2. ๏ฝ A coastline, (a line on a map indicating the
disposition of a coast) is often used to refer
to the coast itself.
๏ฝ The coast is that part of an island or
continent that borders an ocean or its
saltwater tributaries
13. ๏ฝ Impacts:
โฆ Sedimentation
๏ Sedimentation from land clearance results in increased
water turbidity, which in turn decreases the
productivity of coral reefs and seagrasses.
๏ With high levels of sedimentation, physical smothering
of corals, and benthic organisms by sediments and
fine silt may take place.
๏ loss of benthic habitats, coral reefs and seagrasses,
which leads to the decline of commercially important
fisheries species
โฆ Sand Mining
๏ lead to serious beach erosion
15. ๏ฝ Location of Industries
โฆ Runoff & discharge industrial effluent
โฆ Mangrove destruction
โฆ Release of toxins
๏ฝ Transportation โ
โฆ potentially hazardous substances,
such as oil, fertilizers and insecticides
โฆ Oil spills destroys marine & avian life
โฆ Bilge water
๏ Nutrification
โฆ Ballast water
๏ Pathogens
๏ Invasive organisms
๏ฝ POP (persistent
oxygen pollutant)
โฆ Detergents & other
toxins
๏ Bioaccumulation &
magnification
Issue:
16.
17.
18. ๏ฝ Aquaculture
โฆ Release of nutrient rich water
๏ Overgrowth of phytoplankton
๏ Reduce DO
๏ Death of certain organisms
โฆ Disease Outbreak
21. ๏ฝ Environmental and Biological issues that
affects the coastlines whether Estuaries,
Lagoons, Rocky Shores, Wetlands and Sandy
shores are of great concern.
๏ฝ They require an integrated approach for the
necessary management and protection for
sustainability.
22. ๏ฝ Grant. V, (1992) The coastal environment of Jamaica: problems, protection, management
https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1895&context=all_dissertations
๏ฝ NEPA, (2018) National Council on Ocean and Coastal Zone Management
https://www.nepa.gov.jm/new/media_centre/press_releases/releases/2018/PR20180920-
national_council_on_ocean_and_coastal_zone_management.php
๏ฝ www.encarta.com