group presentation of students of sociology discipline 16 batch on History of Human Civilization course

1. WELCOME
TO OUR
PRESENTATION

2. Submitted By-
Name Student ID
Afrin Sultana 161605
Sakib Rahman 161630
Nazma Khatun 161637
Md. Abdur Rahman 161641
Course Title: History of Human Civilization
Course No.: Soc 1105
Group- ‘J’

5. Egypt Civilization was centered on the
Nile.
Its flood plain was a magnet for life --
human, plant and animal.
The Nile
The Greek historian Herodotus said
the Egypt as “The gift of the Nile”

6. There were mainly two reason
to build the Egyptian
Civilization:-
The land of the bank of the
Nile was so fertile.
The Nile valley was
surrounded by deserts and the
red sea, Egypt was
comparatively free from threats
of foreign invasion.

8. ARCHITECTURE
The ancient Egyptian
Built:-
 Pyramids
 Temples
 Places

9. PYRAMIDS
The ancient Egyptians are famous for the building of the Pyramids
The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and
their queens.
There are about eighty pyramids known today from ancient Egypt.
 All the king’s riches and belongings were buried with him to keep
him happy in the afterlife.
The largest Pyramid was built at GIZA. It was built for the pharaoh
Khufu. It is known as the 'GREAT PYRAMID'.

10. THE TEMPLES
The Egyptians also built magnificent temples, which they believed
were the homes of the gods and goddesses.
The temples were built of stone, as at Luxor, or built into the solid
rock, as at Abu Simbel.
The temples were filled with high stone pillars which supported a
heavy stone roof.
The walls were covered with carvings showing the pharaoh’s
victories in war. The pictures also showed the pharaoh together with
the gods.

12. MATHEMATICS: They calculated numbers based on the DECIMAL and the
repetitive (numbers based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were
used to represent numbers in the decimal system
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT,
The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used
the simple arithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Mathematics

13. Astronomy
Looking at the cloudless clear blue sky , they could predict about
:
•the solar and lunar eclipse
•flood in the river Nile.
•time of sowing seeds etc.
The invented Calendar
The y divided a year into 360 days and 12 months, each month consisting
30 days, each day was divided into 24 hours. At the end of the years the
added 5 days more.
Medicine
They also made and used TOOLS FOR SURGICAL.
They could also preserve dead bodies by applying chemicals.
The physicians of Egypt knew the use of castor oil.

15. Egyptian Writing is a significant contribution to civilization.
It was first appearing on stone and pottery dating from 3100 B.C. to 3000
B.C., it remained in use for almost 3,000 years.
The first step in writing was the use of picture –like the signs to represent
ideas.
They introduced the system of alphabet.
They made paper from papyrus.
Introduction

16. The word HIEROGLYPH literally
means "sacred carvings".
The Egyptians first used
hieroglyphs for inscriptions carved or
painted on temple walls.
This form of PICTORIAL
WRITING was also used on:
 Tombs
 Sheets of papyrus
 Wooden boards.
 Potsherds
 Fragments of limestone
Hieroglyph

17. DRAFTSMEN were scribes
who specialized in drawing.
They followed a formula that
makes standing and sitting
figures look stiff.
 They were using a
traditional grid of 18 squares
to sketched figures.
The eyes and shoulders are
drawn from the front and the
face, torso, arms and legs
Draftsmen

19. Introduction
Religious Practice centered on the
Pharaoh.
Pharaoh was the divine representative
of the gods on earth.
They were believed to possess a divine
power by virtue of his position.
He acted as the intermediary between
his people and Gods.

20. At that stage, every Egyptian town had its own particular deity represented
by an ANIMAL (such as a cat-goddess, cobra-goddess, ibis-god or jackal-
god).
Eventually, these gods and goddesses were given HUMAN BODIES and
credited with human attributes and activities.
The temples in the major cities throughout the land were constructed to
venerate LOCAL GODS.
During the New Kingdom, these temples honored a TRIAD OF GODS
based on the pattern established by the mythical family of OSIRIS, ISIS and
HORUS.
Osiris Isis Horus
Gods and Goddess

21. The ancient Egyptians believed in the RESURRECTION OF THE
BODY and life everlasting. This belief was rooted in what they observed
each day.
 For example, the body had to be preserved through MUMMIFICATION
and given a properly furnished tomb with everything needed for life in the
afterworld.
Mummification

22. MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION:
1. Linen
2. Sawdust
3. Lichen
4. Beeswax
5. Resin
10. Frankincense
6. Natron
7. Onion
8. Nile mud
9. Linen pads
Mummification Tools

23. There are three elements to the
Egyptian CONCEPT OF SOUL:
 KA is the life force or spiritual
double of the person.
 BA is represented as a human-
headed bird that leaves the body
when a person dies. The face of
Ba was the exact likeness of that
of the deceased person.
 AKH is the spirit of Re
(represent-ing light), the
transfigured spirit of a person
that becomes one with light after
death.
soul

24. Here the gods of the dead performed the WEIGHING OF THE
HEART ceremony to judge whether the person's earthly deeds were
virtuous.
The person’s heart was placed on a scale, counterbalanced by a feather
that represented Maat, the goddess of truth and justice.
If the heart was equal in weight to the feather, the person was justified
and achieved immortality. If not, it was devoured by the goddess Amemet.
This meant that the person would not survive in the afterlife.
The After Life

25. When a pharaoh passed the test, he became one with the god Osiris. He
then traveled through the underworld on a solar bark, accompanied by the
gods, to reach PARADISE and attain EVERLASTING LIFE.
The After Life

27. Agriculture was the main economic activity in Egypt Civilization.
Agriculture was practiced by the majority of the peasants.
They cultivated vegetables like Onion, Garlic, Beans, Peas, Cabbage etc and also
cultivated fruits like Dates, Figs, Melons and Grapes.
They used plough and animal for the cultivation of lands.
They also cultivated bees to produce Honey.
Industry began in the early days of he old kingdom.
They made bronze from copper and tin.
The main exports of the country were wheat, linens and gold wares.
The imports of the country were ostrich feathers, metal weapons, spices, woods
etc.
Economic Life

28. Breaking the ground
with plow and hoe
Reaping and
scattering the seed
Separating the grain
from the chaff
Though the land was worked by the peasants, the owner of the land
was the king.
The farmers had to meet Grain Quotas as form of taxation to the
Pharaoh.
If the peasants were not able to pay the expected Grains, they were
severely punished by the Pharaoh.
Economic Life: The Farmers

29. The staple food was bread from the grain.
They caught fish from the Nile.
They kept cattle.
Grapes were processed into WINE for the noble class, but beer was the
favorite drink of the common people.
Food was served in POTTERY BOWLS, but NO UTENSILS were used for
eating.
Food Habit

30. Most HOUSES were made of BRICK.
The banks of the Nile provided the mud used to make bricks.
The palaces of the Pharaohs were built from stone.
Egyptian PEASANTS would have lived in SIMPLE MUD-BRICK
HOMES containing only a few pieces of furniture: BEDS, STOOLS,
BOXES and LOW TABLES.
But The Hoses Of The Wealthy were larger and more luxurious.
With Beautiful Garden.
They used highly decorated furniture like beds, chairs, boxes and tables.
They also used painted clay pots and vessels.
Houses

31. CLOTHING
The ancient Egyptians wore clothing made form linen.
Linen is a light and cool fabric.
The Egyptians made linen from the fibers of the flax plant.
Wealthy people wore very soft linen clothes made from thin fibers.
Poor people and peasants wore rougher linen clothing made from
thicker fibers.
Both men and women wore SANDALS made of papyrus or went
barefoot.
Elite men and women enhanced their appearance with various
COSMETICS: OILS, PERFUMES, and eye and facial paints.
putting on make-up, they used a MIRROR, as we do today.
JEWELLERY was worn by the elite for self-adornment and as an
indication of social status.

32. Thank You
?