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- 4. 2. Discussion
2.1 OUR CHOSEN CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
1. Situational Attribution
Situational Attribution (External Attribution) is the attributes of your behaviour to the
external or circumstantial causes. It refers to understanding an event or behaviour as being
caused by the situation that the individual is in. Making a situational attribution means that
we believe a person's behaviour is best understood as a result of his or her circumstances.
We might think that any sensible person would behave similarly in the same situation.
2. Social Loafing
The definition of social loafing is the tendency of certain members of a group to get by with
less effort than what they would have put when working alone. Its two common manifestations
are Freerider effect, where some members do not put in their share of work under the
assumption that others' efforts will cover their shortfall, and thus cause Sucker effect, where
the other who is the fully performing members lower their efforts in response to the freeriders'
attitude.
3. Stereotyping and Stereotype threat
The definition of stereotype is a fixed, overgeneralized belief about a particular group or class
of people. By stereotyping we infer that a person has a whole range of characteristics and
abilities that we assume all members of that group have. Most stereotypes probably tend to
convey a negative impression. It make us ignore differences between individuals; therefore
we think things about people that might not be true. However, it enables us to respond rapidly
to situations because we may have had a similar experience before as well as simplify our
social world since they reduce the amount of processing we have to do when we meet a new
person. Stereotype threat is a situational predicament in which people are or feel themselves
to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group. The anxiety of
confirming a negative stereotype seems to be the driving force behind stereotype threat.
4. Optimistic Bias
Optimism bias, originally referred to as unrealistic optimism (Weinstein, 1980), is the
tendency of individuals to underestimate the likelihood they will experience adverse events,
such as lung cancer or car accidents. As a consequence of this bias, some individuals might
disregard precautions that might curb these risks. They might not, for example, wear
seatbelts as a driver and for the smokers, they will keep on smoking regardless the situation
around them.
- 8. that the members of his group are good in drawing, colouring and designing, but he doesn’t
do anything. This is where he began to put less effort, thinking that the others can cover the
lecturer’s expectation of the boy.
SCENE 3: Stereotyping and Stereotype threat
The Stereotype comes in when Michelle and Zoe started showing their effort with the
exception of the boy. The group leader started to think that the boy never does the work at all,
like the gender he is from. Whereas the girls does the work better than him. Deenie was
reminded of negative stereotype about his gender when their group members are blaming
him. This was due to their group’s poor performance and procrastination. The anxiety of
confirming a negative stereotype seems to be the driving force behind stereotype threat. That
anxiety causes him to perform worse than what he should be. Therefore, he tends to fulfill
their expectation on him when selffulfilling prophecy comes in.
SCENE 4: Optimistic Bias
The concept is used on the argument between the boy and the girls. When the boy started to
ask the girls as their submission day is coming close, the girls referred back to what he said
previously. It shows the boy was underestimating the likelihood of consequences, where the
bias is shown as a fact.
SCENE 5: Negative Reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement is exerted onto the lecturer’s warning toward the group’s progress. He
stated that if they have not done their work, they will not receive any marks. He purposely said
that in order to make them work. Losing their marks is shown that he receives a result of their
negative behaviour.
3. REFERENCES
Cherry, K. A. (2005). Operant conditioning. [web article]. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/introopcond.htm
Cherry, K. A. (2005). What is negative reinforcement? [web article]. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/od/operantconditioning/f/negativereinforcement.htm
Kos, J. and Clarke, V. (2001). Is optimistic bias influenced by control or delay? [web article]
Retrieved from http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/5/533.long