1. DEVELOPMENT OF SUN TRACKING SOLAR
PANEL SYSTEM TO MAXIMIZE SUN
ENERGY GENERATION
PREPARED BY:
 MOHD MOIZUDDIN
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
4TH Year – EEE Department, LECTURER. SAJID SIR
SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGG N Faculty of EEE Department;
TECH SHADAN COLLEGE OF ENGG AND
TECHNOLOGY

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PREFACE
PROJECT BACKGROUND
MAIN OBJECTIVE
COMPARISON OF ENERGY SOURCES
WORKING PROCEDURE
BLOCK DIAGRAM
SOLAR TRACKER SOLVING ALGORITHM
FLOWCHART
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
OUR PROJECT
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
PROGRAM DUMPER
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051
LIGHT DETECTING RESISTOR
ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERTER
L293D MOTOR DRIVER
DC SERIES MOTOR
LCD DISPLAY
PROJECT CODING
APPLICATIONS
DRAWBACKS
ADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
“SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM” - Used to control and set the moment of solar panels.
 This system uses DC motor to control the angle of rotation of the panels.
Rotation of DC motor through the desired angle is achieved by using Kiel cross compiler.
The basic idea of the project is to increase the efficiency of the solar systems.
The solar panel is made to rotate in all the directions facing the sunlight.
Tracks the maximum intensity position and rests in that position.

4. PREFACE
The main non-renewable sources of energy in the
world are coal, oil, natural gas, and more recently
nuclear energy.
While the aforesaid power generators use coal, oil &
natural gas as their main fuel for energy
production, nuclear energy employs the technique of
nuclear fission of uranium for electricity generation.
The availability of these natural resources in future &
pollution are the main concerns.

5. Coal Plant Nuclear Natural
Plant Gas Plant

6. PROJECT BACKGROUND
Why should the solar panel face the most illuminating source of light?
 TO Increase Solar Panel Output
 Maximize Power per unit Area
 Provide Educational Demonstration of Renewable
Energy
Examples
1. Mars Rover
2. Hubble Telescope
3. International Space Station
4. Solar-Powered Homes

7. EXAMPLES
MARS ROVER HUBBLE TELESCOPE

8. EXAMPLES
INTERNATIONAL SPACE
SOLAR POWERED HOMES
STATION

9. Main Objectives
 Position the Solar Panels so that they will acquire maximum energy from a
light source.
 Store the acquired energy into batteries, and use the batteries to control
the rest of the system when the solar energy is absent.
 In no-light or low-light conditions design the system to go into sleep mode
so that energy is not wasted.
 Design a visual display unit to display status information about the system.
Solar Panel
Output

11. WORKING PROCEDURE

14. BLOCK DIAGRAM

15. SOLAR TRACKER SOLVING ALGORITHM

16. FLOW CHART

18. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:
The C programming language is a general – purpose programming
language
C is not a big language and is not designed for any one particular
area of application .
 Its generality combined with its absence of restrictions makes C a
convenient and effective programming solution for a wide variety of
software tasks .
Many applications can be solved more easily and efficiently with C
than with other more specialized languages.
The Cx51 Optimizing C Compiler is a complete implementation
of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for the
C language .

19. Cx51 provides you with the flexibility of programming in C and the
code efficiency and speed of assembly language .
Since Cx51 is a cross compiler standard libraries are altered or
enhanced to address the peculiarities of an embedded target
processor.

20.  OUR PROJECT:

22.  HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Features of AT89S52 microcontroller:
Compatible with MCS-51® Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable
(ISP) Flash Memory
 Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

23.  The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller.
 The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile
memory technology.
 Compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin
out.

24. PROGRAM DUMPER

25. Block Diagram of 8051

26. Features of 8051 Architecture
 Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications and extensive Boolean
processing capabilities.
 64K Program Memory address space.
 64K Data Memory address space.
 128 bytes of on chip Data Memory.
 32 Bi-directional and individually addressable I/O lines.
 Two 16 bit timer/counters.
 Full Duplex UART.
 6-source / 5-vector interrupt structure with priority levels.
 On chip clock oscillator.

27. LIGHT DETECTING RESISTOR

28.  For a sensor, we’re interested in the light power that falls on a unit area, and how well
the sensor converts that into a signal.
 A common unit is the lux which measures apparent brightness (power multiplied by
the human eye’s sensitivity).
 1 lux of yellow light is about 0.0015 W/m2.
 1 lux of green light (50% eff.) is 0.0029 W/m2.
 Sunlight corresponds to about 50,000 lux
 Artificial light typically 500-1000 lux
 Simplest light sensor is an LDR (Light-Dependent Resistor).
 Optical characteristics close to human eye.
 Can be used to feed an A/D directly without amplification (one resistor in a voltage
divider).
 Common material is CdS
(Cadmium Sulphide)
 Sensitivity: dark 1 M ,
10 lux 40 k ,
1000 lux 400 .

29.  ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER [ADC]
Features of ADC
0809ADC
Key Specifications
 Resolution 8 Bits
 Total Unadjusted Error ±1/2 LSB and ±1 LSB
 Single Supply 5 VDC
 Low Power 15 mW
 Conversion Time 100 µs

30. Pin Number Description
1 IN3 - Analog Input 3
2 IN4 - Analog Input 4
3 IN5 - Analog Input 5
4 IN6 - Analog Input 6
5 IN7 - Analog Input 7
6 START - Start Conversion
7 EOC - End Of Conversion
8 2(-5) - Tri-State Output Bit 5
9 OUT EN - Output Enable
10 CLK - Clock
11 Vcc - Positive Supply
12 Vref+ - Positive Voltage Reference Input
13 GND - Ground
14 2(-7) - Tri-State Output Bit 7
15 2(-6) - Tri-State Output Bit 6
16 Vref- - Voltage Reference Negative Input
17 2(-8) - Tri-State Output Bit 8
18 2(-4) - Tri-State Output Bit 4
19 2(-3) - Tri-State Output Bit 3
20 2(-2) - Tri-State Output Bit 2
21 2(-1) - Tri-State Output Bit 1
22 ALE - Address Latch Enable
23 ADD C - Address Input C
24 ADD B - Address Input B
25 ADD A - Address Input A
26 IN0 - Analog Input 0
27 IN1 - Analog Input 1
28 IN2 - Analog Input 2

31. MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

32.  L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor
drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control
signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal
is used to drive the motors.
 L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common
mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both
in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors
can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic
00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate
it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.
 Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high
for motors to start operating. When an enable input is high, the
associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active
and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is
low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-
impedance state.

33. DC SERIES MOTOR
 WHAT DOES DC SERIES MOTOR DO?
Like any other motor, series motors convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy. Its operation is based on simple electromagnetic
principle by which when the magnetic field created around a current
carrying conductor interacts with an external magnetic field, a rotational
motion is generated.
A typical DC motor layout is given in the following diagram:

34.  FEATURES:
Rpm : 300 at 12v
DC supply: 3 to 12V
Metal Gears based Gearbox
Output shaft: Centre
Torque : 2 Kg-cm
Shaft diameter: 6 mm.
Shaft length: 22 mm.
Total length: 76 mm.
Motor diameter: 38 mm.
Mounting Nut Width: 8mm
Same size motor available in various rpm
Hole with threading (internal) in shaft for fixing wheel
No-load current = 60 mA, Load current = 300 mA
The motor gives 300 RPM (maximum) at 12v although the motor runs
smoothly from 3v to 12v range which will give a wide range of RPM and
torque. Thus at 3v (the current is less too) the motor will be the slowest &
torque minimum; because the speed of motor is directly proportional to supply
voltage & torque is proportional to current.

35.  APPLICATIONS
Series Motors can generate huge turning force, the torque, from its
idle state. This characteristic makes series motors suitable for small
electrical appliances, mobile electric equipments, hoists, winches
etc. Series motors are not suitable when a constant speed is
required. The reason is that the speed of series motors varies
greatly with varying load. Regulating the speed of series motors is
also not an easy process to implement.
 ADVANTAGES
 • Huge starting torque
 • Simple Construction
 • Designing is easy
 • Maintenance is easy
 • Cost effective

36. LCD DISPLAY
 INTERFACE WITH 4-BIT/8-BIT MICROPROCESSOR.
 DISPLAY DATA RAM [80 CHARACTERS].
 CHARACTER GENERATOR ROM [160 CHARACTERS].
 BUILT-IN RESET CIRCUIT IS TRIGGERED AT POWER ON.
 16 PINS.

37. Project Coding
/****************************************************************************
Project: Suntrack --SunTracking Solar Panel.
Version: 1.0
Author: 1.MOIZUDDIN.g
2. RAJKUMAR.n
3. SUFYAN.b
*****************************************************************************/
# include <p89v51rd2.h>
# include "AdcV1.h" // On P1 & P2
# include "LcdV2.h"
# include "VerV1.h" // No Port
unsigned char gucSensorValue[4];
unsigned char gucPresent = 0;
voidForwardStep(void);
voidReverseStep(void);
unsigned char FindMaxLdr(void);
void Rotate(unsigned char ucMax);
void main(void)
{
unsignedinti = 0,
j = 0;
unsigned char ucAddrCounter = 0,

38. unsigned char ucAddrCounter = 0,
ucAscii[4];
unsigned char ucMax;
IE = 0x93;
while(1)
{
for(ucAddrCounter = 0; ucAddrCounter< 3; ucAddrCounter++)
{
ReadSensorData(ucAddrCounter, &gucSensorValue[ucAddrCounter]);
ToAsciiDecimal(gucSensorValue[ucAddrCounter],&ucAscii[0]);
LcdInit();
switch(ucAddrCounter)
{
case LDR0:
LcdPuts("LDR0 Value : ");
LcdCmd(NEW_LINE);
LcdPuts(" ");
LcdPutc(ucAscii[0]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[1]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[2]);
break;
case LDR1:
LcdPuts("LDR1 Value : ");
LcdCmd(NEW_LINE);

39. LcdPuts(" ");
LcdPutc(ucAscii[0]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[1]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[2]);
break;
case LDR2:
LcdPuts("LDR2 Value : ");
LcdCmd(NEW_LINE);
LcdPuts(" ");
LcdPutc(ucAscii[0]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[1]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[2]);
break;
/*case LDR3:
LcdPuts("LDR4 Value : ");
LcdCmd(NEW_LINE);
LcdPuts(" ");
LcdPutc(ucAscii[0]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[1]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[2]);
break;
*/
default:
break;
} /* End of Switch */

40. for(j = 0; j < 40000; j++);
}/* End of for(sensor) */
LcdInit();
ucAscii[0] = ' ';
ucAscii[1] = ' ';
ucAscii[2] = ' ';
ucMax = FindMaxLdr();
ToAsciiDecimal(ucMax, ucAscii);
LcdPuts("Max is :");
LcdPutc(ucAscii[0]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[1]);
LcdPutc(ucAscii[2]);
for(i = 0; i< 40000; i++);
Rotate(ucMax);
} /* End of While(1) */
} /* End of Main() */
/**********************************************************************************/
voidReverseStep(void)
{
unsignedint j;
unsignedinti;
for(i = 0; i< 3; i++)
{
P2 = 0X66;

41. for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
P2 = 0XCC;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
P2 = 0X99;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
P2 = 0X33;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
}
}
/**********************************************************************************/
voidForwardStep(void)
{
unsignedint j;
unsignedinti;
for(i = 0; i< 3; i++)
{
P2 = 0X33;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
P2 = 0X99;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
P2 = 0XCC;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
P2 = 0X66;
for(j = 0; j < 20000; j++);
}
}
/**********************************************************************************/

42. unsigned char FindMaxLdr(void)
{
unsigned char i;
unsigned char ucMax;
ucMax = 0;
for(i = 1; i< 3; i++)
{
if(gucSensorValue[i] >gucSensorValue[ucMax])
{
ucMax = i;
}
}
returnucMax;
}
/**********************************************************************************/
void Rotate(unsigned char ucMax)
{
if(ucMax == gucPresent)
return;
if(ucMax>gucPresent)
{
while(gucPresent != ucMax)
{
ForwardStep();
gucPresent++;
}

43. }
else
{
while(gucPresent != ucMax)
{
ReverseStep();
gucPresent--;
}
}
}

44. APPLICATIONS
 Used in satellites as source of fuel.
 Used in solar thermal collector to collect heat.
 Used in water heaters.
 Used in heat extinguishers.
 Used in solar power plants.
 Used in inverters[AC-DC].
 Used in solar water pumps.
DRAWBACKS
 Tracker is affected by temporal variations in atmospheric refractions caused by rain,cloud etc.
 This leads to wrong positioning of solar panel.
ADVANTAGES
 The solar tracker system provides numerous applications in the field of
industrial, infrastructural as well as agricultural sectors, both private and public
purposes.
 Its main application lies in the industrial processes like energy stations and
powerhouses for the production of electricity. Moreover, it also find its applications
in pool filtration systems, in agriculture for irrigation methods and solar water
heating systems

45. CONCLUSION
 To collect greatest amount of energy from sun, solar panels must be aligned orthogonally to
sun.
 For this purpose a new solar tracking technique based on micro-controller was implemented
and tested in this study.