The document summarizes Peter Morville's presentation on information architecture at the Internet Librarian 2013 conference. The presentation covered topics including search patterns, governance and culture, search in libraries, cross-channel design, concepts, cases, and conversations. It provided an agenda and definitions of information architecture. It also included quotes and examples relating to categorization, building design, and user research methods.
8. in•for•ma•tion ar•chi•tec•ture n
The structural design of information systems,
interactive services, and user experiences.
The organization, search, and navigation systems
that help people to complete tasks, find what they
need, and understand what they’ve found.
9. The fast parts learn, propose, and
absorb shocks; the slow parts
remember, integrate, and constrain.
The fast parts get all the attention.
The slow parts have all the power.
Steward Brand on “Pace Layering”
12. “Categorization is not a
matter to be taken lightly.
There is nothing more
basic than categorization
to our thought, perception,
action, and speech.”
12
15. There is one timeless way of building.
It is thousands of years old, and the same
today as it has always been.
The great traditional buildings of the past,
the villages and tents and temples in
which man feels at home, have always
been made by people who were very close
to the center of this way.
It is not possible to make great buildings,
or great towns, beautiful places, places
where you feel yourself, places where you
feel alive, except by following this way.
And, as you will see, this way will lead
anyone who looks for it to buildings
which are themselves as ancient in
their form, as the trees and hills,
and as our faces are.
The Timeless Way of Building
Christopher Alexander
15
16. Window Place (180)
Everybody loves window seats,
bay windows, and big windows
with low sills and comfortable
chairs drawn up to them.
May be part of:
• Entrance Room (130)
• Zen View (134)
• Light on Two Sides (159)
• Street Windows (164)
May contain:
• Alcoves (179)
• Low Sill (222)
• Built-In Seats (202)
• Deep Reveals (223)
A Pattern Language
Christopher Alexander et al.
16
27. Process
1. Background research and planning.
2. Audience analysis (user roles and goals).
3. Site evaluation.
4. Site and search analytics.
5. Content and metadata analysis.
6. Competitive and comparative analysis.
7. Internal meetings (and presentations).
8. Stakeholder interviews.
9. User research sessions.
10. Information architecture design.
27
30. User Research (Outside-In)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Surveys
Focus Groups
Personas
Usability Testing
Interviews
Card Sorting
Ethnography
Mental Models
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Usage Logs
Search Analytics
A/B Testing
Prototyping
Alpha / Beta
Customer Support
Eyetracking
Participatory Design
30
31. IA is the Art of Synthesis
Goals and Scope (RFP, Functional Specifications)
Constraints (Schedule, Budget, Technology, Politics)
Project-Specific Research (Users, Content, Context)
Competitive Analysis (Legalized Cheating)
What We Know (Education, Expertise, Experience)
Guidelines (Three Click Rule, Users Don’t Scroll)
Design Research (HCI, LIS, IR, Academic, Corporate)
Project-Specific Testing (Usability)
31
32.
33. Deliverables
• Strategy brief that presents findings and analysis of the
research process and recommends a user experience
strategy focused on user roles and goals.
• Suite of information architecture wireframes specifying
page-level structure and navigation for major interfaces
and page types.
• Final report that integrates results and analysis,
strategy and recommendations, user experience flows,
wireframes, and requirements.
33
37. Visual Thinking
Unwritten Rule #1
“Whoever best describes a
problem is the person most
likely to solve the problem.
…or, whoever draws the best
picture gets the funding.”
37
41. The Right Way to Wireframe
http://blog.semanticfoundry.com/2009/01/01/
http://konigi.com/notebook/all-right-way-wireframe-videos
41
Shades of Gray
The Right Way to Wireframe
44. Cancer.gov Redesign Goals
• Improve overall ease of use.
• Improve image and identity.
• Target content to key audiences.
• Remove non-clickable bullets.
• Reduce number of clicks.
Melanoma Home Page
1
NCI Home
3
2
Cancer Information
Types of Cancer
44
45. Findability Facts
• For every search on cancer.gov,
there are over 100 cancer-related
searches on public search engines.
• Of these searches, 70% are on
specific types of cancer.45
52. Project Overview
Goals
Develop a user-centered web strategy and an
information architecture framework for Kresge.
Process
• Analytics
• Expert Review
• User Research (6)
• Stakeholder Interviews (28)
• Comparative Analysis
Deliverables
• Strategy Report
• Wireframes
52
53. Report & Presentation
Project Overview
Research Highlights
•
•
•
Users
Stakeholders
Expert Review
Strategy Brief
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Web Strategy
Information Architecture
Content Strategy
Social Media
Multimedia
Grants Database
Online Application (Public)
Search Engine Optimization
Wireframes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Home
Program
Focus Area
About Us
Search
Next Steps
Questions / Discussion
53
54. Site Map
Home
Browse by Task & Topic
Apply for
a Grant
Detroit
Education
Environment
Blog
Contact Us
Community
Development
Our Funding
Strategies
News & Media
Arts &
Culture
About Us
Browse by
Program
Search
Grants
Database
Library
Health
54
Human
Services
61. THINGS ON THE FRONT PAGE
OF A UNIVERSITY WEBSITE
Campus Photo
Slideshow
Press Releases
Statement of the
School's Philosophy
Letter from
the President
Virtual Tour
Faculty Phone
Numbers & Emails
Name of School
Alumni
in the News
THINGS PEOPLE GO TO
THE SITE LOOKING FOR
Application Forms
Faculty
Profiles
Department &
Course Lists
Course
Registration
Academic
Calendar
Parking
Information
Usable
Campus Map
Adapted from http://xkcd.com/773/61
Campus
Address
62. Artifacts
Visible organizational
structures and processes
(hard to decipher)
Espoused
Values
Strategies, goals,
philosophies, justifications
Underlying
Assumptions
Unconscious, taken for
granted beliefs, perceptions,
thoughts, feelings
(source of values, action)
Three Levels of Culture
62
63. It is difficult to overstate the extent to which most managers and the
people who advise them believe in the redemptive power of rewards.
Rewards undermine the processes they are intended to enhance.
Extrinsic motivators do not alter the attitudes underlying behaviors.
People who do exceptional work may be glad to be paid and even
more glad to be well paid, but they do not work to collect a paycheck.
They work because they love what they do.
Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work by Alfie Kohn (1993)
http://hbr.org/archive-toc/BR9309
63
64. The building of the railroads
(and the telegraph system)
made possible this growth of
the great industrial enterprise
(from about 1850 to 1950).
“The need (for divisionalization
and decentralization) did not
result from the larger size of the
enterprise per se. It came rather
from the increasing diversity
and complexity of decisions that
senior managers had to make.”
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1962)
64
66. “Customers are adopting
disruptive technologies faster
than companies can adapt.”
“The individuals who make
up the company must be fully
conscious of the job that they
are doing for customers…
(and of) the jobs customers
are trying to do.”
66
67. Pods
Small, agile, autonomous
teams that are “authorized to
represent the company and
deliver results to customers.”
Pods are flexible, fast,
scalable, and resilient.
Pods are designed so that
decisions and changes can be
made as quickly and as close
to customers as possible.
67
68. “A platform is a government.”
“When it comes to language, protocols, culture, and values,
you don’t want variability, you want consistency.”
“Backbone activities are about coordination and consistency.
Backbones should be as lightweight as possible.”
68
71. Systems thinking looks at relationships
(rather than unrelated objects), connectedness,
process (rather than structure), the whole
(rather than just its parts), the patterns (rather
than the contents) of a system, and context.
Thinking systematically also requires
several shifts in perception, which lead in
turn to different ways to teach, and
different ways to organize society
71
72. “There is a problem in discussing systems only
with words. Words and sentences must, by
necessity, come only one a time in linear, logical
order. Systems happen all at once. They are
connected not just in one direction, but in many
directions simultaneously. To discuss them
properly, it is necessary to use a language that
shares some of the same properties as the
phenomena under discussion.”
73. “If a factory is torn down but the
rationality which produced it is left
standing, then that rationality will
simply produce another factory. If a
revolution destroys a government,
but the systematic patterns of
thought that produced that
government are left intact, then those
patterns will repeat themselves…
There’s so much talk about the
system. And so little understanding.”
73
79. Fragmentation
Fragmentation into multiple
sites, domains, and identities is
clearly a major problem. Users
don’t know which site to visit
for which purpose.
Findability
Users can’t find what they need
from the home page, but most
users don’t come through the
front door. They enter via a web
search or a deep link, and are
confused by what they find.
Even worse, most never use the
Library, because its resources
aren’t easily findable.
80. Web Strategy
Web
1. One Library
2. Core Areas
Online
Onsite
Library
Congress
(about/for)
National
Library
Copyright
Hierarchy
3. Network Intelligence
top-down
+
Network
bottom-up
80
81. Experience Across Channels
Search for
Resources
Check Reading
Room Hours
Get
Directions
Review
Resources
Read
& Synthesize
Continue
Research
Request
Assistance
Catalog
Website
Website
Reading
Room
Notes &
Copies
Catalog
Website
Researcher
Desktop
Take Notes
Laptop
Make Copies
Mobile
Ask for Help
Phone
Library
Librarian
81
Ask a Librarian
83. Wireframes
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Introductory Presentation
Title: Meade School, Gettysburg
Guide to People, Organizations,
Author/Creator: Bain News Service publisher
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Gettysburg--A battlefield tour
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at the close of ceremonies dedicating the battlefield cemetery ...
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Meade School was named to honor General George Gordon Meade who directed the Union army in one
of its greatest battles, defeating Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg.
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The monument at the left of the photograph (above) is the 26th Pennsylvania Emergency Infantry
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Selling Mrs. ConsumerThis says "Meade School" at lower left. It's the Meade High School in Gettysburg, which opened in 1897.
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Title from data provided by the Bain News Service on the negative. Date from similar Detroit
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84. “Give me a fulcrum and a place to stand,
and I will move the world.” —Archimedes
Portal
Dis
ut
o
Ab
Brand
Paths
Patterns
Incentives
co
ve
ry
Users
Find
Search
Ask
Objects
Federated
Faceted
Fast
Goal
Gateway
Collection
Browse
Findable
Social
84
87. Where architects use
forms and spaces to design
environments for inhabitation,
information architects use
nodes and links to create
environments for understanding.
Jorge Arango, Architectures
87
88. Process & Deliverables
Projects
1. National Library (loc.gov)
2. Legislative (congress.gov)
3. Copyright (copyright.gov)
Discovery
•
•
•
Users
Stakeholders
Content & Context
Deliverables
•
•
•
Web Strategy
Information Architecture
Roadmap
Working Groups
•
•
•
•
Search
Content
Metadata
Governance
Timeline
•
•
•
•
Evaluation (3 months, 2009)
Web Strategy (3 months, 2010)
IA (12 months, 2011)
Design/Build (ongoing, 2011-)
88
91. Design for Discovery
“Search is among the
most disruptive
innovations of our time.
It influences what we
buy and where we go. It
shapes how we learn
and what we believe.”
Search
Patterns
Peter Morville & Jeffery Callender
91
92. Most of the complaints
we get are due to the way
users search; they use
the wrong keywords.
t's
ght. I
t's Ri
Tha
rs!
Yeah.
d Use
Stupi
e
thos
92
94. Search is a…
Complex, Adaptive System
Goals
Psychology
Behavior
Interaction
Affordances
Language
Features
Technology
Algorithms
Indexing
Structure
Metadata
Tools
Process
Incentives
Interface
Query
Results
Engine
Content
Users
Source: Search Patterns (2010)
Creators
94
95. Principles of Design
Incremental Construction
Progressive Disclosure
Immediate Response
Predictability
Alternate Views
Recognition Over Recall
Minimal Disruption
Direct Manipulation
Context of Use
User
Information
Interface
95
132. Library Portal Survey
According to a survey of students, faculty, and staff,
search and discovery is the #1 problem.
“I think it’s better to have everything in one searching
system than parceled out into different ones.”
“The search is not very smart. You get thousands of
seemingly unrelated responses.”
“(We need) better discovery tools that integrate electronic
articles with books and manuscripts.”
“(The Library should) prioritize search over all else.”
132
133. Regardless of all the time and effort libraries put
into providing a variety of research tools and
resources on their websites, the literature suggests
that students still prefer to start their research
using Google or some other form of search engine.
It is clear that there is an overwhelming preference
for easy to use, familiar search tools that
transcend education level, discipline of study, and
student demographics.
Discovery Layers and the Distance Student
Jessica Mussell (2012)
133
134. Google Scholar
Strengths
• Fast, easy, familiar
• Cross-disciplinary searching
• Links to citing and related articles
Weaknesses
• No “advanced search” functionality
• Limited, inaccurate metadata
• Inconsistent coverage across disciplines
• No transparency (coverage, algorithms, usage, monetization)
• Not customizable or interoperable
134
135. Information Literacy
Employers claimed that college hires rarely conducted the
thorough research required of them in the workplace.
At worst, some college hires solved problems with a
lightning quick Google search, a scan of the first couple of
pages of results, and a linear answer finding approach.
“I had new graduate hire who only searched for papers on
Google. I said, you’re missing things, you need to use
PubMed, and he responded, ‘Well, I did this quick search,
and that’s what I got.’ But that's not good enough.”
Project Information Literacy: Learning Curve by Alison J. Head (2012)
135
136. Percent of faculty rating these roles
of the library as important.
Key Strategic Insights for Libraries, Publishers,
and Societies by Roger C. Schonfeld (2010)
136
139. Gross and Sheridan conducted a usability study
that examined how Summon (“web-scale discovery”)
was used for common library search tasks.
Summon was positioned as the primary search
box on the library’s home page for the study.
They found that the single search box was
employed for 80% of the assigned tasks.
How Users Search the Library from a Single Search Box
Lown, Sierra, Boyer (2013)
139
140. Use of full-text online content dramatically
increased in the year following implementation.
Librarians found they could focus instruction
less on choosing a database or catalog and more
on refining a search, research as an iterative
process, and other high level search skills.
The Impact of Serial Solutions’ Summon on
Information Literacy Instruction
Stephanie Buck and Margaret Mellinger (2011)
140
141. The search box became an obstacle in…
questions where it should not have been used.
The search box was viewed as an allencompassing search of the entire site.
Students searched for administrative
information, research guides, and podcasts.
How Users Search the Library from a Single Search Box
Lown, Sierra, Boyer (2013)
141
145. Home
Advanced Search
Refine Your Search
Help
House
Senate
Government
Advanced Search
News
A-Z Index
Interface: Graphic | Command Line
- Congress
All
Title
health care
OR
Full Text
"mental health" or therapy
AND
Representative (Sponsor)
Any House Member
Abercrombie, Neil [D-HI] (99th, 102nd-111th)
Ackerman, Gary L. [D-NY] (98th-112th)
Adams, Sandy [R-FL] (112th)
NOT
House Committees
Appropriations
AND
Subject Term
health
AND
Select
[1973-2012]
X
112th [2011-2012]
X
111th [2009-2010]
110th [2007-2008]
Show All
- Source
All Sources
X
LIS
X Bills / Amendments
X Committee Reports
X Congressional Record
X Executive Communications
CRS Reports
Library of Congress
Show All
Show
07
Rows
SEARCH
Clear Form
145
146. Origin
Google
Google Scholar
Search as a Service
Source
Catalog (Owned)
Databases (Licensed)
Library Portal
Apps via API
University Website
Institutional Repository
Individual Library
HathiTrust (Shared Repository)
Borrow Direct (Ivy League)
Subject (LibGuide)
Faculty (Profile, Publications)
Course (Course Pack, LMS)
WorldCat (Libraries Worldwide)
Web (Free, Fee)
Portal (Library Facilities, Services)
* source may be path or destination
Resource (Article, Book)
146
147. 63% didn’t use any Internet
resources, other than the Guide,
to complete their assignment.
Embedding LibGuides into
Course Management Systems
Stephanie Brown (2012)
Search
GO
History of Science: Nature on Display
Embeddable
Search Widget
147
148. Recommendation
Develop a universal search and discovery service
that improves access to local and remote sources
from multiple points of origin.
•
User Interface (usability AND information literacy).
•
Platform (multi-level, embeddable search widget, API).
•
Technology (customize, interoperable, open source).
•
Roadmap (search, content, metadata, governance).
148
149. Big Opportunities
Unified Search & Discovery
Information Literacy (Research Skills, Embedding)
Cross-Channel Design (Physical / Digital)
Library as Place (Collaboratory, Knowledge Creation)
Library as Platform (Open Access, Open Source, MOOCs)
149
151. “Information is blurring the lines between products and
services to create multi-channel, cross-platform, transmedia, physico-digital user experiences.” Peter Morville
32,000 B.C. Visual Thinking
I n t e rt w i n g l e
1976 Information Architecture
1995 User Experience
1982 Service Design
2005 Ubiquitous Computing
1986 Interaction Design
“People keep pretending they can make things deeply
hierarchical, categorizable, and sequential when they can’t.
Everything is deeply intertwingled.” Ted Nelson
151
155. “Collaborative Consumption
describes the rapid explosion
in traditional sharing,
bartering, lending, trading,
renting, gifting, and swapping
reinvented through network
technologies on a scale and in
ways never possible before.”
155
160. “After a half-hour, a three-tone alert sounds…If the
bottle still has not been opened, the system makes an
automated reminder phone call to the patient or a
caregiver. The GlowCap system compiles adherence data
which anyone can be authorized to track. That way the
doctor can make sure Gramps stays on his meds.”
160
162. find·a·bil·i·ty n
The quality of being locatable or
navigable.
The degree to which an object is
easy to discover or locate.
The degree to which a system or
environment supports wayfinding,
navigation, and retrieval.
am·bi·ent adj
Surrounding; encircling;
enveloping (e.g., ambient air)
the ability to find anyone or anything
from anywhere at anytime
162
165. BrainPort
Camera in glasses
captures video.
Image recreated on
grid of 400 electrodes.
User feels the shape
on the tongue.
Brain learns to see
through the tongue.
165
172. Product
Packaging
Print Catalog
Call Center
Website
Blog
Facebook
Twitter
YouTube
Email
Direct Mail
Radio
Television
Channel
Web
Social Media
Email
Messaging
Telephone
Print
Device
Desktop
Laptop
Mobile
Tablet
Television
Kiosk
Media
Book
Newspaper
Magazine
Video
Audio
Poster
Billboard
Platform
Web
iOS
Android
Mac OS X
MS Windows
Scale
Covert
Mobile
Personal
Environmental
Architectural
Urban
Context
Home
Work
Walking
Driving
Shopping
Plane
Party
Personal
Social
Location
Time
Task
172
176. Today’s “service systems” may include interrelated
sub-systems (e.g., person-to-person, self-service)
across multiple locations, devices, and channels; and
customer satisfaction is “influenced by the extent of
integration and consistency” across those channels.
Bridging the “Front Stage” and “Back Stage” in Service System
Design by Robert J. Glushko and Lindsay Tabas
176
177. Craft beautiful designs that deliver a quality experience
to your users no matter how large (or small) their display.
1. Fluid Grids
2. Flexible Images
3. Media Queries
177
179. Why Separate Mobile & Desktop Web Pages at Bagcheck?
With a dual template system, we were able to optimize:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Source Order
Media (Speed, Quality, Interaction)
URL Structure
Application Design
Navigation
at Top
Navigation at
Bottom
179
184. Transmedia Design by Jakob Nielsen
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/3-screens-transmedia.html
“The highest-value use will stay predominantly on desktop.”
PC
Big Screens
Better Input Devices
Faster Bandwidth
Hardware Oomph
Software Maturity
Printing
Mobile
“The best computer is the
one you have with you.”
“Most companies must support both device classes
…with separate UI designs.”
184
185. To make the right decisions about composition and
consistency, you need a cross-channel strategy.
185