􀑧􀑧 ا ه 􀑧􀑧 تم تجميعه 􀑧􀑧 وف ي 􀑧􀑧 ي س 􀑧􀑧 ات الت 􀑧􀑧 إن البيان 􀑧􀑧 ة، ف 􀑧􀑧 كان مدين 􀑧􀑧 ري لس 􀑧􀑧 ع العم 􀑧􀑧 ة التوزي 􀑧􀑧 د دراس 􀑧􀑧 عن ن 􀑧 ام ل 􀑧 ذه الأرق 􀑧 ة، وه 􀑧 كان المدين 􀑧 ن س 􀑧 بيانات العمر والتي هي عبارة عن أرقام تمثل أعمار الأفراد م ن 􀑧 تتغير بتغير موقع الفرد من مكان إلى آخر على سطح الأرض، فمن عمره 36 عام في الدوحة ل م 􀑧􀑧 ل نظ 􀑧􀑧 ي حق 􀑧􀑧 املين ف 􀑧􀑧 اد الع 􀑧􀑧 ات إعت 􀑧􀑧 ن البيان 􀑧􀑧 وع م 􀑧􀑧 ذا الن 􀑧􀑧 ل ه 􀑧􀑧 ة. مث 􀑧􀑧 ي طنج 􀑧􀑧 ره 35 او 37 ف 􀑧􀑧 بح عم 􀑧􀑧 يص د 􀑧􀑧 ث لا تعتم 􀑧􀑧 حي Non Spatial Data ة􀑧􀑧 ر الجغر افي 􀑧􀑧 ات غي 􀑧􀑧 ميته البيان 􀑧􀑧 ة تس 􀑧􀑧 ات الجغرافي 􀑧􀑧 المعلوم البيانات على موقعها من سطح الأرض. وع 􀑧 تتميز البيانات الجغرافية عن النوع السالف من البيانات بأن تغير مكان العنصر موض ة 􀑧 الدراسة يغير في البيانات نفسها. فالكثافة السكانية داخل المدن تتغير بتغير موضع منطقة الدراس ذا 􀑧 ى ه 􀑧 من مرآز المدينة وهامشها، مما يجعل المكان عامل مؤثر في البيانات نفسها لذلك يطلق عل .

1. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬............................................................................................................................‫أ‬
‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬......................................................................................................................‫ج‬
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬..............................................................................................................1
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬........................................................................................1
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.........................................................................................................2
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬..................................................................................................................2
‫اﻟﻌﺘﺎد‬........................................................................................................................3
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬......................................................................................................................3
‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬.......................................................................................................................3
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ‬...................................................................................................................4
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬.................................................................................................6
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬...................................................................................................6
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬......................................................................................6
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬Scale.................................................................................................6
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬Details....................................................................................................7
‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬Accuracy.....................................................................................................8
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫أهﻢ‬..............................................................................................9
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬.....................................................................................................................9
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬........................................................................................................10
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬....................................................................................................11
‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬...........................................................................................................14
‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬............................................................................................14
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬........................................................15
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬.........................................................................................................15
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬.............................................................................................16
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬...........................................................................................16
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬‫ﺎت‬.....................................................................................26
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬........................................................................................26
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬Vector Model...................................................................................26
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬...........................................................................................28
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬.............................................................................................28
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬Raster Model............................................................................29
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬.......................................................................................30
‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬...................................................................................................30
‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬....................................................................................30
‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬......................................................................................30
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬Digitizing Tablet.........................................................................30
‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰ‬‫اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ات‬...............................................................................................32
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬.................................................................................................32
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬Scanner‫اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬On-Screen Digitizing......................33
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬...................................................................................33
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬.....................................................................................34
‫واﻟﺘﻌﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬‫ﺐ‬Tracing.........................................................................34
‫واﻟﺘﻌﻘﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰات‬........................................................................34

2. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ب‬
‫واﻟﺘﻌﻘﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮب‬..........................................................................34
‫اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬........................................................................................34
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬........................................................................................36
‫اﻟﺠﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬.....................................................................................................36
‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬.....................................................................................................36
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ‬Data Summarizing..........................................................................38
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬Queries................................................................................................40
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬...................................................................................................41
‫اﻟﺤﺮم‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬Buffer Generation................................................................................41
‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼم‬Spatial Query................................................................................42
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬Intersect.........................................................................................43
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬Are within distance of......................................................................43
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬Completely Contain...............................................................................44
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬Are Completely Within..........................................................................44
‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺘﺮاآ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬‫ﺐ‬Overlay Analysis.................................................................45
‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Intersect..................................................................................................45
‫اﻹﺗﺤﺎد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Union......................................................................................................46
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Erase........................................................................................................46
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Identify...................................................................................................47
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Symmetrical Difference................................................................47
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Update...................................................................................................48
‫اﻟﺴﺎدس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻹﻗﺘﺮاب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Proximity Analysis..............................................................49
‫اﻟﺤﺮم‬Buffer..............................................................................................................49
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮم‬Fixed Distance Buffer.................................................................49
‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮم‬Multiple Ring Buffer...............................................................49
‫اﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬..................................................................................................................50
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬Raster........................................................51
‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺨﺪام‬..................................................51
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ‬............................................................................................51
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج‬......................................................................................................51
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج‬.....................................................................................................52
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫إﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‬ ‫ذهﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬...............................................................53
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬..............................................................................................54
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬................................................................55
‫اﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬.........................................................56
‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Distance Analysis..................................................57
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎدي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬Linear Network Analysis.....................................58
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫أﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬...........................................................59
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬..........................................................60
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج‬....................................................61
‫ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬................................................................62

3. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬1:‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬..................................................................................1
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2.‫ﺗﻮﻣﻴﻠﻨﺴﻦ‬ ‫روﺟﺮ‬........................................................................................................4
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3.‫ﺟﺎك‬‫داﻧﺠﺮﻣﻮﻧﺪ‬.........................................................................................................5
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4.‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺛﺮ‬....................................................................................................7
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬5.‫اﻟـ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬GPS..........................................................................................................9
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬6.‫ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬.....................................................................................10
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬7.‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬..........................................................................................................11
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬8.‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج‬..............................................................................12
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬9.‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج‬..........................................................................................12
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬10.‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬..........................................................................................13
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬11.‫ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ح‬............................................................................................13
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬12.‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬–‫آﻜﻮخ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬..................................................17
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬13.‫اﻟﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰهﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫اﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺎرات‬‫ر‬...................................................18
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬14.‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮم‬.....................................................19
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬15.‫اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﺟﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬.........................................................................19
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬16.‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺮ‬........................................................................20
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬17.‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬..............................................................21
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬18.‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻨﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬....................................................................21
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬19.‫ﻟﻠﻈﻮاهﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬...........................................................22
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬20.‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺛﺮ‬.......................................................................................22
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬21.‫اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬..........................................................................23
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬22.‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬...................................................................................24
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬23.‫اﻟﺨﻄﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‬....................................................................27
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬24.‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬.............................................................................................29
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬25.‫اﻟﺒﻜﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬..........................................................................................................29
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬26.‫اﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ‬Digitizer Tablet...............................................................................31
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬27.‫اﻟﻤﺮﻗﻢ‬Digitizer.................................................................................................32
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬28.‫ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺤﺔ‬.....................................................................................................33
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬29.‫اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺪان‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬...................................................................................37
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬30:‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎت‬ ‫إﺷﺘﻘﺎق‬ArcGIS............................................................38
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬31.‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬SQL‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬MapInfo Professional.......................................................40
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬32.‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻌﻼم‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬‫ﻟـ‬SQL.......................................................................41
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬33.‫اﻟﺤﺮم‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬..........................................................................................................41
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬34.‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮم‬.................................................................................................42
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬35.‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬.......................................................................................................43
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬36.‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬Are within distance of............................................................................43
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬37.‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬Completely Contain...............................................................................44
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬38.‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬Are Completely Within.........................................................................44
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬39.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاآﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬............................................................................................45
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬40.‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺤﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاآﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬............................................................................................46
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬41.‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاآﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬.............................................................................................47
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬42.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاآﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬............................................................................................47
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬43.‫اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاآﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬...................................................................................48
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬44.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاآﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬..........................................................................................48

4. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫د‬

5. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬Geographic Information System (GIS)‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻼص‬‫وإﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫وﻇﻴﻔﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬.‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﺄﻧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫وﻳﻘﺼ‬
‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬Information System‫ﻷداء‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺮ‬‫ﺗﺘﻀ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮي‬‫ﻳﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫اﻧ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬.‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺮآﺰ‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬ‬Software‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﺟﺎع‬ ‫وإﺳ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻔ‬ ‫ﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬
‫ﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺘ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬Hardware‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬،‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬Methods‫ا‬ ‫ﺮا‬‫واﺧﻴ‬ ،‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫ﺆﻻء‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻮاء‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺮاد‬‫ﻷﻓ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻔﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬1:‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ‬.
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫أﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬:
‫واﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺘﺎد‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺼ‬ ‫آﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫وﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬
Methods
‫اﻟﻌﺘﺎد‬
Hardwar
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
Software
‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
Persons
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬

6. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻮف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺈن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫أرﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫هﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫اﻷرﻗ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻜﺎن‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎر‬
‫ﻋﻤﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻦ‬ ،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬36‫ﻦ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬
‫ﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ‬35‫او‬37‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻨﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬.‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺎد‬ ‫إﻋﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻓﻴ‬Non Spatial Data‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ‬
‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬‫ﻮع‬‫ﻣﻮﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬.‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪراﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪن‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺬا‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ،‫وهﺎﻣﺸﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻆ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬Spatial Data – Geospatial Data.
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻜ‬ ،‫ﺮوف‬ ‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷرﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻷﺧ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬‫ﺎر‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺘﺒ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎد‬ ‫إﻋﺘﻤ‬ ‫أن‬
‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻴﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺎهﺮة‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮب‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬.
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮهﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮوق‬ ‫أهﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫وهﺬا‬.
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﻷدا‬ ‫ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﺴ‬،‫ﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻇ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠ‬ ‫ء‬‫ﻢ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫وﻣ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻃﺎﺋﻔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻒ‬‫اﻟﻮﻇ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وه‬ ،‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻒ‬‫اﻟﻮﻇ‬‫ﺎت‬‫ﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋ‬ ‫إدارة‬Database Management Systems (DBMS)‫ﺪاول‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬ ‫او‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ‬Spreadsheets.‫اﻷدوا‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒ‬‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹدارﻳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬Management Information Systems (MIS)‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫وﻧﻈ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ‬Counting Information Systems (CIS).
‫آﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫وهﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬‫ﻮﺗﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺪة‬‫ﺑﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬Computer Aided Drawing (CAD)‫ﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وه‬ ،
‫واﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬.
‫ﺎدة‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻄﺮق‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﺪهﻢ‬‫أﺣ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﻦ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫واﻟﺤﺼ‬ ‫ﺬهﺎ‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫واﻵﺧﺮ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
،‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﺘﺸ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬

7. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫وﺑﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫إدارة‬
،‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪراﺳ‬ ‫ﻮع‬‫ﻣﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﺎهﺮة‬‫اﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫أن‬
‫وﻧﺘﻴ‬ ،‫ﺎهﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺪرة‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﺈن‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺠ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫آﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺮاﻣﺞ‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎت‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وهﻮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﻠﻔ‬ ‫ذآﺮت‬.
‫اﻟﻌﺘﺎد‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺚ‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﺎص‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎج‬‫ﻳﺤﺘ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬‫اﻻﺳ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺎد‬
‫ﺎد‬‫اﻟﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﺾ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻳﻮﻇ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ،‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻴ‬Digitizing Tablets‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺰة‬ ‫أﺟﻬ‬ ‫أو‬
Large Scale Scanner‫وﻃﺎﺑ‬‫اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻌﺎت‬Plotters‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫وﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ﻷداء‬ ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬
‫ﺪرة‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻬ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻔﺮده‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬Standalone‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺪون‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻴ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮﺑﻂ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫هﻨ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺒ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫أﻧ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳ‬‫ﻨﻈﻢ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫إﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺰم‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫وه‬
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.
‫ﻣﺆ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻵﻟﻴﺎت‬ ‫أآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻮب‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﺒ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﺸ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫واﺳ‬ ‫ﺎق‬‫ﻧﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺧﺮ‬
Web‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫إﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺰم‬‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫وﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬ ،‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬
‫اﻟﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬.
‫اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
‫ﺗﺪر‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫إﻋﺪاد‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰم‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫اﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳ‬.‫أن‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫اﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫أه‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎء‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺼ‬ ‫ﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫إﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬
‫ﺮات‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﺎء‬‫واﻻﺣﺼ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫اﻻﺣﺼ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻌﺎت‬Multivariate Statistics‫واﻟﺮﻳ‬ ،‫ﻴﺎت‬‫ﺎﺿ‬
‫ﻞ‬‫واﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎت‬ ‫وﺟﺒﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼت‬ ‫واﻟﺪوال‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫وأﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت‬ ،‫واﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬.‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫أه‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻣ‬

8. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫وﻗﻮاﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫دراﻳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫أن‬‫ت‬
‫واﻟﻮب‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت‬.‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺼ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫إن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬.
‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻟﻌﻠ‬‫ﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎرﻳﺨﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫اﻟﺘﻄ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺮض‬ ‫ﻧﻌ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺎﻧﻲ‬‫اﻟﺜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻔﺼ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎل‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬.‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪد‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫رﺻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺮﻳﻦ‬‫اﻟﻌﺸ‬ ‫ﺮن‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎدس‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫اﻟﻌﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪأت‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬.‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻄﻠﺢ‬‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫ﻇﻬ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻳﺮﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪاﻳ‬
‫ﺬي‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻮارد‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻧﻔﺬﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺪا‬‫ﻟﻜﻨ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣﻤ‬Canada Geographic Information System
(CGIS)‫ﺎم‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺪأت‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺬي‬‫واﻟ‬1963‫ﻲ‬‫رﻗﻤ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻮﻳﺮ‬‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺪف‬‫ﺑﻬ‬
‫ﺪا‬‫آﻨ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬.‫ﺎرد‬‫هﺎرﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﺖ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺮة‬‫اﻟﻔﺘ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وﻓ‬Harvard
University‫ﺬ‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺬي‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫اﻟﻨﻈ‬ ‫ﺎج‬‫ﺑﺈﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺘﻬ‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﻩ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺸﺮ‬ ‫هﻮارد‬1964‫ﻮم‬‫ﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎرد‬‫هﺎرﻓ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫أﺳ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴ‬ ‫وأﻃﻠﻖ‬ ‫أﻧﺸﺄﻩ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎﻧﻲ‬‫اﻟﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻮﺗﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴ‬Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and
Spatial Analysis.‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗﻮﻣﻴﻠﻨﺴ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫روﺟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫أﻧﻀ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﻨﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬Roger Tomlinson
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫اﻧﻀﻤﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺨﻮارزﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫آﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫آﻠﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬‫ﺪم‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻗﻴ‬ ‫ﺮوع‬‫اﻟﻤﺸ‬ ‫أﺻﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻬﻮدﻩ‬ ‫وﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ،
‫اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﺨﺬي‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ‬‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬1971.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬2.‫ﺗﻮﻣﻴﻠﻨﺴﻦ‬ ‫روﺟﺮ‬.

9. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﺪ‬‫داﻧﺠﺮﻣﻮﻧ‬ ‫ﺎك‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻗﺒ‬Jack Dangermond‫ﺮآﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻴﺲ‬‫ﺑﺘﺄﺳ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫أﺑﺤﺎث‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻠﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬Environmental Systems Research
Institute (ESRI)‫أهﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷآﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺔ‬ ‫وهﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬3.‫داﻧﺠﺮﻣﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎك‬.
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺮت‬‫اﻧﺘﺸ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻮارد‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻﻳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫وﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎدﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎاﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ‬
‫ﺮت‬‫ﻓﻈﻬ‬ ‫ﻴﻂ‬‫اﻟﺘﺨﻄ‬‫ﻴﻂ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺮوﻋﺎت‬‫ﻣﺸ‬General Information
System for Planning‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻹﺗﺤﺎدﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺬﻩ‬ ‫واﻟﺬي‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟﻤﺎرﻳﻼﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫اﻵﻟﻴ‬Maryland Automatic Geographic Information (MAGI)‫ﺬي‬‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻣﺎرﻳﻼﻧﺪ‬ ‫وﻻﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺬﺗﻪ‬.
‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫أﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﺪد‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺄﺳﺴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎري‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎت‬
‫ﺪ‬‫اﻟﻌﻘ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮآﺎت‬ ‫أآﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﺮآﺎت‬‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫إﻳﻨﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎب‬MapInfo‫ﻋﺎم‬1985‫ﺪ‬‫ورﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻮل‬‫ﺳ‬ ،Small World‫ﺎم‬‫ﻋ‬1988،‫ﺎﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺁر‬ ‫إي‬ER
Mapper‫ﻋﺎم‬1989.
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫أﻣ‬‫ﻪ‬‫آﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻢ‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻴﻮع‬‫ﺑﺸ‬ ‫ﺰ‬‫ﺗﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻌﻴﻨﺎت‬‫ﺘﺴ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻨﻈﻢ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻜﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪد‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺮت‬‫ﻇﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫آﻤ‬ ،‫ﺮآﺎت‬‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫وﻇﻬﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬Global Positioning System (GPS)‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬High Resolution Remote Sensing.

10. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬:‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
‫ﻞ‬‫ﺣﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺺ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﺎل‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻐﻞ‬‫ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أهﻢ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬‫ﺎدر‬‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎدر‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺼ‬ ،‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺘﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫أداءه‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫وآﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ‬.‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫وﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬‫رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫هﻤﺎ‬:‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.‫ﺰم‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬
‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬ ،‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺧﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫وﺧﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺰم‬‫ﻳﻠ‬‫ﺎم‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺪاد‬‫اﻟﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻳﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬.
‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻮف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿ‬‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬‫إﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻻﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ﺗﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬‫ﻔﻬﺎ‬‫وﺻ‬.‫ﺎك‬‫هﻨ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮاﻋﻬ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻞ‬‫وﺗﺸ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻤﻰ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺪﺧﻞ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺎﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫وﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻀ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫واﻟﺼ‬.‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﺮاﻋﻲ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬‫ﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﻞ‬:
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬Scale
‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮق‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎهﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﺎد‬ ‫اﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼ‬
‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺪدﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺔ‬‫ﻧﺴ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﺎدة‬ ،‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وأﺑﻌﺎدهﺎ‬
‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺜ‬‫ﻣ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ‬1:5000‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫اﻟﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﺗﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫واﻟﺘ‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺎك‬ ‫هﻨ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫أي‬ ،‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪة‬ ‫وﺣ‬ ‫ﺁﻻف‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬3‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬15000‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫وﺧﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬.
‫هﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ً‫ا‬‫وﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﻮاهﺮ‬‫اﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﺎد‬‫أﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺆﺛﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬3‫ﻪ‬‫ﻃﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻮن‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬1.2‫ﺪ‬‫ﻋﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬6000‫أي‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻮﺻ‬500‫ﺎوي‬‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫وه‬ ‫ﺪم‬‫ﻗ‬
150‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬.

11. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻳﻬﺘﻢ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻷﻧﻬ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﺎدر‬‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﺑﻤﻘﻴ‬
،‫ﺘﻪ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻚ‬‫ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫أآﺒ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﺄن‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﺄن‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺳ‬
1:5000‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎح‬‫إﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫وﻳﻜﻮن‬1:1000
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬.
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬Details
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎر‬ ‫هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬‫آ‬‫ﻴﻔﻲ‬‫ﻮاهﺮ‬‫اﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﺪد‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻘﺼ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬‫ﺔ‬‫دﻗ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫رﺳ‬.‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻘ‬‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻸراﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻹﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮاﻋﻬ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒ‬ ‫ﻮم‬
‫إﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫رﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫أآﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﻮﻧﺘﻮر‬ ‫وﺧﻄﻮط‬
‫ﻂ‬‫ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺮق‬‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﺷ‬.‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣﺒ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫دﻗﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻏﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻔﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻮن‬‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫آﻤ‬‫ﻜﻞ‬‫ﺷ‬4‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬‫ﺎﺣﻞ‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺎرئ‬‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻆ‬‫وﻳﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﺎآﻦ‬‫اﻷﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫أﺣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﻞ‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻜﻞ‬‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫اﻷﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﻜﺒ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎرﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻋﻢ‬.‫ﺎل‬‫ﻳﻘ‬
‫اﻷﻳﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﻳﺴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬4.‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫أﺛﺮ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬.
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫أآﺜ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫رﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﻳﺨﺘ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻳﻬ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫إن‬
‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬.

12. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬Accuracy
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﻮاهﺮ‬‫اﻟﻈ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻟﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺪى‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪﻗ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻘﺼ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺄ‬‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﺮﺑ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ‬ ‫ﺬر‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫آﻤ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﻣﻌﻴ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬Root
Mean Square Error (RMS)‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻬ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺪى‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮاﻗﻊ‬.‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻮق‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﻋﺸ‬ ‫ﻮرة‬‫ﺑﺼ‬ ‫ﺎط‬‫اﻟﻨﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫وﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫ﺪا‬ ‫إﺣ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻔﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮم‬ ‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬‫ﺮر‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ،‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫آﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫أﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬Global
Positioning System (GPS)‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫إﺣ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳ‬.‫ﺬر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎب‬ ‫ﺣﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺛ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫دﻟﺔ‬:
n
xx
RMS n
rd
x
∑ −
=
2
)(
،
n
yy
RMS n
rd
y
∑ −
=
2
)(
2
22
yx RMSRMS
RMS
+
=
‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬n،‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬xd,yd،‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫هﻮ‬ ‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬xr,yr
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﻘﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺪهﺎ‬‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫آﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬.RMSx،RMSy‫ﺎﻩ‬‫اﻻﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺄ‬‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﺮﺑ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ‬ ‫ﺬر‬‫ﺟ‬
‫اﻷ‬‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻩ‬ ‫واﻹﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘ‬‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻩ‬ ‫واﻹﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺎﻩ‬ ‫اﻹﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹزاﺣ‬ ‫أي‬ ،.‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺬر‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﺖ‬ ‫آﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬.
‫إﻳﻀﺎﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄ‬AutoCad‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺒ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫دﻗﺘﻬ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠ‬
‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ،‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎط‬ ‫ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺪد‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺴ‬
‫ـ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎز‬ ‫ﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮه‬ ‫ﺎهﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻀ‬GPS‫وأزواج‬ ‫ﺎط‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺪول‬ ‫اﻟﺠ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬.
‫ﺟﺪول‬1.‫اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫إزواج‬.
‫اﻟﻨ‬‫ﻘﻄﺔ‬XrYrXdYd
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#621315534633532131543463354

13. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬5.‫ﺟﻬﺎز‬‫اﻟـ‬GPS.
‫ﻂ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ﻲ‬‫اﻷﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺎﻩ‬‫اﻷﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺄ‬‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣﺮﺑ‬)x(‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬1.4142‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺮأﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻩ‬‫اﻹﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وﻓ‬)Y(‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬1.2247‫ﺎ‬‫أﻣ‬ ،
‫اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬0.9354.
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎت‬
•‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻚ‬‫ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬.
•‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫أﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳ‬ ‫ﺬر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫آﺎﻧ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒ‬
‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬.
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫أهﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﻮع‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻮﻣ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫وﻓﻴﻤ‬ ،
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻷهﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻌﺮض‬.
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻈﻮاهﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫آﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮح‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ‬ ،ً‫ا‬‫ﻮد‬ ‫وﺟ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻮاع‬ ‫أﻧ‬ ‫ﺪم‬ ‫أﻗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒ‬ ،‫ﻮرق‬ ‫اﻟ‬‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺄﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺸ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺟ‬

14. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫وﺻﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺮت‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ،‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺮاﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺮة‬‫آﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫أهﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒ‬ ،
‫ﻣﺨﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫ﻟﻠﺨ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫آﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺎرﻳﺨﻲ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻴﻒ‬‫أرﺷ‬ ‫ﻮد‬‫ووﺟ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻳﻬ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮع‬‫ﺎء‬‫أرﺟ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬.
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫هﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬:
)1(‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬General Proposes Maps
‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮي‬‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫وه‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻜﻚ‬‫واﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺮق‬‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗﻜﻤ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫وﻓ‬ ،‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻷراﺿ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫وإﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳ‬‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻮﻳ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬.
)2(‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬Thematic Maps
‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫آﺄن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺮض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮآﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫وهﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺆر‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺪوع‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻮاﻟﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬.
،‫ﻪ‬‫أﻋﻤﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫اﻟﻔﺌﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫وﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫اﻷﺳ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘ‬ ‫ﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻨ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﺴ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬6.‫ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬.

15. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬7.‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻰ‬‫ﺣﺘ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻓﻬ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻮي‬‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬
‫ﻮرة‬‫ﺑﺼ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳﺒﻨﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬.‫ﻲ‬‫ﺣﺘ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫وآ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬.‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬.
)1(‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫وﻗﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻢ‬.‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻨﺎء‬‫اﻹﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﺮهﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫آﺄﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬.‫ﺎس‬‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫وﻳﻴﺨ‬
‫ﺬي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫وﻳﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﻖ‬‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻂ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫هﻤ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫أي‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬1:100000‫ﻮ‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺪة‬‫وﺣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫آ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨ‬‫ﻒ‬‫أﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎوي‬‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ل‬
‫ﻂ‬‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ،‫وﺣﺪة‬‫ﻄﺮة‬‫ﻣﺴ‬‫ﻮرة‬‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬‫إﺿ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬
‫ﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﺎس‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﻮم‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻣﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺮة‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻮم‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎس‬.

16. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬8.‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج‬.
)2(‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻠﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺻ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻹﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﻟﺘﺒﺒ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎف‬‫ﺗﻀ‬ ‫ﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬‫رﺳ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫هﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬9.‫ﻟﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎذج‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬.
)3(‫اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫اﻹﺣ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﺴ‬
‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬‫إﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺎت‬‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬‫وﻋ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﺪاﺛﺎﻳﺖ‬‫إﺣ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪﻻﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻖ‬‫وﻳﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﺮض‬‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ودواﺋ‬ ‫ﻮل‬‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺪرﺟﺎت‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬‫اﻹﺣ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ه‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫أﺳ‬Graticule Grid‫ﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ‬
‫ﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬Measured Grid‫ﻘﻄﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬‫اﻹﺣ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫أو‬

17. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
Projected Coordinates Grid.‫ﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟ‬ ‫ﺪاﺛﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫إﺣ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬
‫وه‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮط‬‫ﺑﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬(+)‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫وهﻲ‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬10.‫إﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬.
)4(‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻮز‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎذج‬ ‫ﻧﻤ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺒ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫وﻋﺎدة‬ ،‫ﻹﻇﻬﺎرﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺮض‬‫ﻮز‬‫رﻣ‬ ‫هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻮز‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮز‬‫اﻟﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫آ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫وﺗﻈﻬ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﻂ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺬ‬‫ﺗﺘﺨ‬ ‫وﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫وأﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﺬ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﺎح‬.
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬11.‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬.
)5(‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬Metadata
‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬:

18. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
•‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬Map Title:‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻮع‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫وهﻮ‬"‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬"‫أو‬"‫ﺑﻠﻮﺷﺴﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬."
•‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬Press Data:،‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺠﻬ‬ ‫ﺎرﻳﺦ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻞ‬‫وﺗﺸ‬
‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎن‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﺰﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﻮص‬ ‫وﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻬ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫آﺎﻧ‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺗﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫وآ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻃﺒﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺎرﻳﺦ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬.
•‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﺎج‬ ‫إﻧﺘ‬Carto-production Data:‫ﺎج‬ ‫إﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫وﺗﺸ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫آﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ ‫وآﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫واﻟﻔﻀ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﻠ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺮى‬‫أﺧ‬ ‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫ﺧ‬.‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺌﻮﻟﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻬ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫وأﻳﻀ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬ ‫إﺗﻤﺎم‬.
•‫ﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬‫اﻹﺣ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺔ‬‫وﺷ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬:‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫وآ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫وﻣﺠﺴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﻘﻂ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻞ‬‫وﺗﺸ‬
‫اﻹﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫رﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﺛﻴﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬
‫ﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﺗ‬ ‫ﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫واﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﺄ‬‫ﻳﻠﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫اﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬‫وآﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫آﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮل‬
‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬ ‫وه‬ ،‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮاهﺮ‬ ‫ﻇ‬ ‫ﻮل‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬.
‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬‫ﺎت‬‫ﻤﻠﻴ‬
‫هﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ،‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫وﺿﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬:
)1(‫اﻹﺳﻨﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت‬Fiducially Marks
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎل‬‫أﺷ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫وﺗﻈﻬ‬ ‫ﻮرة‬‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎت‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫آﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻷﺿﻼع‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷرآﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻮط‬‫اﻟﺨﻄ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫وﺑﻮﺿ‬
‫اﻹﺳﻨ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺎد‬.
)2(‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬Altimeter
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬ ‫إرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎن‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬.

19. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
)3(‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫آﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫وﻳﻔﻴ‬ ،‫ﻮﻳﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻼل‬.
)4(‫ﻣﻘ‬‫اﻟﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻴﺎس‬
‫ﺎء‬‫أﺛﻨ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﺮة‬‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺘﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮﻳﺮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺁﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻌﺪﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫اﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬.
)5(‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬)‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆري‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬(
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫هﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬.
)6(‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎف‬ ‫ﻳﻀ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺴ‬ ‫ﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻮق‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻜ‬ ‫ﺮى‬ ‫أﺧ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ ‫ذﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻴﺮان‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ورﻗﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة‬.
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻢ‬‫أه‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫وﻣ‬ ،‫ﻲ‬‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺮق‬‫ﺑﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻒ‬‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬:
)1(‫ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳ‬ ‫ﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﻮرة‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ‫ﺣﻴ‬
‫ﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻟ‬ ‫ﻮﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ‬Planimetric Orthophotomap‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬.
)2(‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫آﻤﻠﺤﻖ‬
‫ﺮف‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫اﻹﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬
‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺎة‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﻄ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺪار‬‫اﻹﻧﺤ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪة‬‫اﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬‫ﻓﺒﺈﺳ‬ ،‫ﺮاﺋﻂ‬‫واﻟﺨ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ﺑﺈﺳ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻄﺢ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻚ‬‫ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وأﺑﻨﻴ‬ ‫ق‬.‫ﻢ‬‫ﻧﻈ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﺈن‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻹﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬
‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼ‬ ‫ﺪاد‬ ‫إﻣﺘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻺﻋﺘﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈ‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑﺈﻧﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻮر‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺜﻴ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮي‬‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬Spectral

20. ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬–‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫وﺳﺎم‬
Information‫ﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠ‬.‫ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎق‬ ‫إﺷ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫وﻳﻌﺘﺒ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬.
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺎت‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬‫آﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰهﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬:
)1(ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴ‬ ‫ﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫أآﺜ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫هﺬا‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ،‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬:
•‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫إﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬Panchromatic:‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮي‬‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫وهﻲ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮدة‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟ‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬.
•‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﺪدة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌ‬ ‫ﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬Multispectral Imagery:‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮي‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫وه‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮاوح‬.
•‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬Hyperspectral Imagery:‫ﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫وه‬‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻮي‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺮاوح‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬.
•‫واﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮووﻳﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮادارﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬Radar & Microwave Imagery:‫ﻮر‬‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﺬﻩ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫وﺗﻤﺜ‬
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺠﻞ‬‫ﺑﺘﺴ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮن‬ ‫إﺣﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻧﻤﺎط‬ ‫إﺣﺪى‬
‫واﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻳﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاداري‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬.
)2(‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻤﻴﺰه‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺔ‬‫ﻣﺴ‬ ‫ﻐﺮ‬‫ﺑﺄﺻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪد‬‫ﻴﻂ‬‫ﻣﺤ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ه‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﻮرة‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬.‫هﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬:
•‫اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬:‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬.
•‫اﻟﺼ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻮر‬:‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻬﺎ‬1‫وﺣﺘﻰ‬100‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬.
•‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬:‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أآﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﻬﺎ‬100‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬.
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫وإﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬:
)1(‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬