Structure covering

1. STRUCTURE
COVERING
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1.
2.
List the structure covering methods.
Describe structure covering methods.

2. Structure Covering
Roof installation
Small sheet roof
Wall installation
Door installation
Wide sheet roof
Door frame
installation

3. Roof Installation
Small sheet roof
i) Plain tiles

4. Small sheet roof
ii) S-curve tiles

5. Small sheet roof
iii) Interlocking tiles
S manifold tile
(15° minimum slope)
Double S manifold tile
(22.5° minimum slope)
Plain tile
(17.5° minimum slope)
Interlocking tile shapes.
Installation of the interlocking tiles
on timber roof structure.

6. Procedures of interlocking tiles roof cover installation at
roof frame
1.
2.
Lay felt layer over the roof frame rafters.
Fix 25mm x 50mm battens size by nailing horizontally.

7. 3.
Battens distance from each centre is calculated according to
this formula.
Battens distance c – c = Tile length – lap
2
= 420mm – 120mm
2
= 360mm

8. 4.
Tiles slates are laid over battens and nailed. Start laying from
the lowest batten

9. 5.
At the highest part of roof, ridge tiles are used to cover holes
between the two roof parts.

10. Wide sheet roof
i) Grooved asbestos
ii) Grooved zinc
Installation of grooved asbestos sheet

11. Wall Installation
Wall characteristics:
Characteristics
Description
Stability
Walls construction should be strong and stable.
Strength
Walls should be able to support load, sustain stress
and compression load.
Weather
resistance
Walls should be able resist extreme cool and hot
temperature as well as to prevent rain penetration.
Fire resistance
Walls should be able to resist fire.
Sound
absorption
Walls should be able to absorb sound.

12. Procedures of brick wall construction
1.
2.
Mark brick wall location according to plan and peg signs.
Build both ends simultaneously until their height reach three
or four brick layers. Ensure the end parts are laid vertically
and evenly by using spirit level as well as gauge in the right
position by using layer gauge.

13. 3.
Build walls between both ends until it is similar to the edge
parts. Always ensure walls are constructed vertically and
evenly as well as in straight line by using a stretched thread.
Use pointing trowel for finishing bond.
4.
Repeat step 2 and 3 until the wall work is completed.

14. Examples of brick wall bonding methods
Stretcher bond
English bond
Flemish bond
English yard bond

15. Door Frame Installation

16. Essential aspects during door frame installation
Aspect
Purpose
Method
Frame must be
perpendicular
●The
door will be easily
installed
●The door will be easily
opened and closed
●Test
Frame must be
vertical and
same level
●The
door will be easily
installed
●Test
Strengthening
frame position
●To
●Nail
acquire strong anchorage
to the wall.
using try-square
●Install temporary struts at
top angle and below part
using spirit level at
top of head, internal parts
and in front of jambs
●Install temporary struts
galvanized iron fishtail clamp into the jambs
behind the brick wall
●Build horn or joggle at
both end of head

17. Door Installation
A door is installed to a door frame by using hinges.
Examples of door

18. Window Frame Installation

19. Procedures to install window frame
1.
Raise the window frame on top of constructed brick wall and
test its flatness level using a spirit level. Accuracy is obtained
when the air bubble moves to the centre of spirit level tube.
2.
Make sure the window frame position is vertical. Install
temporary struts to internal and external parts of wall so that
window frame is fixed to its position.

20. 3.
Proceed bricklaying work at the left and right window sides
until it reaches similar level as the head. Galvanized iron fishtail wall clamps are installed to each four layer of bricks.
4.
Build reinforced concrete lintel on top of the head. The purpose
is to transfer imposed load from the wall above to the side wall.