2. • BIOLOGY: - The word biology was taken from
Greek. Bio means life, logy means study of.
Therefore biology means study of life.
•
The branch of science, which deals with
the study of structure, function, habitat and
economic importance of organism is called
biology.
• Aristotle was considered as father of biology.
• Life: - The living activity shown by an organism
from birth to death is called life.
3. • Characteristics of living organism: • Growth: The living things exhibit internal growth
or intersusception growth.
4. • Reproduction: During the life span all living
organism reproduce themselves. Some organisms
reproduce asexually & some sexually.
5. • Metabolism: The living organism have
metabolism. The total sum of chemical reaction
occurs in side the organism is called metabolism.
• It is classified into 2 types.
1. Anabolism
2. Catabolism
6. • Anabolism: - It is the
chemical reactions in
which large molecules
are builds from
smaller components.
• These are
constructive
reactions.
• EX: photosynthesis
7. • Catabolism: - It is the chemical reactions in
which break down of large molecules in to
smaller components.
• These are distructive reactions
• EX: Cellular respiration, in which glucose is
broken down in to CO2 & H2O.
8. • cellular organization: All living organism have
cellular organization. The cell forms the structural
and functional unit of life.
• The organisms having only one cell are called
unicellular organisms. EX: amoeba, paramecium,
euglena etc
• The organisms having millions of cells showing
organ and organ systems are called multicellular
organism. EX: All plants and animals.
’
• Size: The livings organism have definite farm and
size.
9. • Consciousness: All living organisms show response
to stimulus.
• They have interim relation with surrounding
environment.
10. • Biodiversity : Term used to refer to the number
of varieties of plant and animals in region on
earth.
• Need for classification : living organisms are
classified into categories because that could be
named, remembered, studied and understood.
11. • Nomenclature: Binomial nomenclature was
first introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. He
published the book ‘Systema Naturae’.
• The scientific naming of an organism using
two words is called Binomial nomenclature.
• Each scientific name has two components Generic name + Species name.
• Rules for Nomenclature :
1. Latinised names are used.
2. First word is genus, second word is species
name.
3. Printed in italics; if handwritten then
underline separately.
4. First word starts with capital letter while
species name written in small letter.
Ex: Mangifera indica.( mango)
12. • ICBN : International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(for giving scientific name to plants.)
• ICZN : International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
(for giving scientific name to animals.)
• Taxonomy : Study of principles and procedures of
classification.
• Systematics : It deals with classification of organisms
based on their diversities and relationships among
them. Term was proposed by Carlous
• Taxonomic Hierarchy : It is the arrangement of various
taxa of classification
• Species → Genus → Family → Order → Class → Phylum
(for animals) Division (for plants) →Kingdom
13. • SPECIES: Group of individuals having fundamental
similarities in characteristics and successful
reproduction takes place among themselves form
a species.
•
E.g:Panthera tigris,Panthera leo
• Solanum tuberosum, Solanum nigrum.
•
14. • GENUS :
• It consists of a group of related species.
Genera are aggregates of closely related
species.
• E.g:Panthera leo ,P pardus (leopard) ,P tigris
15. • FAMILY
• It has a group of related genera.
• E.g:family Solanaceae includes genera
solanum(tomato,potato) , petunia & datura.
• Family Felidae includes genera panthera
(lion, tiger ,leopard) &Felis(cat)
16. • ORDER:
• It is the group of families which include a few
similar characters.
• E.g:order polynomial includes family solanaceae &
convovulaceae.
• E.g: carnivora includes family felidae &
cancidae(dog) .
17. • CLASS :
• It includes all related orders having few similar
characters. .
• E.g: class mammalia includes order Primata
(monkey, gorilla,gibbon) &carnivora.
• E.g:class Dicotyledonae includes order
polymoniales &sapindales(mango)
18. • PHYLUM or DIVISION:
• It includes related classes having few similar
characters.
• E.g:phylum Chordata includes classes fish
,amphibia, reptilia, aves &mammalia.
• Division angiospermae includes class
dicotyledonae & monocotyledonae.
19. • TAXONOMICAL AIDS:
• Taxonomic studies of various species of plants,
animals and other organisms require correct
classification and identification.
• Identification of organisms requires laboratory
and field studies.
• The other taxonomical aids are,
• Herbarium
• Botanical Garden
• Museum
• Zoological Park
20. • Herbarium is a store house of collected plant
specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved
on sheets.
• Museums have collections of preserved plant and
animal specimens.
• Zoological Parks are the places where wild
animals are kept in protected under human care.
• Key
• Key is another taxonomical aid used for
identification of plants and animals based on the
similarities and dissimilarities.
