjust to compensate for the pressure changes
- Many large buildings have building automation systems that manage environmental systems ,security systems, fire protection systems, energy management systems, elevator systems, etc.These systems process and store a large amount of data that is potentially useful to emergency responders. Such data would include floor plans of the building, sensor data from smoke andheat detectors, gas detectors, motion detectors, etc. Other information may include data from heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, door and elevator access, roomoccupancy, lights, and cameras. Yet, for the most part, all this information is bottled up in the building even while it could provide tremendous situational awareness to those outside thebuilding.
- Unprotected elevators can provide a significant path for vertical smoke movement from fire through buildingPressurize the elevator hoistwayPressurize the elevator lobbyExhausting the floor, which creates a positive pressure in the elevator hostway relative to the fire floorElevator doors are typically not tight-fitting and tend to be a major source of leakage in the shaft, it must be accounted for in the designVery early detection, initiates early investigation, early notification to the fire servicesEnhanced detection of smoke signatures like over heated wires or combustibles that emit low smoke mobilityAdditional time to investigate the source of the fire to prevent a catastrophic loss
- National fire code- elevators can technically still operate during the very early stage of a fire. Will not recall until a fire alarm initiating device senses fire or smoke …potentially be used to evacuate people with disabilities within a specific stage of occupant evacuationEvacuation protocol- proceed from the highest floor downward. People on the lower floors would be told length of wait for an elevator and they might choose to start downPrevent a passengaer from opening the elevator car or hoistway doors more than 4 inches when the elevator car is outside the “unlocking zone”- ASME definiation: “a zone extending from the landing floor level to a point not less than 75 millimeters or more than 450 millimeter above or below the landing”CSA B44-04 hoistway opening space below the platform guard is limited to not more than 250 milimeters between the floor and the bottom of the platform guard, regardless of the location of the elevator car when it stopped….by saying that in a typical building there is a significant potential of being locked in the elevator should be there a loss of power
- National fire code- elevators can technically still operate during the very early stage of a fire. Will not recall until a fire alarm initiating device senses fire or smoke …potentially be used to evacuate people with disabilities within a specific stage of occupant evacuationEvacuation protocol- proceed from the highest floor downward. People on the lower floors would be told length of wait for an elevator and they might choose to start downPrevent a passengaer from opening the elevator car or hoistway doors more than 4 inches when the elevator car is outside the “unlocking zone”- ASME definiation: “a zone extending from the landing floor level to a point not less than 75 millimeters or more than 450 millimeter above or below the landing”CSA B44-04 hoistway opening space below the platform guard is limited to not more than 250 milimeters between the floor and the bottom of the platform guard, regardless of the location of the elevator car when it stopped….by saying that in a typical building there is a significant potential of being locked in the elevator should be there a loss of power
- Stratosphere Tower in Las Vagas, Nevada. 800-foot 11-story building know as the PodEmergency staircases that is considered impractical for use in emergency conditions4 double-deck elevator are designed for emergency use runs between ground level and the bottom two floors of the pod. One elevator reserved for the fire departmentOther used by manual control in case of emergencyOccupant load is limited by the number that can be evacuated by the elevator in on hour